PART - B

UNIT – 2
AI PROJECT CYCLE
What is AI Project Cycle?
It is a step-by-step process that a person should follow to develop an AI Project to solve a problem. AI Project
Cycle provides us with an appropriate framework which can lead us to achieve our goal. The AI Project Cycle
mainly has 5 stages.
1. Problem Scoping

2. Data Acquisition

3. Data Exploration

4. Modelling

5. Evaluation
What is Problem Scoping?
Identifying a problem and having a vision to solve it, is called Problem Scoping. Scoping a problem
is not that easy as we need to have a deeper understanding so that the picture becomes clearer
while we are working to solve it. So we use the 4Ws Problem Canvas to understand the problem in a
better way.

What is 4Ws Problem Canvas?

The 4Ws Problem canvas helps in identifying the key elements related to the problem. The 4Ws are :

1. Who

2. What

3. Where

4. Why
1. Who? : This block helps in analysing the people who are getting affected directly or indirectly due to a problem. Under this,
we find out who are the ‘Stakeholders’ (those people who face this problem and would be benefitted with the solution) to this problem?
Below are the questions that we need to discuss under this block.
1. Who are the stakeholders?

2. What do you know about them?

2. What? : This block helps to determine the nature of the problem. What is the problem and how do we know that it is a
problem? Under this block, we also gather evidence to prove that the problem you have selected actually exists. Below are the
questions that we need to discuss under this block.
1. What is the problem?

2. How do you know that it is a problem?

3. Where? : This block will help us to look into the situation in which the problem arises, the context of it, and the locations where it is
prominent. Here is the Where Canvas:
1. What is the context/situation in which the stakeholders experience the problem?

4. Why? : In the “Why” canvas, we think about the benefits which the stakeholders would get from the solution and how it will benefit
them as well as the society. Below are the questions that we need to discuss under this block.
1. What would be of key value to the stakeholders?

2. How would it improve their situation?

2. What is Data Acquisition?

This is the second stage of AI Project cycle. According to the term, this stage is about acquiring data for the project. Whenever we
want an AI project to be able to predict an output, we need to train it first using data.

For example, If you want to make an Artificially Intelligent system which can predict the salary of any employee based on his previous
salaries, you would feed the data of his previous salaries into the machine. The previous salary data here is known as Training Data
while the next salary prediction data set is known as the Testing Data.

Data features refer to the type of data you want to collect. In above example, data features would be salary amount, increment
percentage, increment period, bonus, etc. There can be various ways to collect the data. Some of them are:
1. Surveys

2. Web Scraping

3. Sensors

4. Cameras

5. Observations

6. API (Application Program Interface)

One of the most reliable and authentic sources of information, are the open-sourced websites hosted by the government. Some of the
open-sourced Govt. portals are: data.gov.in, india.gov.in
3. What is Data Exploration?

While acquiring data, we must have noticed that the data is a complex entity – it is full of numbers and if anyone wants
to make some sense out of it, they have to work some patterns out of it. Thus, to analyse the data, you need to
visualise it in some user-friendly format so that you can:
1. Quickly get a sense of the trends, relationships and patterns contained within the data.

2. Define strategy for which model to use at a later stage.

3. Communicate the same to others effectively.

To visualise data, we can use various types of visual representations like Bargraph, Histogram, Line Chart, Pie Chart.

4. What is Data Modelling?

The graphical representation makes the data understandable for humans as we can discover trends and patterns out of
it, but machine can analyse the data only when the data is in the most basic form of numbers (which is binary – 0s and
1s). The ability to mathematically describe the relationship between parameters is the heart of every AI model.
 Rule Based Approach :
It refers to the AI modelling where the rules are defined by the developer. The machine follows the
rules or instructions mentioned by the developer and performs its task accordingly.
In this we fed the data along with rules to the machine and the machine after getting trained on them is
now able to predict answers for the same. A drawback/feature for this approach is that the learning is
static.

Learning Based Approach :

It refers to the AI modelling where the machine learns by itself. In this approach the AI model gets trained on the data
fed to it and then is able to design a model which is adaptive to the change in data. An advantage for this approach is
that the learning is dynamic
 a) Supervised Learning : In a supervised learning model, the dataset which is fed to the machine is
labelled. A label is some information which can be used as a tag for data. For example, students get
grades according to the marks they secure in examinations. These grades are labels which categorise the
students according to their marks. There are two types of Supervised Learning models:
1. Classification: Where the data is classified according to the labels. This model works on discrete
dataset which means the data need not be continuous.
2. Regression: Such models work on continuous data. For example, if we wish to predict our next
salary, then we would put in the data of our previous salary, any increments, etc., and would train the
model. Here, the data which has been fed to the machine is continuous.
b) Unsupervised Learning : An unsupervised learning model works on unlabelled dataset. This
means that the data which is fed to the machine is random. This model is used to identify relationships,
patterns and trends out of the data which is fed into it. It helps the user in understanding what the data is
about and what are the major features identified by the machine in it.
Unsupervised learning models can be further divided into two categories:
1. Clustering: It refers to the unsupervised learning algorithm which can cluster the unknown data
according to the patterns or trends identified out of it.
Dimensionality Reduction: We humans are able to visualise upto 3-Dimensions only but, there are various entities which
exist beyond 3-Dimensions. For example, in Natural language Processing, the words are considered to be N-Dimensional
entities. So to make sense out of it, dimensionality reduction algorithm is used to reduce their dimensions.
 Rule Based Approach Learning Based Approach

It refers to the AI modelling where the rules are It refers to the AI modelling where the machine

defined by the developer. learns by itself

In this learning is static In this learning is dynamic

The machine once trained, does not take into The machine once trained, does take into
consideration any changes made in the consideration any changes made in the
original original
training dataset. training dataset.
5. What is Evaluation?
Once a model has been made and trained, it needs to go through proper testing so that one can
calculate the efficiency and performance of the model. Hence, the model is tested with the help of
Testing Data and the efficiency of the model is calculated on the basis of the parameters mentioned
below:
1. Accuracy

2. Precision

3. Recall

4. F1 Score
Neural Networks
Neural networks are loosely modelled after how neurons in the human brain behave.
The key advantage of neural networks are that they are able to extract data features automatically
without needing the input of the programmer.

A neural network is essentially a system of organizing machine learning algorithms to perform certain
tasks. It is a fast and efficient way to solve problems for which the dataset is very large, such as in
images.