ME2015 Fluid Mechanics

Lecture 15
Ch. 4

Jinwoo Lee jlee484@dgu.ac.kr

 초청 연사
한국전자통신연구원 김정훈 선임연구원

초지능창의연구소
스마트소재연구실
선임연구원
한국전자통신연구원

일시: 11/15 13:00시

장소: 원흥관 127호
Review - 4.9 Frictionless Irrotational Flow:
Velocity potential
From vector analysis, a vector with zero curl must be the gradient of a
scalar function,
If curl V =  V  0 then V = 
where  =  ( x, y, z, t ) is called the velocity potential function. So,
  
u= v= w=
x y z

Lines of constant  are called the potential lines of the flow.

Velocity potential can also simplify the unsteady Bernoulli equation

𝜕𝑽 1 𝑑𝑝 𝜕∅ 𝑑𝑝 1
∙ 𝑑𝒓 + 𝑑 𝑉2 + − 𝑔𝑑𝑧 = 0 → +න + ∇∅ 2 + 𝑔𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡
𝜕𝑡 2 ρ 𝜕𝑡 ρ 2

𝜕𝑽 𝜕 𝜕∅
∙ 𝑑𝒓 = ∇∅ ∙ 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑑( )
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
Review - 4.9 Frictionless Irrotational Flow
If a flow is irrotational and 2-dimensional, both ψ and ∅ exist, and the
streamlines and potential lines are everywhere mutually perpendicular
except at a stagnation point

For incompressible flow in the xy plane,

   
u= = v=− =
y x x y

 and  satisfy Laplace’s equation.

Recall

u v w
Recall + + =0 Continuity equation (Section 4.2)
x y z
Review - 4.9 Frictionless Irrotational Flow –
Example
Example: If a velocity potential exists for a velocity field
u = a ( x 2 − y 2 ) v = − 2axy w = 0
Find the velocity potential and plot it.
Solution: Assume incompressible and 2-D flow.
Step 1: To confirm the flow is irrotational,
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 𝜕
curl𝐕 = 2𝜔𝑧 = − = −2𝑎𝑥𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥 2 − 𝑎𝑦 2 = 2𝑎𝑦 − 2𝑎𝑦 = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Step 2: To find 

u= = a ( x − y2 )
2
(1)
x
v = −2axy (2)
ax3
Integrate (1) with respect to x,  = − axy 2 + f ( y ) (3)
3

Differentiate Eq. (3) with respect to y, = − 2axy + f  ( y ) = − 2axy
y
 x3 2
Therefore, f ( y ) = 0, or f = constant, the velocity potential is
  = a  − xy +C
 3 
Review - 4.9 Frictionless Irrotational Flow -
Example
Example (cont.): To plot this, set C = 0 for convenience
3
3xy 2 − x 3 =
a
For constant value of  the results are shown.
The  and  lines are everywhere perpendicular except at the origin, a
stagnation point, where they are 30 apart.
Review - 4.9 Frictionless Irrotational Flow –
Problem solving
x y
For velocity, u = U o (1 + ) v = −U o w=0
L L
(a) determine if a velocity potential exists and, if it does, (b) find an expression for (x,y)
and sketch the potential line which passes through the point (x, y) = (L/2, L/2).

Solution: Recall the given flow, u = Uo(1+x/L) and v = −Uo(y/L). (a) Calculate if the flow is
irrotational. For plane flow, only one term of the curl(V) is needed:
v u
2 z = − = 0−0 = 0 ; Yes, curl( V ) = 0
x y
Therefore a velocity potential does exist. Ans.(a)
(b) To find f, integrate from u and v:
 x x2
= u ; Thus  =  u dx =  U o (1 + ) dx = U o ( x + ) + f ( y )
x L 2L
 df y y2
= v = 0+ = −Uo , or : f = − U o + constant
y dy L 2L
x x2 − y 2
Thus  = (U o L)( + ) + const Ans.(b)
L 2 L2
 Review - 4.9 Rotational vs. Irrotational flow

Vortex - a region in a fluid in which

the flow revolves around an axis line,
which may be straight or curved

Example: tornado, hurricane The tangential velocity [v]

The tangential velocity [v] varies inversely with the
varies proportionally with the distance [r] from the center of
distance [r] from the center of rotation, so the angular
rotation, so the angular momentum [rv] is constant.
momentum [rv] varies with the
distance
Review - 4.9 Irrotational Flow and Rotational
Flow
When can initially irrotational flow become rotational?
When there are significant viscous effects by solid boundaries
(boundary layers), wake, jet, etc.

Couette flow and Poiseuille flow are both rotational flow.

Review - 4.9 Stream Function and Velocity
Potential
Review - 4.10 Incompressible Viscous Flows
We will compare these flows using continuity and N-S eqns
 Review - 4.10 Couette flow
Two dimensional Incompressible viscous flow between parallel plates

1. 2D flow
2. Unidirectional flow
3. Steady flow
4. Incompressible flow
5. No gravity effects
6. No pressure gradient
4.10 Couette flow
Momentum conservation in Couette flow

Same result as the NS equation derivation!

4.10 Couette flow - Example
4.10 Couette flow – Problem solving
Show that the linear Couette flow between plates in Fig. 1.8 has a stream function but
no velocity potential. Given that u = Vy/h, v = 0. Why is this so?

u v ?
+ = 0 = 0 + 0 ( Satisfied therefore  exists). Find  from
x y
Vy   V 2
u= = , v=0=− , solve for  = y + const Ans.
h y x 2h

Now check irrotationality:

v u ? V
2 z = − = 0 = 0 −  0! ( Rotational,  does not exist.) Ans.
x y h
 4.10 Plane Poiseuille flow

1. 2D flow
2. Unidirectional flow
3. Steady flow
4. Incompressible flow
5. No gravity effects
6. Pressure gradient exists
4.10 Plane Poiseuille flow

Shear stress
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑝
𝜏 yx=𝜇( + )=𝜇 = y
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
4.10 Plane Poiseuille flow

Same result as the NS equation derivation!

4.10 Hagen-Poiseuille flow (flow in a pipe)

Velocity profile is a paraboloid with maximum

at the centerline
(More to be discussed in Ch. 6)
ME2015 Fluid Mechanics
Ch. 5
Lecture 15

Jinwoo Lee jlee484@dgu.ac.kr

Dimensional Analysis
Chap. 3 and 4: Analytical techniques
→ limited to simple geometries and boundary conditions.

Most practical fluid flow problems are too complex to be solved analytically.
→ Problems must be tested by experiments and simulations (CFD, Computational Fluid Dy
namics).
→ Data can be expressed in compact, economic form by dimensional analysis.

Dimensional analysis:
Method of reducing the number and complexity of experimental (and simulation)
variables that affect a given physical phenomenon.

F = f (L, V ,  , )

force free-stream velocity

body length F
Images from google
Life is complicated even for a sphere

Drag force is a function of….

(1) (2)
F = f (D, V , 𝜌, )

V D

(1) 𝜌, , D = fix; find how F changes as a function of V

(3) (4)

(2) V , , D = fix; find how F changes as a function of 𝜌

(3) 𝜌, ,V = fix; find how F changes as a function of D

(4)𝜌, V , D = fix; find how F changes as a function of 

If it takes 10 points to define a curve, we have to run

the experiments of total 104 cases to find the effect of each variable!
 Life Made Easy & Simple
While carrying out the experiment, one needs to vary only the Reynolds number.
•How this Reynolds number is varied is left to experimental limitations.
•It may not be found possible to change the density or viscosity of the working fluid.
•It may be easier to conduct the experiment for different speeds or the diameter of the
cylinder to vary the Reynolds number.

F  D 
F = f (D, , ρ, )  = g  
ρ2D2   
 CF = g (Re)
F
CF = : dimensionless force coefficient
ρ 2 D 2
ρD
Re = : dimensionless Reynolds number


We need only 10 experiments to find the curve g !!!

 vary the grouped variable D/ not individual parameters
5.2 Principle of Dimensional Homogeneity

The principle of dimensional homogeneity (PDH) states that for a

proper relation, each of its additive items will have the same
dimensions.
Pi Theorem
Pi Theorem
5.3 Pi Theorem
5.3 Pi Theorem
5.3 Pi Theorem
5.3 Pi Theorem
5.3 Guidelines for Selecting “j” Scaling Variables
5.3 Pi Theorem - Example
5.3 Pi Theorem - Example
5.3 Pi Theorem - Example
5.3 Pi Theorem – Problem solving