CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

Information provision, access and utilization are made possible through variety of media; some

of which may be in documented, printed and non-printed formats. The extent to which needed

information is available, accessed and utilized may largely depend on the type of media it is

recorded and documented there in as well as the type of services provided to facilitate access

and utilization. Media refers to all means of communication which include non-printed

resources like audio visual and digital resources. e.g. microfilm, microfiche, slides, projector,

television, Audio cassette, video cassettes, CDs, and DVDs. They have become one of the

most important tools for entertainment, education and research. The academic life of students,

staff and other library users depend on effective and efficient use of the library and

information resources to satisfy their information needs. Herron (2010) has asserted that

Librarians and information managers must be alert and keep abreast of the changing trends in

information provision scene due to rapid and successive technological advances. In order to

achieve these laudable benefits, libraries have to provide relevant resources that could aid

teaching, learning and research.

Media resources have become an accepted form of communication in the society at large.

Certain messages are communicated to targeted audience through musical songs in cassettes

and discs, talks and lectures in audio and television programs, and acting in films. These and

other media of communication are what are heard and seen in day to day activities. People

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have no option than to stop to read, listen or watch some of the messages which easily capture

their attention as they go about daily tasks. The new media has made the whole world a global

village; communications are made easy between person to person and country to country

information travels within space and time.

Therefore, there should be a holistic approach to acquisition /organization of information

resources in order to add value to information services provided to end users. Media resources

simply mean any source of information that can be read or consulted for knowledge. It could

be documented or non-documented, printed or non-printed, e.g. books journals, reference

sources, audio visual and computer based resources (e-resources).

Media refers to resources used in transmission of a message or information. Media

resources can also be construed as information resources whose mode of presentation is through

a combination of different communication technique either simultaneously or sequentially.

Media resources are storage and transmission channels or tools used to store and deliver

information or data. The Chambers 21st century dictionary defines media as; a means by which

news and information etc is communicated to the public, usually considered to be TV, Radio and

press collectively. Generally, information resources are organized in libraries to provide easy

access to users, and help the librarians and information managers to locate information for users

easily and promptly. It also enables them to assist the users in the conduct of in-depth research,

and bring to their knowledge the materials that are to be consulted at a given time. Basically,

easy access to information resources by users, form the general concept and purpose of

information organization that is applicable in all the libraries.

In order to have properly organized information resources in libraries, the use of

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cataloguing and classification is inevitable. Enright (2010) stated that cataloguing and

classification were once extolled as democratizing knowledge. On the other hand, they have

been described as a necessary evil, and inevitable way of organizing library collection.

Therefore, cataloguing is strictly the art of describing books and non-books materials pointing

out bibliographic information about the materials such as author, editor, title,

publisher/producer, place of publishing/ production date of publishing/ production. While

classification generally, is the arrangement of resources in logical order according to their

degree of likeness. It is the scheme for the arrangement of books and other resources in a

logical sequence according to the subjects on the shelf and in the catalogue.

Media librarian classifies resources by grouping those with the same or related subjects

together and assign to them number /symbol. The symbol or number so assigned identifies

documents or resources as members of specific group (class) and aids the library in organizing

the resources. The common practice of organizing information resources in librarianship is to

assign numbers or class marks to documents based on classification scheme.

Heinz (2010) stated that inability to access information resources by users may be as a

result of lack of in accurate bibliographic source to identify the resource. Kaam (2009) further

stated that “availability of information does not necessarily mean its accessibility not to speak

of its use. Media resources may be available in library and may bibliographically be relevant to

one’s subject or area of interest, but the user may not be able to lay his hand on them due to

lack of proper organization and other bibliographic information for the resources. Also one

may identify the resources but may not have access to the sources containing the relevant

information. The more accessible information sources are the more likely they are to be used.

Readers tend to use information resources that requires least effort to access. Ibokwe (2010)

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stated that the problems faced by the media librarians are network problems, user friendly

programme and lack of access to the web, lack of awareness or information on new media and

epileptic power supply also constitute some challenges. Also, Ezer (2009) asserted that lack of

proper organization of media resources may hinder its accessibility and poses problems to

internet access, low internet bandwidth, lack of knowledge of where the resources are kept is

due to lack of proper organization of the resources.

The challenges faced by media librarians in organizing media resources has been on since

when media resources are being used in information service provision for effective teaching,

learning, entertainment, study and research. Foskett (2010) maintained that it is uncommon to

locate any media resource in any library without necessarily making the use of the process of

obtaining these vital information resources from the library collections. The comprehensive

goal of organizing media resources in libraries is to assist the media librarian and the library

customers to locate the available resources which will best suit users specific needs and best

satisfy their particular needs. To achieve this, an analysis of the goal of cataloguing must

emphasize the fact that organization of media resources is essential requirement for goal

achievement. The library customers must know what resources are available and where and

how to locate them. Anil (2004) stated that the purpose of cataloguing and classification is to

organize resources for easy retrieval and to indicate the location of the resources.

History of Liberty Radio Kaduna

ATAR Communications limited (owners of Liberty Radio 91.7 FM and Television on Channel

180 on Startimes) was registered on 27th of August, 2007, it is a Nigerian Communication

Commission (NCC) and National Broadcasting Commission (NBC) licenses holder aimed at

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revolutionising the Nigeria’s Information and communication industry to the standard of Global

competitiveness. It is in the business of radio, television and direct to home satellite

broadcasting, printing and supplies of VHF/HF Radio Communications equipment and agency

to GSM operators. It is currently the principal driver behind Liberty Radio (an FM broadcast

station with operational license covering the entire Kaduna state) and Liberty TV.

The Company was established to provide guidance and solutions in the complex world of

Digital Migration. Whilst, the call is to move from Analog to Digital Broadcasting, it has

become very apparent that very few people/companies (including those involved in broadcast

supplies for long), understand what this means confusion prevails and in the process, many are

passing off Analog or Hybrid equipment in the name of Digital Migration. The danger in this is

that many broadcasters are buying equipment that they will soon have to replace.

Atar communication, understand pitfalls of crossing over to a new technology and have taken

time to thoroughly study, the Digital Terrain. We have trained our people through

Manufacturers training courses as well as Digital Broadcast Conferences and Seminars. We are

currently providing guidance to many stations across Nigeria.

We are also involved in the supply and installation of Digital Broadcast (Radio, Television and

Direct to Home Satellite) Equipment. Design/programming and installation of UHF/HF Radio

communications, construction and supplies of Radio and TV station towers, sales and

distribution of GSM/CDMA Airtime/Recharge cards and handsets in Nigeria, Atar

Communications have made very remarkable impact in the area of Designing and printing of

Security Document to various organizations within the country.

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 VISION

To be the number one radio station in Kaduna and trendsetter pan Nigeria admired for our

people, philosophy and performance.

THE MISSION

Our mission is to;

 Provide creative and entertaining radio programming for the pleasure and enlistment of

our listeners.

 Create an interactive programming culture that will constitute a platform on which all

voices will be heard.

 Create a platform that will promote the values of education, truth, justice, liberty

and the freedom of exBVB pression.

 Create a radio station with superior capabilities in people and technology

 Create an organization that is the station of choice for listeners and advertisers.

 Deliver world-class radio station with world-class performance.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Special libraries are established to acquire process, organize, and disseminate information that

will assist Organisation to achieve their objectives. Guyton (2014) stated that the objective of

any Special library is to provide organisation instruction to its users in certain areas of

knowledge; provide service by training people for various profession especially in the areas
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of needs as articulated from time to time; make information available to members of their

communities and those from outside, within the limit of the resources available, conduct

research and extend the frontiers of knowledge; contributes to the efforts in finding solutions

to the problems associated with the way on which these vital information resources are

preserved, organized, managed and utilized to disseminate information.

Media resources have become very vital library collections because of the immense benefits

derived from them by helping the library customers to obtain the desired information in

whatever format whether in print, non print/electronics or new media. These have made many

libraries to spend huge amount of money on these forms of library collections for their

purchase, maintenance and utilization.

1.3 Research Questions

The following research questions were formulated to guide this study.

1. What types of media resources are available for information service delivery

in liberty?

2. How are media resources organized for information service delivery in liberty?

3. How are media resources utilized for information service delivery in liberty?

4. Which media resources are more preferred by users in liberty?

5. What are the challenges to effective organization and utilization of media

resources in liberty?

1.4 Objectives of the Study.

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The main purpose of this study is to explore the extent of utilization of media resources for

information service delivery in liberty Radio libraries. But in specifically the study has the

following objectives:

1. To find out how media resources are organized in Liberty Radio libraries.

2. To find out how media resources are utilized in Liberty Radio libraries.

3. To find out which resources are preferred by users in Liberty Radio libraries.

4. To find out the challenges to effective organization and utilization of media

resources in Liberty Radio libraries.

1.5 Significance of the Study

The study has brought to light the challenges encountered by Liberty Radio libraries in

organizing and utilizing media resources and offered solutions to such challenges. The

research would be useful to customers and media librarians in understanding the proper ways

of organizing and utilizing media resources for information service delivery in Liberty Radio

libraries. The research is useful to customers and media librarians to understanding the proper

ways of organizing and utilizing media collections in Liberty Radio libraries so their

customers could easily retrieve media resources for research, studies and consultations. The

study would be very useful to the Liberty Radio management and Liberty Radio librarians to

know the best media resources needed/preferred by customers of media resources. The study

would be of help to would be researchers, for further investigation on this important and

special area of knowledge.

1.6 Scope and Limitation of the Study

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 The study was limited to Liberty Radio Station Kaduna State Branch Located at Unguwar

Rimi G.R.A. while the limitation of this study are lack of fund and non access to

confidential information.

1.7 Definition of the Terms

Information: Data, facts, ideas, knowledge and experiences conveyed through any available

and feasible means to an individual, groups or society for enlightenment, educational, cultural,

attitudinal and behavioral changes in social, technological, and economic development.

Information Service: Is the process of providing customer to access information or the

functions and activities carried out to ensure the availability of information to the intended

users. These activities include media broadcast, publications, extension visit etc.

Information Service Delivery Any information service rendered to aid customers to locate a

resource

Media: Media resources simply mean any source of information that can be read or consulted

to obtain information. It could be printed or none printed. E.g. Newspapers, audio, audio

visual,

Media Resources This term is used to describe the complete range of physical forms for the

recording of information carried by the media, for example books, wall charts, video

recording, sound recording and computer discs.

Media Resources Organization: Appropriate method of organizing or arrangement of media

resources to satisfy the customer’s information needs.

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Nigerian University Library established to serve the university clienteles, users or

customers to obtain the needed information

Utilization of Media Resources: Making use of media resources in appropriate, purposeful and

effective way to satisfy the customer’s information need.

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References

Anil, k. and Suresh N. (2004) Productions and Operations Management International

Publishing co. Ltd.

Bell, Margaret (2012) Information Technology in Education 1993-2003 Microsoft

Corporation.

Boyle, Heinz (2010) Multimedia self-Teaching for Family Practice: New Delhi Tata

McGrawhill.

Enright B.J.. (2010) New media and library in education. London, Bingley.

Ezer, J. F. (2009) “ Interplay of Institutional forces behind higher Education In India” Dept

of information systems, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Foskett, D (2010) The Future of Audio Visual Materials in Libraries: The Audio Visual

Librarians 3(3) p.10

Guyton, Ehh (2010) Libraries as Agents of Information Services Delivery in Modern

information Age: London IIUM Press Ltd.

Herron, L (2010) The Librarians Glossary of Terms used in Librarianship Documentation and

Bookcrafts and Reference Book London 4thEdition.

Hicks, Brian. (2009) Managing Multimedia Libraries: Newyork & London Publishing

Company.

Kaam, E.L Vann. (2009) Audio Visual Materials Introduction to existing Education

Guidelines………The audiovisual librarians (8)p.174.

Katz, William A. (2010) Collection Development: The Selection of Materials for

Libraries. New York: Holt- Rinehart and Winston.

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 CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED

LITERATURE

2.1 Introduction

This chapter examined and reviewed literatures related to the study. It aimed at reviewing

literature that relate to how staff should facilitate students use of media resources to enhance

their studies. In order to do this, it is appropriate to explain a conceptual framework within

which these concepts will be addressed, analyzed, and synthesized based on recent research in

the area. It will also suggest models for staff and students engagement with the integration of

media resources in teaching and learning.

The review was carried out under the following headings:

The Concept of Media Resources.

Types of Media Resources.

Organization of Media Resources

Utilization of Media Resources

Challenges to Effective Organization and Utilization of Media Resources.

2.2 The Concept of Media Resource

Media are communication channels through which news, entertainment, education, or

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promotional messages are disseminated. Media includes every broadcasting and narrowcasting

medium such as newspapers, magazines, TV, billboards, direct mail, telephone, fax, and

Internet. Media is the plural of medium and can take the plural of singular verb depending on

the sense intended.

Media can also be defined as a storage material, and are divided in to three broad

categories according to the recording method (1) Magnetic, such as diskettes, disks, tapes, (2)

Optical such as microfilm, microfiche, slides and more (3) Magno optical such as CDs and

DVDs. an encompassing word that connotes electronic and print media. Adetona (2010)

defined media as various methods for dissemination of information which include books,

teachers in face to face situation, and different types of projected and non-projected aids.

Media resources have been used synonymously to refer to materials pertaining to both hearing

and vision, especially of mechanical aids to teaching. The materials include filmstrip,

television, slides, transparencies, various forms of graphics, three dimensional, audio and

audio recordings, programmed instruction, and computer assisted instruction. Media is

concerned with materials such as audio- taped, drawings, filmstrips, programmed texts,

television, audio discs, mockups, computer software models dioramas, and real objects. He

observed further several terms have emerged through the literatures to designate these

resources, including non- print media, audio visual media and multimedia. Applying media

to educational settings, Okiy (1998) defined media resources as the collection of resources in

various media including non-book materials with or without books and other printed resources.

Furthermore, He stated that media resources can be construed as the information sources

whose mode of presentation is through the combination of different communication techniques

either simultaneously or sequentially. Ugbo (2010) sees media as vehicle carrying the stimulus

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to be presented to the students. That is media resources include those entire devices, man,

machines, and materials which can be used by educators to present a complete body of

information in the teaching and learning process for an effective instruction.

Enright (2012) saw media as a resource that aid the transmission of information or

instruction; such as graphics, photographic, electronic or mechanized means of arresting,

processing or reconstructing visual or verbal information or any form of device or equipment

which is normally used to transmit information between persons. However, Hicks, (2009+)

described media resources as … ..Resource materials in non print format such as educational

video cassettes, laser Discs, DVD’s CD-ROMS music CD’s and LP slides and audio cassettes.

In the same vein Kinder (2009) defined media resources as any device which can be used to

make the learning experience more concrete, or realistic or dynamic” He went further by

grouping them in to materials that appeal to both senses of sight and hearing. These media

resources include silent motion pictures, filmstrips, microforms, illustrations, graphs, maps,

phonodics, audio tapes, video tapes, discs, slides, CD-ROMS computers, internet, televisions,

radios, satellite dish etc.

2.3 Types of Media Resources

The term news media refers to the groups that communicate information and news to people.

Most Americans get their information about government from the news media because it

would be impossible to gather all the news themselves. Media outlets have responded to the

increasing reliance of Americans on television and the Internet by making the news even more

readily available to people. There are three main types of news media: print media, broadcast

media, and the Internet.

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Print Media

The oldest media forms are newspapers, magazines, journals, newsletters, and other printed

material. These publications are collectively known as the print media. Although print media

readership has declined in the last few decades, many Americans still read a newspaper every

day or a newsmagazine on a regular basis. The influence of print media is therefore significant.

Regular readers of print media tend to be more likely to be politically active.

The print media is responsible for more reporting than other news sources. Many news reports

on television, for example, are merely follow-up stories about news that first appeared in

newspapers. The top American newspapers, such as the New York Times, the Washington

Post, and the Los Angeles Times, often set the agenda for many other media sources.

The Newspaper of Record

Because of its history of excellence and influence, the New York Times is sometimes called

the newspaper of record: If a story is not in the Times, it is not important. In 2003, however,

the newspaper suffered a major blow to its credibility when Times journalist Jayson Blair

admitted that he had fabricated some of his stories. The Times has since made extensive efforts

to prevent any similar scandals, but some readers have lost trust in the paper.

Broadcast Media

Broadcast media are news reports broadcast via radio and television. Television news is

hugely important in the United States because more Americans get their news from television

broadcasts than from any other source.

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Television News

The main broadcast networks—ABC, CBS, and NBC—each have a news division that

broadcasts a nightly news show. For the past fifty years, most Americans watched one or more

of these broadcasts. Since the 1980s, however, cable news channels have chipped away at the

broadcast networks. CNN and MSNBC both broadcast news around the clock. Because the

cable news channels are always broadcasting news programs, many people who want to follow

a story closely tune in to these stations first. The relatively new Fox network news program

has also drawn numerous viewers away from the big three networks.

Radio News

The other type of broadcast media is radio. Before the advent of television in the 1950s, most

Americans relied on radio broadcasts for their news. Although fewer Americans rely on radio

as their primary news source, many people still listen to radio news every day, especially

during morning and evening commutes. Local news stations have a particularly large audience

because they can report on local weather, traffic, and events.

Talk Radio

Since the 1980s, talk radio has emerged as a major force in broadcasting. Talk radio is a radio

format in which the hosts mix interviews with political commentary. As a result, many talk

radio shows are highly partisan. Conservatives have a strong hold on American talk radio

through programs hosted by influential commentators, such as Rush Limbaugh and Sean

Hannity.

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The Internet

The Internet is slowly transforming the news media because more Americans are relying on

online sources of news instead of traditional print and broadcast media. Americans surf the sites

of more traditional media outlets, such as NBC and CNN, but also turn to unique online news

sources such as weblogs. Websites can provide text, audio, and video information, all of the

ways traditional media are transmitted. The web also allows for a more interactive approach by

allowing people to personally tailor the news they receive via personalized web portals,

newsgroups, podcasts, and RSS feeds.

Weblogs—known colloquially as blogs—have become very influential since the start of

the twenty-first century. Leading bloggers write their opinions on a variety of issues, and

thousands of people respond on message boards. Although many blogs are highly partisan and

inaccurate, a few have been instrumental in breaking big stories.

Transforming Traditional Media

Bloggers are not only transforming traditional media sources but holding them more

accountable too. When CBS news anchor Dan Rather Challenged President George W.

Bush’s National Guard service record on television in 2004, bloggers countered by questioning

Rather’s sources. It soon became clear that Rather’s information was dubious at best,

prompting CBS to issue a public apology. Many media insiders believe that this forced Rather

into an early retirement.

The Medium Is the Message

Media scholar Marshall McLuhan once said that “the medium is the message.” He meant

17
that the medium, or manner, through which the message is transmitted shapes the meaning of

the message. Different types of media have different strengths and weaknesses, and how

people perceive a story depends on how they receive it. For example, television is primarily a

visual media. Strong pictures and video affect television viewers more than words, and

pictures convey emotion better than arguments or discussion. Television viewers, therefore,

are more likely to remember how a story made them feel than the actual details of the story.

Print media, in contrast, are better than visual media at communicating details and

information. An average newspaper story, for example, contains substantially more facts than

a comparable television story. This is not to say that television news is inferior to print media;

the two media simply communicate information differently.

Media resources are channels used in transmission of a message and are meant to serve

the customers with the needed information quickly and accurately. And these types of

resources include the print media, electronic media and new age media. Print media includes:

newspapers, books, journals, pamphlets, photographs, calendars, memos, bulletins etc.

Electronic media includes television and radio, while new age media includes: the internet and

mobile phones. Ogar (2011) categorised media resources into three main groups. Print, non

print and electronic resources. And these includes: radio, television, video cassettes, audio

cassettes, discs, microfilm, and microfiche, stereo, DVD players, VCD, slide etc.

2.4 Organization of Media Resources in Libraries

Challenges faced by librarians is “ensuring that individuals who need information can

obtain it with the minimum of cost (both in time and money) and without being overwhelmed

with irrelevant matter. The process of obtaining these relevant information resources is known

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as information retrieval. When media resources are arranged in subjects wise, or number wise

for convenience of access and retrieval of the resources according to the needs of customers of

resources, the process is called organization of media resources. In organizing and storing of

media resources the following processes has to be put in to consideration: Classification of the

media resources, cataloguing of media resources. creation of database for media

resources, metadata for media resources. Digitization of media resources. Bibliographic

information of media resources and maintenance of media resources.

The essence of organizing media resources in university libraries is to establish a means

for accessing media materials so that greatest efficiency can match most effective service.

Media resources are vital part of a modern library whatever type. Special libraries have made

the greatest use of the materials so far, to the point of becoming media-centers, but the

avalanche of information is not only in print form and the need for information may often be

satisfied only by media resources.

The need to emphasize on organizing media materials in university libraries is essential

if use of these materials is to be the privilege of anyone the library serves. Unfortunately,

many media specialists have assumed that large collection is more valuable than organization

of somewhat smaller collection. The opposite is the case. A library contemplating locating all

media resources in its confines- from wherever it has been kept before, because it is almost a

certainty that such resource exists must plan to make the material readily available.

Steps of Organizing Media Resources

 Classification of resources

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When media resources are acquired in to the libraries then the resources have to be classified.

When classifying media resources only the main subject class and secondary class numbers are

applied. The library can use the library of congress classification scheme or any other scheme

adopted by the respected library. Some university libraries uses Arabic numbers to classify

media resources. E.g. To classify resources like DVD, VCD, Video cassette (VC) the

resources are classified using mixed notation like this: VCD1, VCD2. VCD,3 And DVD1,

DVD2, DVD,3.

Classifying the resources contents elevates the quality or the materials and enhances their

value greatly and helps in the search of a desired information or retrieving the resource so

easily. Thompson (2012) has asserted that the purpose of classifying media resources is to

organize resources for easy retrieval and to indicate the location of the resources. Grouping

like resources together in a prescribed order helps library customer to find what is needed

more easily and quickly. In classification procedure, therefore, using an accepted and

standardized classification scheme and information from the analysis procedure, the class

which is most appropriate for the work is noted on the catalogue which should be easy and

convenient to use, and should provide information as economically as possible. On the other

hand problems of classification of media resources are said to be inherent in the system used

for shelving the resources according to format rather than subjects. In an integrated library,

where resources are grouped together regardless of format, there are fewer classification

problems. These resources are often shelved numerically within a particular format, as the

numerical system appears to be simpler and makes classification better understood and

appreciated.

 Cataloguing of media resources

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Cataloguing and organizing media materials present a special problem in almost all university

libraries that have media materials in their collections. The rules that pertain to books are

frequently not at all appropriate to media materials because the materials do not lend

themselves necessarily to the support of theories and description. For instance pictures of all

kinds and anything similar are not named in a way that will enable the cataloger to describe

them except in terms of content. The rules of cataloging should not depend upon the accidental

fact that film slide collection A and B are commercially produced, named, and even have a

kind of author, while film slide collection C awes made from donations by the library

patrons. A Picture serves as the models for all those materials in capable of being described

except in terms of the subject content. When cataloguing media resources, title of the resource,

subject, duration, and producer, tape number, year of production and brief synopsis of the

programmers are some of the minimum fields which are given. The same inputs are used for

creation of bibliographical data in the data base. From the foregoing, it is clear that the same

general principles guiding the degree of descriptive cataloguing determine for books also

apply to the cataloguing of media resources. But due to the varying physical formats of these

resources and the variety of storage facilities, it may be difficult to examine them. Since the

essential purpose of the catalogue is to assist the customers in determining the location of the

available resources which will best answer his or her information needs, decisions, as to how

much information should be included on the catalogue card will have to vary according to

the local conditions, and the peculiarities of the customers of the library. Adetona (2010)

believes that” it is easier to find a resource on the shelve according to simple call number

rather than lengthy classification number” the chances of misfiling is also reduced if the simple

sequential system is used. When shelving these resources according to format, the tendency is

to allocate a shelf list or call number with a media resource symbol that will show specific
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formats of the material. For example, the symbol DVD might be used to indicate digital

versatile disc, these resources then being given the individual number- DVD1, DVD2, DVD3,

DVD4, etc.

 Creation of Database for Media Resources

An Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC) has to be designed for storage and retrieval of data

on audio visual materials and the OPAC is the basic electronic access point to audio visual

materials to find out what is available with the library. The database is classified subject wise by

using the Dewey decimal classification scheme used internationally the world over for

classifying the universe of knowledge. Keywords, free terms and controlled and faceted

vocabulary are used in accessing and retrieving information from the database. The main subject

and secondary subjects help in cross references and also for linking and retrieving. See and see

also terms are used for references and also for linking and retrieving the information using

Boolean operators for searches. These methodologies help the search engines and the browsers

are used in the software to retrieve the data. The user can access the Video OPAC for getting

information on the multimedia resources through websites. One can use descriptors for retrieving

the data by title, master tape number, subjects; synopds. The catalogue can be seen on the web

OPAC by clicking at the library button and then going to the library search.

 Metadata for Media Resources

The metadata gains greater importance because of the development of content management

software for managing and accessing the content. These days’ people are using the terms

metadata and meta tags for organizing and managing information. There are four broad

categories of metadata. Structured metadata: describes the information architecture of the

22
document.

I. The metadata element: in this case for video programs are title, duration, tape number,

year of production, synopses, production centre images etc.

II. Content metadata: which identifies documents that are relevant to the subject

information?

III. Descriptive metadata: helps in identifying the type of documents like images so the

search is possible and is limited to web content, streaming video etc.

The document have to be tagged and stored properly in the data base so that the search engines

can understand the content better and provide accurate searches with precision. Metadata can

be used to encode information. Meta data helps in sharing information and knowledge

resources that could be accessed by users.

 Bibliographic Information for Media Resources

Bibliographic information for media, for example audio images and data are accessed by

utilizing the web based client server architecture. Many web browsers are designed for

discovery and retrieval and prove to be powerful and useful tool for bringing multimedia

networked information to users. It is challenging to change the text only the data base of a

library into multimedia networked information for access by any user. Comprehensive textual

annotations provide methods for video search and retrieval. Text based search techniques are

the most direct and accurate and efficient methods for finding unconstrained images and

videos. Visual content complements text based approaches.

2.5 Utilization of Media Resources

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 Media resources as vital information resources in libraries contains most of the

information that the print and other information resources libraries could hold in their

collections. This made many Special libraries to spend huge amount of money on this type of

library collections for their maintenance and utilization.

Asogwa (2013) stated that utilization is the primary method by which asset

performance is measured and business determined. It is the transformation of a set of input in

to good or services Hemon (1998) posited that utilization involves creation of value in

things.

Jaya (2012) stated that utilization refers to the rate or how often media resources is put

in to use or services in university libraries. Utilization of media materials depends on their

availability in the Special library.

Utilization simply means making use of the resources in an appropriate way to prevent

the resources from damage. It also involves maintaining the use of the resources and efficient

handling. Bhatti (2009) posited that effective utilization of media resources is the

responsibility of media librarians, managers of information centers as well as the users of the

resources. Other people responsible for utilizing media resources in university libraries are the

media managers, other library staff who are chiefly responsible for planning, directing and

running their operations.

Mohammed (2011) opined that media resources is a very vital tool for information

service provision hence the resources should be properly maintained to prevent the resources

from damage. Obviously media materials are very fragile extreme care must be taken so that

they do not break. The size of the materials, even when its print like, such as print and other

24
materials will argue against its being stored in the same the book materials are stored and

utilized. If the media materials are not placed in a protective material like wooden and plastic

shelves it can make a damage to the materials in a rather short time.

To make effective utilization of media resources in university libraries Olanlokun

(2010) have outline procedures that must be followed if media materials should be properly

utilized. These procedures include:

 Preview the resources

 Prepare the environment

 Present the resources

 Mode of operation

 Follow up

Preview the resources: After media librarian has analyzed the user’s character there is need

to preview the content of the media resources this will assist the media librarian to assist users

to access the content of the media resources. The success of retrieving information from the

content of the resources depends on how familiar and conversant the media librarian is with

the resources. It is therefore necessary for the media librarian to preview the resources to help

him get familiar with the contents and operation devices. The media librarian should take time

to watch the resource before it is being presented to the customers to retrieve the desired

information from the contents of the resource and will give media librarian hints on whether

the resource is fully or partially functioning and it will give the media librarian room for

corrections, additions, or subtraction of information where necessary.

25
 Prepare the environment: Preparing the environment includes setting up the stage,

the equipment and the arrangement of the seats. It also involved the setting up of the

information resources, where applicable such as strips, slide opaque overhead

transparences, DVD changer Microfilm and microfiche readers etc that are to be used

for information services provision to the users. In general, preparing the environment

is a way of preparing the physical resources to be used to suit the background in which

the resource are going to be used and make the materials to last long.

 Prepare the audience/ users: This is to introduce what is going to be presented to

the users. It can take different forms. The interest and attention of the users has to be

aroused by giving some cues, motivation explanation of some unfamiliar

vocabulary, general overview of what is going to be presented to the customers etc.

All these help to prepare as well as warm up the customers for the task ahead.

However, preparing the users and the resources will give media librarian opportunity

to provide expert services to the customers who uses the resource for study,

entertainment and research activities.

 Present the resources: This can be referred as the showmanship. This is where the

media librarian will present the actual resource. This is the peak of all what the

media librarian have been aiming at. The resource is presented in accordance with the

stipulated objectives. This has no rigidity about the appropriate period to use the media

resource for information service provision to the customers.

 Mode of operation

Most media materials are very fragile; the materials need to be handled with care to

26
protect the materials from break and damage. The users should not be given automatic right to

operate the material themselves no matter expertise the users are on operating the materials,

but rather a well-trained and a well experienced media staff of the library should operate the

resources for the users to retrieve the required information needed.

Effective utilization of media resources therefore involves efficient handling, proper

use and maintenance of the resources for effective and efficient information services

provision.

Neo, (2011) posited that effective utilization of media resources is the responsibility of

media librarians, information centre managers as well as the users of the collections. This help

other library staff in monitoring the physical condition of the resources to take action to

prevent further deterioration of the resources. It helps users to make the most effective use of

the resources whether in form of machine or other related resources. Other people responsible

of the materials. Other users who should contribute in utilizing media resources are the

research experts, students, cleaners, etc as well as other library staff who are chiefly

responsible for planning, directing and running the operations of these media resources.

Neo also stated that media resources will be valueless in the library until it is put to use.

Heinz (2012) maintained that media resources are very vital resources and very effective on

information services provision hence it should be well maintained. Utilization of media

resources in university libraries help in proper preservation of the resources and can protect the

resources from obsolesce, scrap, deterioration and loss of vital information from the contents

of the resources.

A collection of media resources helps media manager in transmission of knowledge by

27
providing the user of the collections with a total information environment, capable of giving

information to users in its own unique way. The libraries being an avenue of obtaining

information must acquire media resources in their holdings to satisfy the information needs

of their customer’s information should make these vital information resources available to

users for entertainment, study or research.

2.6 Challenges to Effective Organization and Utilization of Media Resources in Libraries

Media resources are very vital in managing and utilization of information as well as information

service provision. Ugbo (2010) has asserted that in managing media and information resources a

lot of challenges are encountered which includes: Erratic power supply, Poor infrastructures,

Lack of adequate skills, High cost of the resources, financial inadequacy, In adequate trained

personnel to manage the resources.

1. Erratic power supply: power supply is used to mitigate the adverse of effect of heat and

humidity as most of the media resources uses power to operate, control, manage, and

utilize the resources.

2. Poor infrastructures/facilities: Most media resources in Nigerian university libraries are

insufficient and outdated and some of them are even not functioning and some of them

like phono disc, film projector etc do not have spare parts available in market to buy and

replace the deteriorated/dilapidated parts.

3. Lack of skills to manage/utilize the resources: some of the media resources are very

fragile which requires expertise I their operation and therefore requires technical

knowhow for managing and utilizing them.

28
4. High cost of the resources: some media resources are very expensive to purchase and

some libraries cannot be able to buy them.

5. Financial inadequacies: Most university libraries in Nigeria suffer from the financial

problem to enable them to discharge their duties accordingly to purchase, maintain, or

manage the existing ones.

6. Dust: dust contribute negatively in managing media resources because the dust from the

blowing wind and sweeping dust can enter into the resources and make the resource un-

functional.

7. Some of the media resources are very sophisticated to operate. Most of them require

expertise experience for their operation.

8. Spare parts of some of the media resources are very expensive to purchase while some

others need to be placed on special order from the manufacturer if they are damaged.

29
References

Adetona, C.O (2010) Resources Utilization in Public Libraries in Nigeria: Strength

and Weaknesses Williams Press Ltd. Abeokuta Nigeria

Agu, P.C. (2006) Users and Services of Academic Libraries in Administration of Academic

libraries.: A Book of Reading Edited by F.C. Ekere. Enugu: Academic Publishers

Nigeria Ltd. And Issele-Uku Branch Libraries Users in Delta State. International

journal of Res Education Vol. 7(1) P1-8

Asogwa, V,C (2013) Availability and Utilization of Instructional Materials for Effective

Teaching of Fish Production to Students in Senior Secondary Schools in Benue

state: Makurdi.

Bhatti, F. (2009) Information Needs Seeking Habits of Faculty Members at the islamia

University of Bahawalfur Library and Philosophy Practice Vol.(2)P1-10

Bibb, M. ( 2013) The Policy and Procedures for Selection and Utilization of Instructional Materials,

Media and Equipment. www. Google.com Retrieved 22/02/2015

Enright B.J.(2010) New Media and Library in Education, London Bingley.

Ezeala, L.O. and Yusuf E.O (2011) User Satisfaction with Library Resources Services in

Nigerian Agricultural Research Institutes. Library Philosophy and Practice (E- journal)

http://digital.com.al.edu/libohilprac/564 Retrieved 15/10/2010

Hernon, P. and Altman, E.(1998 )Service Quality in Academic Libraries. Norwood,

NJ,:Ablex Hicks, Brian (2009) Managing Multimedia Libraries: Newyork & London

Publishing Company. Information Research, Libraries Information Technologists Vol. 8

30
 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

The purpose of this chapter is to present the method and procedure used in carrying out the

study. The following aspects were discussed: Research Design, Area of the Study, Population of

the Study, Sample and Sampling Techniques, Instrument for Data Collection, Validity of the

Instrument, reliability of the instrument, Procedure for Data Collection and Procedure for Data

Analysis.

3.2 Research Design

The design method adopted for this study is the survey design. The method has been chosen

because it is believed to be the most effective means of seeking people’s opinion about the study

(Ndogi, 2014).

3.3 Area of the Study

The study was carried out in Liberty Radio Station Kaduna.

3.4 Population of the study

Research population is the totality of all elements, subjects or members that poses a specified set

of one or more common features (Hunter, 2013). The research population of this study is made

up of the entire staff of Liberty Radio Station Kaduna and the total population of the staff is 45.

31
3.5 Sample and Sampling Techniques

There was no need for sample as the population is not much to be covered by the researcher. The

researcher decided to use all the staff as the sample for the research.

3.6 Instrument for Data Collection

Structured questionnaire was the instrument used for collecting data for the study.

The questionnaire was designed and used for collecting relevant data. The questionnaire was

divided into two (2) sections A and B. Section A is on personal data and Section B is from the

research questions.

3.7 Validity of the Instrument

The instrument (questionnaires) was validated by the research supervisor and two other lecturers

in the Department of Library and Information Science. The accuracy, relevance, correctness of

the instruments were all checked and corrected to enhance quality of the instrument. The

corrections, inputs and modifications were effected in the final draft of the instrument.

3.8 Reliability of the Instrument

The instrument for data collection was tested for reliability by using the test-retest method. The

questionnaire was administered to ten (10) members of staff of the Federal Radio Cooperation

Kaduna using an interval of two weeks. These members of staff were used since they do not

form part of the population of the study.

32
3.9 Procedure for Data Collection

The researcher personally administered the questionnaire to the respondents. The respondents

were given time to complete and return the questionnaire. The instrument was collected from the

respondents within 2 days.

3.10 Procedure for Data Analysis

The data collected were analysed using frequency distribution and simple percentages.

33
REFERENCES

Ndogi (2014), Research Tutor Librarian Project in Norfolk: A School Library Service

Approach for School Clusters. School Librarian, 41(4): 130 – 140

Hunter, R. (2013), Methodology on Comprehensive Research Works. For Institution of Higher

Learning.

34
 CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Introduction

This chapter deals with analysis and presentation of data. The data were analyzed and presented

based on the research questions.

4.2 Response Rate

Forty five (45) questionnaires were distributed to the staff but only forty (40) were duly

completed and used for the study. Therefore, the response rate is 86%

4.3 Data Presentation and Analysis

The analysis and presentation are stated in an orderly manner below

Personal Data

Table 1: Gender

Gender No. of Respondents Percentage (%)

Male 30 57%

Female 10 43%

Total 40 100%

Source: Field Survey, 2024

35
The table 1 Shows that 57% of the respondents are male while 43% of the respondents are

female. This shows that the majority of the respondents are male.

Research Question 1: What types of media resources are available for information service

delivery in liberty Radio Kaduna?

Table 2: The types of media resources are available for information service delivery in liberty

Radio Kaduna.

Variables No. of Respondents Percentage (%)

Facebook 5 12.5%

Whatsapp 20 50%

Instagram 10 25%

Twitter 5 12.5%

Total 40 100%

Source: Field Survey, 2024

Table 2: Shows that 5 respondents with 12.5% said Facebook, 20 respondents with 50% said

whatsapp,10 respondents with 25% said instagram, 5 respondents with 12.5% said twitter. The

raw data above shows that majority of the respondents said whatsapp.

36
Research Question 2: How are media resources organized for information service delivery in

liberty Radio Kaduna?

Table 3: How media resources are organized for information service delivery in liberty Radio

Kaduna

Variables No. of Respondents Percentage (%)

Cataloguing and classification 10 25%

Shelving 10 25%

Accessioning 5 12.5%

Indexing and abstracting 15 37.5%

Total 40 100%

Source: Field Survey, 2024

Table 3: Shows that 10 respondents with 25% indicated cataloguing and classification, 10

respondents with 25% indicated shelving, 5 respondents with 12.5% indicated accessioning,

while 15 respondents with 37.5% indicated indexing and abstracting. The raw data above shows

that majority of the respondents indicated indexing and abstracting.

37
Research question 3: How are media resources utilized for information service delivery in

liberty Radio Kaduna?

Table 4: How media resources are utilized for information service delivery in liberty Radio

Kaduna.

Variables No. of Respondents Percentage (%)

Highly utilized 5 12.5%

Utilized 5 12.5%

Moderately utilized 20 50%

Not utilized 10 25%

Total 40 100%

Source: Field Survey, 2024

Table 4 Shows that 5 respondents with 12.5% said highly utilized, 5 respondents with 12.5%

said utilized, 20 respondents with 50% said moderately utilized, while 10 respondents with 25%

said not utilized. The raw data above shows that majority of the respondents said moderately

utilized.

Research Question 4: Which media resources are more preferred by users in liberty Radio

38
Kaduna?

Table 5: Media resources preferred by users in liberty Radio Kaduna

Variables No. of Respondents Percentage (%)

Facebook 5 12.5%

Whatsapp 10 25%

Instagram 10 25%

Twitter 15 37.5%

Total 40 100%

Source: Field Survey, 2024

Table 5 Shows that 5 respondents with 12.5% indicated Facebook, 10 respondents with 25%

indicated whatsapp, 10 respondents with 25% indicated instagram, while 15 respondents with

37.5% indicated twitter. The raw data above shows that majority of the respondents said

moderately whatsapp and instagram.

Research question 5:

What are the challenges to effective organization and utilization of media resources in liberty

Radio Kaduna?

39
Table 6: The challenges to effective organization and utilization of media resources in liberty

Radio Kaduna.

Variables No. of Respondents Percentage (%)

Lack of organization policy 10 25%

Bad network 10 25%

Ignorant of the usage 5 12.5%

All of the above 15 37.5%

Total 40 100%

Source: Field Survey, 2024

Table 6: Shows that 10 respondents with 25% indicated lack of organization policy, 10

respondents with 25% indicated bad network, 5 respondents with 12.5% indicated ignorant of the

usage, while 15 respondents with 37.5% indicated all of the above. The raw data above shows

that majority of the respondents indicated all of the above all the variables.

40
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Introduction

This chapter summarizes the entire study, draws conclusion and offers some recommendations

and suggestions for further study.

5.2 Summary of Findings

The study is based on the Study on the Utilization of Media Resources in Liberty Radio, Kaduna

State. The study examines the statement of problems, research questions was formulated which

is guided by the objectives of the study. In order to achieve the purpose of the study, five (5)

research questions were formulated to guide the study. The significant of the study was also

discussed to know the significant or the important of the utilization of media resources and the

scope and delimitation of the study was also examined.

The chapter two is all about the scholarly that are related to the study which is the review of the

related literature on the questions revealed that the utilization of media resource for service

delivery are very good because it enlightens the information seekers or users. Survey research

method was used in conducting the study forty five (45) questionnaires were distributed but only

forty (40) were duly completed and used for the study. The data collected for the study are

presented and analyzed using tables, frequency distributions and simple percentages and finally

ended the story by summary, conclusion and Recommendations.

41
5.3 Conclusions

From the summary of findings of this study, the following conclusions have been drawn. The

realization of the importance of media, and the importance attached to including media resources

materials in the collections of the special libraries have a major role to play in the establishment

of media units.

The inclusion of media into the public libraries, collections definitely requires retraining of

library personnel in the media field or recruiting media specialists.

5.4 Suggestions for Further Research

The following are suggested and presented by the researcher for further research:

i. An assessment of the utilization of media resources for information diffusion in

libraries.

ii. An Evaluative study on utilization of media resources for information dissemination

in Libraries.

iii. The contribution of social media for information diffusion to enhance library

resources and utilization.

5.5 Recommendations

Following the findings of this study, these recommendations are made:

1. The library should always organize staff development programmes which can educate

the students on the utilization of media resources for service delivery.

42
2. The use of media resources for sorting information should be made mandatory for all

students of tertiary institutions irrespective of their disciplines. Which will guide them

on how to properly seek for information through the social media.

3. More importantly, more current information should be acquired through media

resources for information dissemination.

4. Standard acquisition policy should be put in place and constantly upgraded and

updated information so as to always fit-in when it comes to acquisition of new trends

of information resources or on media resources information sorting.

5. The management should proffer solution to the problems of media resources for

service delivery and accurate information dissemination.

43
Bibliography

Abdul-Maliq (2001) Research Methodology of Social Services. Abuja Almaliq Co. p 40-45

Adetona, C.O (2010) Resources Utilization in Public Libraries in Nigeria: Strength

and Weaknesses Williams Press Ltd. Abeokuta Nigeria

Agu, P.C. (2006) Users and Services of Academic Libraries in Administration of Academic

libraries.: A Book of Reading Edited by F.C. Ekere. Enugu: Academic Publishers

Nigeria Ltd. And Issele-Uku Branch Libraries Users in Delta State. International

journal of Res Education Vol. 7(1) P1-8

Anil, k. and Suresh N. (2004) Productions and Operations Management International

Publishing co. Ltd.

Asogwa, V,C (2013) Availability and Utilization of Instructional Materials for Effective

Teaching of Fish Production to Students in Senior Secondary Schools in Benue

state: Makurdi.

Bell, Margaret (2012) Information Technology in Education 1993-2003 Microsoft

Corporation.

Beswick, N.W (2009) “The audio-visual librarian and the future”The Audio visual Librarian 3

(1), p. 4.

Bhatti, F. (2009) Information Needs Seeking Habits of Faculty Members at the islamia

University of Bahawalfur Library and Philosophy Practice Vol.(2)P1-10

Bibb, M. ( 2013) The Policy and Procedures for Selection and Utilization of Instructional Materials,

Media and Equipment. www. Google.com Retrieved 22/02/2015

Boyle, Heinz (2010) Multimedia self-Teaching for Family Practice: New Delhi Tata

McGrawhill.

44
Enright B.J.(2010) New Media and Library in Education, London Bingley.

Enright B.J.. (2010) New media and library in education. London, Bingley.

Ezeala, L.O. and Yusuf E.O (2011) User Satisfaction with Library Resources Services in

Nigerian Agricultural Research Institutes. Library Philosophy and Practice (E- journal)

http://digital.com.al.edu/libohilprac/564 Retrieved 15/10/2010

Ezer, J. F. (2009) “ Interplay of Institutional forces behind higher Education In India” Dept

of information systems, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Forthergill, R and I Butchart (1998) Isan book materials in Libraries: a pratical guide. London:

cliveBeingley, p. 7.

Foskett, D (2010) The Future of Audio Visual Materials in Libraries: The Audio Visual

Librarians 3(3) p.10

Guyton, Ehh (2010) Libraries as Agents of Information Services Delivery in Modern

information Age: London IIUM Press Ltd.

Hernon, P. and Altman, E.(1998 )Service Quality in Academic Libraries. Norwood,

NJ,:Ablex Hicks, Brian (2009) Managing Multimedia Libraries: Newyork & London

Publishing Company. Information Research, Libraries Information Technologists Vol. 8

Herron, L (2010) The Librarians Glossary of Terms used in Librarianship Documentation and

Bookcrafts and Reference Book London 4thEdition.

Hicks, Brian. (2009) Managing Multimedia Libraries: Newyork & London Publishing

Company.

Hunter, R. (2013), Methodology on Comprehensive Research Works. For Institution of Higher

Learning.

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Kaam, E.L Vann. (2009) Audio Visual Materials Introduction to existing Education

Guidelines………The audiovisual librarians (8)p.174.

Kaam, E.L. Van (2006) “Audio-visual materials an introduction to existing educational

guidelines and the need for the general education of library staff in the handling of audio-

visual Materials in the public library” The Audiovisual librarian 9 (4), P.174.

Katz, William A. (2010) Collection Development: The Selection of Materials for

Libraries. New York: Holt- Rinehart and Winston.

Ndogi (2014), Research Tutor Librarian Project in Norfolk: A School Library Service Approach for

School Clusters. School Librarian, 41(4): 130 – 140

Ndogi (2014), Research Tutor Librarian Project in Norfolk: A School Library Service

Approach for School Clusters. School Librarian, 41(4): 130 – 140

Okiy, R.B. (1998) Nigeria University libraries and the challenges of information Provision in the 21st

century. Library Bulletin of Nigerian University Library System,3(1-2),118

Olanlokun, S. O (2010) Micro graphics in Libraries: Utilizationand Trends, Lagos Librarian19(11) p.18

Olanlokun, S.O. (1999) Micrographics in Libraries: utilization and trends. P.18

Popoola, S.O (2008) The Use of Information Sources and Services and its Effect on

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Prytherch, R. (2000) Harrods Librarian’s Glossary of Terms and Reference Book (9 thed. London

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47
 APPENDIX I

QUESTIONNAIRES

Department of Library and Information Science,

College of Administrative Studies and Sciences,
Kaduna Polytechnic,
Kaduna State.
5th January, 2024.

Dear Respondent,

LETTER OF INTRODUCTION

I am a student of the above named institution undergoing (HND) programme in Library and

Information science. I am carrying out a research on the topic: “Study on the utilization of

Media Resources in Liberty Radio, Kaduna state”. However, your full co-operation will be

highly appreciated and the information provided in the questionnaire will be treated

confidentially.

Thanks for your cooperation

Yours Faithfully,

GRACE EMMANUEL
KPT/CASSS/21/1407

48
 APPENDIX II

QUSTIONNAIRE

SECTION A

QUESTIONS FOR LIBRARY STAFF

INTRUCTION: Please tick the most correct response out of the options provide under the

questions given below.

1. Which of the three information resources is mostly patronized by your users?

a. Text books

b. Reference materials

c. Journals

d. Audio-visual materials

2. Which type of materials gets the highest budget in your library?

a. Printed materials

b. Non-printed materials

c. Brails books for disable users

d. Children collection

3. Which of these categories of users use the media resources of your library most?

a. Researchers

b. Teachers

c. Adults

49
 d. Students

4. Which of these factors is the worst problem that affects the use of media resources?

a. Problem of obsolete equipment

b. Poor electricity supply

c. Insufficient number

d. Poor funding

5. Is there a collection development policy for the media resources?

a. Yes

b. No

6. Which of these means does your library mostly obtains its media resources?

a. Through direct purchase

b. Through donations

c. Through exchange policy

d. Through foreign aids

7. Which of these is your most effective method of preserving media resources?

a. Through the use of chemicals

b. Through cleaning

c. Through temperature regulation

d. Through constant servicing

SECTION B

QUESTIONNAIR FOR USERS OF THE LIBRARY

1. Which of these media resources provide you with current information?

50
 a. Journals

b. Texts books

c. Audio-visual materials

d. All of the above

2. Do the library management publicize the availability of media resources in the library?

a. Yes

b. No

3. Are the media resources in the library well organized?

a. Yes

b. No

4. Do the library staff assist users to locate information from the library media resources

a. Yes

b. No

5. Does the library management allows the public to borrow its media resources?

a. Yes

b. No

51