THE SECONDARY

SECTOR
By Mateo Baetu, Sasha Paun, Sergio Rodríguez, Aitor
Bonelli and Tunahan Selvitopu
INDEX
1. What is the Secondary Sector?
2. Types of Industrial Landscapes and Factors Affecting Industrial
Localization
3. The Origins and Development of Industry: Industrialization
4. Energy Sources: Types and Classification
5. Modern Industry
6. Spain and the Secondary Sector
7. Conclusion
8. Bibliography
 1. What is the Secondary sector?
The Secondary Sector refers to the part of the economy that involves turning raw
materials into semi-finished or finished products. It includes activities such as
manufacturing, processing, construction, and the production of goods for
consumption.

Examples: Any work in a factory; textile, automobile, etc.

2. Types of Industrial Landscapes and factors that affect

industrial localization.
There are six main industrial landscapes:

• Traditional manufacturing landscape includes older factories and

warehouses, often in historic industrial areas like the Rust Belt in the U.S.
or the North of the UK, where heavy manufacturing was once common.

• High-Tech Industrial Landscape focuses on modern, technology-based

factories. These are often located near research centers like Silicon Valley,
where new technologies are developed.

• The Extractive Industrial Landscape is all about industries like mining

and oil extraction. These areas are close to natural resources, like Alberta
in Canada or South Africa, where raw materials are found.

• Energy Industrial Landscape includes power plants and renewable

energy sites, with large structures like cooling towers or wind farms. These
are usually in areas rich in energy resources.

• The Port-Industrial Landscape is located near big ports, where goods are
imported and exported. These areas have large warehouses and cranes, like
the Port of Rotterdam, which is one of the busiest ports in the world.

• Eco-Industrial Landscape focuses on sustainable, environmentally

friendly designs. These areas aim to reduce environmental harm, like the
Kalundborg Eco-Industrial Park in Denmark, where industries share
resources and waste is reduced.
Factors affecting industrial localization:
It can be classified into two types: geographical and non-geographical factors.

Geographical factors:

1. Raw material: Availability of natural resources that can be used as raw

material.
2. Technology: To turn the resource into an asset with value (semi-finished or
finished product).
3. Power: To utilize technology.
4. Labour: Human resources in the area who can function as certified labor to
run the processes.
5. Transport: Road/rail connectivity. To move the materials or the production.
6. Storage and warehousing: where to keep the materials or the products.

Non-geographical factors:

1. Capital Investment: Industries need a lot of money to get started.

2. Government Policies and Regulations: The government controls where
industries can be placed to reduce pollution and balance development across
regions.
3. Industrial Inertia: High costs of moving often make industries stay where they
are, even if conditions change.
4. Banking and Insurance Facilities: Good financial services help industries
grow and stay stable. Also, the availability of loans.
5. Efficient and enterprising organization and management are essential for
running the modem industry successfully.
3. The Origins and Development of Industry: Industrialization
The first industrial revolution began in England at the end of the 18th century,
bringing with it machinery with steam locomotion and coal as a source of energy.
Work in factories had a composition with a division of labor that coordinated
production, helping to make products cheaper and with standardization, with an
international market. For its part, the second industrial revolution extended from
1870 until the mid-20th century in the United States, Europe and Japan.

In this second revolution, machines with more advanced engineering, steam

locomotion and fossil fuels with larger production units are born. Financial
capital was consolidated and new modern organizational structures emerged that
gave a push to these industries.

The expansion of the Third Industrial Revolution is characterized by the role of

some countries (and the most important multinational companies based in them:
USA, Europe and Japan). It uses advanced technologies such as microelectronics
and relies heavily on research and development (R&D&I) for innovation.

4. Energy sources: types and classification

Energy sources are the natural resources people use to obtain the energy they
need to do normal activities: heating home, running industrial machine and
transport, household appliances, informatic machines... Energy resources are
classified according two criteria: if they can be replenished (renewable or not)
or not and where they come from.

1st Criterion: Is the energy renewable?

• Non-renewable: This energy is obtained from natural sources that exist

in limited quantities that cannot be replenished in the short term. Like:
oil, coal, natural gas and uranium.
• Renewable energy: This comes from sources that cannot be used up or
can be replenished naturally if consumed at the correct rate. Like:
hydroelectric, solar, wind, tidal, geothermal and biomass energy

2nd Criterion: Where does energy come from?

• Primary energy

This is obtained directly from nature, such as: fossil fuels, uranium and
renewable energy.

• Secondary energy

This is obtained from primary energy. For example: electricity and fuels derive
from oil (gasoline, diesel, etc.).

------------------------------------------------

Non-renewable energy sources

Its characteristics:
• They come from fossil fuels: they originate from the natural decomposition of
organic matter.

•They are combustible: they burn easily.

•They can be used to generate electricity.

•They harm the environment.

•They provide most of energy

The most common are oil, natural gas and coal. Uranium is the fourth most
common non-renewable energy source. Found in small quantities in the earth
crust. Used to obtain nuclear energy converted into electricity.

Non-renewable energy has serious disadvantages:

•Oil and gas reserves are limited and are running out.
•These energy sources are highly polluting.

This is why techniques have been developed to obtain energy from

inexhaustible and more environmentally friendly sources: the sun, the Earth's
heat, wind, tides, etc.

Renewable energy types:

•Hydroelectric power: the force of falling water is used to generate electricity,

the largest producers are China, Brazil, Canada and the USA.

•Wind energy: wind turbines use wind to produce electricity. The largest
producers are China USA and Germany.

•Solar energy: is obtained by capturing the sun's heat through solar panels. The
largest producers are China USA and Japan.
•Biomass energy: organic matter is transformed into heat energy or to produce
electricity and fuel.
•Geothermal energy: the heart internal heat is harnessed for domestic heating
and hot water, industrial uses and to produce electricity.

·Tidal energy: the rise and fall of strong tides are used to produce electricity
through dams or generators.

Advantages

•Availability
•Lower environmental impact

Disadvantages

•Supply is unreliable or irregular.

•The electrical energy produced is difficult to store.

World reserves
• Oil and natural gas: the largest oil reserves are in the Persian Gulf region
Venezuela and Canada. And the largest oil reserves are in the Middle East
and Russia.
• Consumers: of oil are USA and China, and of gas are USA, Russia and
China.
• Coal: the largest reserves are concentrated in the USA, Russia, Australia,
China and India.
• Uranium: just four countries hold 60% of the world's reserves: Australia
(30% of the total), Kazakhstan (14%), Canada (8%) and Russia (8%).
• China is the largest producer of photovoltaic solar energy (36% of the
global capacity in 2020).

Reserves and consumption of non- renewable and renewable energy:

graphs.

Non renewable:
Renewable:
 5. Modern Industry
Modern Industry is the current phase of industrial growth, called Industry 4.0. It
uses high-tech systems, data sharing, and smart technology to make factories
and production work faster and more efficiently.

With smart technology, robots can handle boring or risky jobs, freeing people
up to focus on more creative tasks. Artificial intelligence (AI) plays a big part
here too, it can quickly analyze data to make smart decisions, which speeds
things up and improves quality.

There’s also 3D printing. It lets manufacturers make parts or products whenever

they need them, cutting down on waste and making it easy to create custom
items. All these technologies automation, data sharing, and smart design aren’t
just about making things faster. They help us use resources more wisely, reduce
mistakes, and create workplaces that are safer for everyone. Industry 4.0 is
about building a more efficient, flexible, and sustainable way to produce what
we need.

6. Spain and the secondary sector

The secondary sector is one of the three economic sectors into which an
economy is divided. In Spain, the secondary sector has had great historical
importance and is one of the pillars of Spain’s economy.
The secondary sector in Spain begin in middle of 19th century, with the arrival
of Industrial Revolution.
Spain started industrializing in the 1830s, later than other European countries.
During the 19th century, Spain’s industrialization lagged behind that of other
European countries, with industries like textiles and iron mostly concentrated in
Catalonia and the Basque Country. Industrial growth really picked up in the
1950s and 1960s, when the government encouraged heavy industries like steel,
shipbuilding, and car production. This period, called the “Spanish Miracle”.
Spanish Miracle helped developing the economy.
When Spain joined the European Union in 1986 it attracted foreign investments
but also faced competition. Car manufacturing and renewable energy grew day
by day.
Today, while manufacturing is important Spain’s economy focuses on services
mostly.

Graphs: Percentage distribution of employed persons by economic sector and

province

• Retrieved from: INE *Zoom to see graphs better*

 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, our project shows that the secondary sector is really important for
turning raw materials into products we use every day. It helps the economy
grow and creates jobs, but it also has challenges like pollution and using up
natural resources. For the future, it’s important that industries become more
eco-friendly and efficient to make sure the sector keeps growing without
harming the planet.

BIBLIOGRAPHY & WEBGRAPHY

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