Ajeenkya D. Y.

PATIL SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

(polytechnic)
Charholi BK, via Lohegaon, Pune
- 412105

Department of Computer Engineering

2024-25 [3rd Sem]

Micro Project Report of

Digital Techniques
On
“Traffic Light Signal Circuit”
Submitted by:

Roll Number Name of Student Enrollment Number

131 Thite Siddhi Balu 24213470399

132 Chavan Akash Eknath 24213470400

133 Sameer Sunil Bansode 24213470401

134 Devkar Aniket kantilal 24213470402

135 Konke Anteshwar Tukaram 24213470403

Under the Guidance of

Mrs. Urmila Burde
 Ajeenkya D. Y. Patil School of Engineering, Lohegaon, Pune
Department of Computer Engineering
( Polytechnic)

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that micro project report entitled

“Traffic Light Signal Circuit”

is submitted in the partial fulfilment of requirement for the award of the Diploma in
Computer Engineering by Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education as student
own work carried out by them under the guidance and supervision at Ajeenkya DY
Patil School of Engineering (Charholi), during the academic year 2024-25.

Submitted by:

Roll Number Name of Student Enrollment

Number
131 Thite Siddhi Balu 24213470399

132 Chavan Akash Eknath 24213470400

133 Sameer Sunil Bansode 24213470401

134 Devkar Aniket kantilal 24213470402

135 Konke Anteshwar Tukaram 24213470403

Place: : Charholi(Bk) Date: / / 2024

Urmila Burde Nita pawar

Guide H.O.D.
 Abstract

The "Working Model of a Traffic Light Signal Circuit" project is a hands-on exploration of
digital techniques and circuit design to replicate the fundamental functionality of a traffic light system.
This report presents the conception, construction, and operation of a miniature traffic light signal
circuit, aimed at demonstrating the underlying principles of traffic control systems.

By undertaking this project, we gain insights into the fundamental technology behind modern
traffic control systems and the role of digital techniques in regulating traffic flow efficiently and
safely. The model serves as an educational tool, offering a tangible and visually demonstrative
representation of a concept central to urban infrastructure and road safety.

The report outlines the construction process, offers a comprehensive explanation of the circuit's
functionality, and provides a valuable learning experience for students and enthusiasts interested in
the intersection of electronics, digital techniques, and urban transportation systems.
 Content

Chapter Titte Page No.

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Overview 1

1.2 Common Uses 2

1.3 Proposed Methodology 2

1.4 Advantages and Disadvantages 2

1.5 Action Plan 4

1.6 Name of Team Members 5

2 Project Implementation 6

2.1 Tittle of microproject 6

2.2 Materials and Components 7

2.3 Circuit Design: 12

2.4 Actual Procedure Followed 13

2.5 Output s of the Microproject 14

2.6 Conclusion 15
 CHAPTER 1

Introduction
Traffic management is an integral part of urban infrastructure, ensuring the safe and efficient flow
of vehicles and pedestrians at intersections. At the heart of this system are traffic lights, which serve
as critical components in maintaining order on the roads. Understanding the technology that underlies
these ubiquitous signals is not only a fascinating venture into the world of digital electronics but also
a fundamental aspect of urban planning and transportation engineering.

This project focuses on the development of a working model of a traffic light signal circuit. By
utilizing Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) and digital techniques, we aim to create a miniature
representation of the standard traffic light system found at intersections worldwide. Through this
endeavour, we aim to provide an illustrative example of the principles of digital signal processing and
control.

This report will not only guide you through the construction of the traffic light circuit but also
delve into the theoretical aspects of traffic light control systems. Additionally, it will emphasize the
role of digital techniques in shaping modern traffic management, offering a tangible demonstration of
the intersection of electronics and urban transportation.

In the pages that follow, we will detail the construction and functionality of our model traffic light
circuit, and explore the theory and practical application of digital techniques in the realm of traffic
control. Whether you are a student, a hobbyist, or an enthusiast in the fields of electronics and urban
planning, this project provides a valuable insight into the technologies that drive the safe and efficient
flow of traffic in our cities

1.1 Overview
Traffic lights are essential for urban traffic management, ensuring safety and efficiency. Our
project creates a model traffic light circuit using LEDs and digital techniques to replicate real-world
traffic control. We explore the theory behind traffic light logic, highlighting the systematic application
of logical principles.

Our methodology includes component selection, circuit design, wiring, and testing. We maintain
documentation and prioritize safety. The report discusses challenges and emphasizes the value of
understanding digital techniques in traffic management. Our working model serves as an educational
tool, bridging the gap between theory and practical applications in urban infrastructure.

1
1.2 Common Uses
1. Educational Demonstrations: It is frequently used as a visual aid in educational institutions to
teach students about traffic management, electronics, and digital techniques.

2. Traffic Safety Education: In road safety and driver education programs, these models can be
used to illustrate how traffic lights work and emphasize the importance of obeying signals.

3. Traffic Light Testing: Engineers and technicians may use such models for testing and simulating
real-world traffic light systems, ensuring their functionality and compliance with standards.

4. Pedestrian Training: Traffic light circuits can be employed in pedestrian safety training, helping
individuals, especially children, understand when it's safe to cross roads.

5. Traffic Simulators: In driving simulators, these models can replicate realistic traffic scenarios,
providing an interactive and safe learning environment for new drivers.

1.3 Proposed Methodology

In this report, we take a theoretical approach to uncover the fundamental principles behind traffic light
signal circuits. We will delve into the theoretical framework covering digital electronics, signal
processing, and traffic control. Our focus is to provide a comprehensive understanding of how these
principles drive the traffic light system's operation.

Each component in the traffic light circuit has a specific theoretical role. We'll clarify the functions
and theoretical significance of components like LEDs and resistors. LEDs serve as visual indicators
and have a role in emitting various colors, explored from a theoretical standpoint. We'll also discuss
the theoretical need for resistors, which limit current and protect LEDs. This theoretical insight gives
a holistic view of their roles, going beyond their physical attributes.

This theoretical methodology forms the foundation for comprehending the intricate framework of a
traffic light signal circuit. It's a prelude to a deeper exploration of how digital techniques and
theoretical principles come together to manage traffic flow safely and efficiently.

1.4 Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages:

1. Educational Value:
• The project offers a valuable educational experience, helping students and enthusiasts grasp
the fundamental principles of digital electronics, circuit design, and signal processing.

2
2. Conceptual Clarity:
• It provides a clear visual demonstration of how traffic light systems work, facilitating a better
understanding of traffic management principles.

3. Safety Awareness:
• Participants gain a deeper appreciation for the importance of traffic lights in maintaining road
safety.

4. Practical Application:
• The project bridges the gap between theory and practice, demonstrating how theoretical
knowledge can be applied in real-world scenarios.

5. Problem-Solving Skills:
• Participants can develop problem-solving skills when troubleshooting and optimizing the
circuit, enhancing their ability to address technical challenges.

6. Versatility:
• The project can be adapted to different complexity levels, making it suitable for various
educational levels and skill sets.

Disadvantages:

1. Complexity for Beginners:

More advanced versions of the project can be complex, potentially overwhelming individuals
with limited prior knowledge of electronics.

2. Resource Requirements:
Depending on the project's complexity, it may necessitate various components and materials,
which could be costly or less accessible.

3. Time-Consuming:
Developing and testing the circuit can be time-intensive, which might not be suitable for those
with tight schedules.

4. Risk of Damage:
Mishandling electronic components or incorrect wiring can lead to damage, necessitating care
and attention during handling.

5. Dependence on Electronic Components:

The project heavily relies on electronic components, which may limit its scope in addressing
broader traffic management issues requiring software or non-hardware solutions.

6. Potential for Technical Issues:

Technical problems may arise, and troubleshooting can be a challenging aspect of the project,
requiring patience and problem-solving skills.

3
1.5 Action Plan

Sr.no Details of activity Planned start Planned end Name of responsiblegroup

date date members

1. Searching for the topic Thite Siddhi Balu

Confirmed the topic we

searched for for the Chavan Akash Eknath
2.
micro project

3.. Collecting information Sameer Sunil Bansode

4. Making proposal Devkar Aniket kantilal

Testing and analysis of

5. Konke Anteshwar Tukaram
test result

Preparation of final
6.
project report

Final submission of the

7.
project

4
1.6 Name of Team Members

Roll Number Name of Student Enrollment

Number
131 Thite Siddhi Balu 24213470399

132 Chavan Akash Eknath 24213470400

133 Sameer Sunil Bansode 24213470401

134 Devkar Aniket kantilal 24213470402

135 Konke Anteshwar Tukaram 24213470403

Mrs. Urmila Burde

(Micro Project Guide)

5
 CHAPTER 2

2.1 Tittle: Traffic Light Signal Circuit

2.2 Materials and Components:

1. Breadboard

Description:
A breadboard is a rectangular plastic board with a series of interconnected holes, typically arranged
in a grid pattern. The board is usually divided into two sections, each with multiple rows and columns
of holes. These holes are used to insert and connect various electronic components and wires, allowing
you to build and test circuits without the need for soldering.

Key Features:
Holes and Terminals: Breadboards have numerous holes where components and wires can be inserted.
These holes are typically organized into rows and columns.

Bus Strips: Along the length of the breadboard, you'll find a series of bus strips. These are rows of
interconnected holes that run parallel to each other, usually labeled with specific voltage values (e.g.,
+ and - for power). Components can be connected to these bus strips to provide power and ground
connections.

Connection Points: Within each row, the holes are electrically connected. This means that components
or wires inserted into the same row are effectively connected together. However, rows are typically
not connected to each other.

6
2. 555 Timer IC

Description:

The 555 timer IC is a compact and affordable integrated circuit designed to produce precise time
delays, oscillations, and pulses when connected to external components. It has eight pins, each with a
specific function, making it easy to incorporate into various electronic projects. The 555 timer
operates in three primary modes: astable, monostable, and bistable, which allow it to function as an
oscillator, timer, or flip-flop.

Key Features and Functions:

1. Internal Voltage Divider: The 555 timer IC contains an internal voltage divider that divides the
supply voltage (usually between 4.5V and 15V) into thirds. This is used as a reference voltage for
various operations.

2. Comparator: The 555 timer includes two voltage comparators that are used to trigger and reset
the timer based on the voltage at its control pin (pin 5).

3. Flip-Flop: The 555 timer has an SR flip-flop that serves as a memory element for storing and
controlling the output state.

4. Output Stage: The 555 timer provides a digital output (either high or low) that can source or sink
current to external components, depending on its mode of operation.

3. Resistor
Description:

A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component designed to oppose the flow of electric current
through a circuit. It does this by introducing electrical resistance into the circuit. Resistors are
widely used in electronics to limit the current, divide voltages, protect components, and perform
various other functions in electrical and electronic systems.

7
 Key Features:

1. Resistance Value (Ohms): The primary property of a resistor is its electrical resistance, measured
in ohms (Ω). Resistance values can vary widely, from a few ohms to several megaohms, depending
on the application.
2. Tolerance: Resistor values have a tolerance rating, which specifies the range within which the
actual resistance value can vary from the marked or specified value. Common tolerance values
include 5%, 1%, and 10%.
3. Power Rating: Resistor power ratings indicate the maximum amount of power a resistor can
safely dissipate without overheating or getting damaged. This is typically measured in watts (W).

We have used three resistors in our circuit:

i. 390 ohm ii. 100k ohm

1. 47k ohm

4. Capacitor – 100uF

Description: A capacitor is a passive electronic component with two conductive plates separated
by an insulating material known as a dielectric. These plates can be made of materials like metal,
and the dielectric can be made of materials like plastic, ceramic, or paper. The conductive plates
are usually parallel to each other, and when voltage is applied across the capacitor, it stores
electrical energy in the form of an electric field between the plates.

8
 Key Features:

1. Two Terminals: A typical capacitor has two terminals, one connected to each plate. One terminal
is positive, often marked as "+," and the other is negative, often marked as "-."

2. Dielectric Material: The dielectric material between the plates does not conduct electricity; it acts
as an insulator. The type of dielectric used can affect the capacitor's performance and
characteristics.

3. Capacitance: The capacitance (measured in Farads, with smaller units such as microfarads,
nanofarads, and picofarads commonly used) indicates the capacitor's ability to store charge. It's a
measure of how much energy the capacitor can store per unit of voltage.

5. LED
i. Red
ii. Yellow
iii. Green

Description:
A 3-Volt LED is a type of Light Emitting Diode designed to operate efficiently at a voltage of 3
volts. It shares many characteristics with standard LEDs but is optimized for use with a 3-volt
power source.

Key Features:
• Energy-efficient
• Long-lasting
• Compact
• Available in various colors
• Instant illumination
• Directional light
• Environmentally friendly
• Digitally controllable
• Versatile in applications
• Capable of color mixing
• Low heat emission

9
6. Connecting Wires

Description:
Connecting wires, often referred to as jumper wires or hookup wires, are essential components in
electronics and electrical circuits. These wires serve the primary function of establishing electrical
connections between various components and devices, facilitating the flow of electric current
within a circuit.

Key Features:
1. Conductive Material: Connecting wires are typically made of conductive materials like
copper, aluminum, or tinned copper, which offer low electrical resistance and efficient current
transmission.

2. Insulation: Most connecting wires are insulated to prevent short circuits and ensure the
electrical current flows only where intended. Common insulating materials include PVC,
silicone, or Teflon.

3. Flexibility: They are flexible, allowing for easy routing within a circuit, and they can be bent
or twisted to accommodate various layouts and configurations.

4. Colour Coding: Wires are often color-coded, with each color representing a specific purpose
or function in a circuit. For instance, red wires are commonly associated with positive voltage,
and black wires with ground or negative.

10
7. Battery

Description of a 9-Volt Battery:

A 9-volt battery is a compact, portable, and commonly used power source designed to deliver a
consistent voltage of 9 volts. It is widely utilized in a variety of applications, particularly in
powering small electronic devices and appliances.

Key Features:

1. Voltage Output:
A 9-volt battery is engineered to provide a steady voltage of 9 volts. This voltage is suitable
for many low-power electronic devices, making it a popular choice for applications such as
smoke detectors, handheld radios, and certain small toys.

2. Compact Size: The 9-volt battery is characterized by its rectangular shape with a snap-on or
press-stud connector at the top. This design allows for easy insertion and removal from battery
compartments.

3. Portability: Due to its compact size and low weight, the 9-volt battery is highly portable,
making it convenient for powering devices on the go or in locations where electrical outlets
are not available.

4. Easy Replacement: When a 9-volt battery is depleted, it is easy to replace with a new one,
making it a convenient and user-friendly power source.

5. Versatile Applications: 9-volt batteries are used in a wide range of applications, including
smoke alarms, wireless microphones, guitar pedals, electronic toys, and various portable
electronic devices.

6. Longevity: The operational lifespan of a 9-volt battery depends on the device it powers and
the battery chemistry. Alkaline 9-volt batteries typically last several months, while lithium
versions can last significantly longer.

11
2.3 Circuit Design:

Circuit Diagram:

Actual Circuit Connections:

12
2.4 Actual Procedure Followed
Step 1: Gather all Components

• Before start, ensuring that we have all the necessary components ready, including LEDs (red,
yellow, and green), resistors, a breadboard, jumper wires and a power supply.

Step 2: Planning Circuit Layout

• Visualize and plan how our circuit will be set up. Ensure that the LEDs are positioned in the
correct order, mirroring a standard traffic light signal.

Step 3: Place the LEDs on the Breadboard

• Insert the LEDs into the breadboard or solder them onto the PCB. Ensure the longer leg (anode)
is correctly placed in the positive rail and the shorter leg (cathode) in the negative rail.

Step 4: Add Resistors

• Connect a resistor (390 ohms) to each LED's cathode (shorter leg) to limit the current. Connect
the other end of the resistors to the negative rail.

Step 5: Connect the Common Ground

• Join the common ground (negative rail) of all LEDs. This common ground should be connected
to the ground of our power supply.

Step 6: Power Supply Connection

• Connect power supply to the positive and negative rails on the breadboard to provide the
required voltage to the circuit. Ensure that we use the correct voltage for your components
(9V).

Step 7: Test the Circuit

• Power on the circuit and test it to ensure that the LEDs light up in the correct sequence (red,
yellow, green) as we've connected them.

Step 8: Make Adjustments

• Fine-tune the circuit and programming to achieve the desired timing and sequences for our
traffic light.

Step 9: Document the Circuit

• Take clear photographs or create diagrams of our assembled circuit for inclusion in our report,
helping to visualize our project.

13
2.5 Output s of the Microproject

14
 Conclusion
In conclusion, the development of our working model of a Traffic Light Signal Circuit has
provided valuable insights into the application of digital techniques and electronic components in a
real-world context. This project not only allowed us to construct a functional traffic light system but
also illuminated the importance of precise timing and sequence control in traffic management. The
versatility of Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) and connecting wires, combined with the efficiency of a
9-volt battery, made this project an accessible yet instructive endeavor.

By understanding the principles of traffic light operation, students and electronics enthusiasts gain
a deeper appreciation for the technologies that underpin urban infrastructure and safety. This working
model serves as an educational tool and encourages exploration in the realm of electronics and digital
techniques, laying a foundation for future projects and applications.

Mrs. Urmila Burde

(Micro Project Guide)

15