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3 Logic 31102024 055356pm

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8 views3 pages

3 Logic 31102024 055356pm

Uploaded by

mahnoor133765
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Logic, Reasoning and Critical Thinking

Defining Logic
Logic is the systematic study of reasoning and inference, encompassing principles and
techniques used to distinguish valid reasoning from invalid reasoning. It involves the
evaluation of arguments and the analysis of propositions to determine their truth or falsity.
Logic provides a structured framework for understanding how information and ideas are
connected and how conclusions can be drawn from premises. It plays a crucial role in
mathematics, philosophy, computer science, and various fields where critical thinking and
precise reasoning are essential. Logic helps us make sense of complex problems and reach
conclusions based on a set of well-defined rules and principles.
James Hurley is a philosopher known for his work in the field of logic. In his book "A
Concise Introduction to Logic," he defines logic as follows:
"Logic is the study of arguments. It is a philosophical discipline that aims to provide
criteria and standards for distinguishing good reasoning from bad reasoning."
Critical Thinking

Defining Basic Concepts


Sentence
• A sentence is a combination of arranged words. There are two types of sentences:
(a) Meaningful Sentences (b) Meaningless Sentences
Proposition:
• A proposition, in logic, is a sentence that can be evaluated as either true or false, but
not both.
• A proposition is something that can be asserted or denied, it is either true or false.
• It is true if it corresponds to facts it describes. If it does not correspond it is false.

• Logicians distinguish between propositions, statements, and sentences. A Proposition


is what is asserted. A Statement is the proposition asserted by a sentence in a particular
language. The meanings of proposition and statement are close enough to one another
and they are used interchangeably.
Argument
An argument is a combination of premise(s) and conclusion.
Premise
• Premises are such propositions that are used as reasons for accepting the truth of another
proposition (conclusion).
• Premises provide reasons to believe that the conclusion is true.
Conclusion
• A proposition drawn by premise(s).
example:
All men are mortal. (Premise 1)
Socrates is a man. (Premise 2)
__________________________
Socrates is mortal. (Conclusion)
Types of Arguments
1. Deductive Argument
An argument that attempts to prove its conclusion with certainty.
2. Inductive Argument
An argument that attempts to prove its conclusion with some degree of
probability.

❖ Things to Remember
• An argument has at least one premise.
• There is always one conclusion per argument.
• No single proposition by itself constitutes an argument.
How to recognize Argument?
Non-Arguments are:
Explanations answers the question of why? and sometimes How?
Descriptions answers the questions like Who? What? When? Where? and sometimes How?
Premise Indicators

Conclusion Indicators

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