By : prof. S.Y.

Shaikh
BCA – TY

2022
 The word System is derived from Greek
word Systema, which means an organized
relationship between any set of components
to achieve some common cause or
objective.
 A system is “an orderly grouping of
interdependent components linked together
according to a plan to achieve a specific goal.”
 1. eg. All the departments of our college work
collectively / together to get 100% result.
 2. Government with diff. dept. work together. To give
us eg. Rojgar yojna,diff. health yojna.
 3. Organ system of human body.

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 A system must have three basic constraints −
 A system must have some structure and
behavior which is designed to achieve a
predefined objective.
 Interconnectivity and interdependence must
exist among the system components.
 The objectives of the organization have a higher
priority than the objectives of its subsystems.
 For example, traffic management system, payroll
system, automatic library system, human
resources information system.

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A system has the following properties −
 Organization - Organization implies structure and
order. It is the arrangement of components that
helps to achieve predetermined objectives.
 Interaction - It is defined by the manner in which
the components operate with each other.
For example, in an organization, purchasing
department
must interact with production department and
payroll with
personnel department.
 Interdependence-Interdependence means how the
components of a system depend on one another.
For proper functioning, the components are
coordinated and linked together according to a
specified plan. The output of one subsystem is the
required by other subsystem as input.
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 Integration - Integration is concerned with how a
system components are connected together. It
means that the parts of the system work together
within the system even if each part performs a
unique function.
 Central Objective -The objective of system must
be central. It may be real or stated. It is not
uncommon for an organization to state an
objective and operate to achieve another.
The users must know the main objective of a
computer application early in the analysis for a
successful design and conversion.

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 Processor(s)-The processor is the element of a system
that involves the actual transformation of input into
output.
-It is the operational component of a system.
-Processors may modify the input either totally or
partially, depending on the output specification.
-As the output specifications change, so does the
processing. In some cases, input is also modified to
enable the processor for handling the transformation.
 Outputs and Inputs- The main aim of a system is to
produce an output which is useful for its user.
-Inputs are the information that enters into the system
for processing.
-Output is the outcome of processing.

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 Control :

-The control element guides the system.

-It is the decision making subsystem that controls

the pattern of activities governing input, processing,
and output.

-The behavior of a computer System is controlled by the

Operating System and software. In order to keep system
in balance, what and how much input is needed is
determined by Output Specifications .

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 Feedback :
- Feedback provides the control in a dynamic system.

-Positive feedback is routine in nature that encourages

the performance of the system.

-Negative feedback is informational in nature that

provides the controller with information for action.

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 Boundaries and Interface –
-A system should be defined by its boundaries.
Boundaries are the limits that identify its components,
processes, and interrelationship when it interfaces with
another system.
-Each system has boundaries that determine its
sphere of influence and control.
-The knowledge of the boundaries of a given system is
crucial in determining the nature of its interface with
other systems for successful design.

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 Environment-
- The environment is the “supersystem” within which an
organization operates.

-It is the source of external elements that strike on the

system.

-It determines how a system must function. For example,

vendors and competitors of organization’s environment,
may provide constraints that affect the actual
performance of the business.

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 Physical or Abstract Systems : -
1] Physical systems are tangible entities. We can touch
and feel them.
2] Physical System may be static or dynamic in nature.
For example, desks and chairs are the physical parts of
computer center which are static.
A programmed computer is a dynamic system in which
programs, data, and applications can change according
to the user's needs.

3] Abstract systems are non-physical entities or

conceptual that may be formulas, representation or
model of a real system.

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 Open or Closed Systems :-
1] An open system must interact with its environment.
It receives inputs from and delivers outputs to the
outside of the system.
For example, an information system which must adapt
to the changing environmental conditions.

2] A closed system does not interact with its

environment. It is isolated from environmental
influences. A completely closed system is rare in reality.

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 Adaptive and Non Adaptive System :-

1]Adaptive System responds to the change in the

environment in a way to improve their performance and to
survive. For example, human beings, animals.

2]Non Adaptive System is the system which does not

respond to the environment. For example, machines.

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 Permanent or Temporary System

1 - Permanent System persists for long time. For

example, business policies.

2- Temporary System is made for specified time and

after that they are demolished. For example, A DJ
system is set up for a program and it is dissembled
after the program.

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 Natural and Manufactured System

1]Natural systems are created by the nature. For

example, Solar system, seasonal system.

2]Manufactured System is the man-made system.

For example, Rockets, dams, trains

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 Man–Made Information Systems
- It is an interconnected set of information resources to
manage data for particular organization, under Direct
Management Control (DMC).
-his system includes hardware, software, communication,
data, and application for producing information according
to the need of an organization.
-Manmade information systems are divided into three types
 Formal Information System − It is based on the flow of
information in the form of memos, instructions, etc., from
top level to lower levels of management.
 Informal Information System − This is employee based
system which solves the day to day work related problems.
 Computer Based System − This system is directly
dependent on the computer for managing business
applications. For example, automatic library system,
railway reservation system, banking system, etc.
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 The Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a
structured process that enables the production of
high-quality, low-cost software, in the shortest
possible production time.

 The goal of the SDLC is to produce superior

software that meets and exceeds all customer
expectations and demands.

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 building an information system

 It starts with a basic idea/Requirement.

 Idea is tranformed into design

 Planning of development actual model

 Finally,Start of actual development&Implementation

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 Every Software development life cycle has four phases

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Stage – 1 : Planning And Requirement
Analysis

-Planning is the crucial step in everything and so as in

software development.
- In this same stage, requirement analysis is also
performed by the developers of the organization.

-The planning phase is the fundamental process of

understanding why an information system should be built
and determining how the project team will go about
building it. It has two steps:

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 stage 1
. During project initiation, the system’s business value
to the organization is identified: how will it lower costs
or increase revenues? Most ideas for new systems come
from outside the IS area (from the marketing
department, accounting department, etc.) in the form
of a system request

 A system request presents a brief summary of a

business need, and it explains how a system that
supports the need will create business value. The IS
department works together with the person or
department that generated the request (called the
project sponsor) to conduct a feasibility analysis.

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The feasibility analysis examines key aspects of
the proposed

 The idea’s technical feasibility (Can we build

it?)

 The economic feasibility (Will it provide

business value?)

 The organizational feasibility (If we build it,

will it be used?)
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 Once the project is approved, it enters project
management.

 During project management, the project

manager creates a work plan, staffs for the
project, and puts techniques in place to help
the project team

 control and direct the project through the entire

SDLC.

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The analysis phase answers the questions of:

 who will use the system

 what the system will do
 where and when system will be used

 . Defining Requirements will be done in this stage

 all the requirements for the target software are

specified. These requirements get approval
from the customers, market analysts.

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It involves three steps :
 1. analysis strategy
 2. requirements gathering
 3. system proposal
------------------------
 1. analysis strategy :

- strategy usually includes an analysis of the current

system (its problems) way to design new System.
 2. requirements gathering.

- through customer reviews, market analysis

- specifies all those things that need to be defined and

created

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 3.system proposal

 analyses, system concept, and models are combined

into a document is called as system proposal

 which is presented to the project sponsor and other

key decision makers . who will decide the project will
move forward or not

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 The design phase decides how the system will
operate, in terms of the hardware, software, and
network infra-structure ,user interface ,Forms and
reports, specific programs and algorithms , data-bases
& needed files.

It involves Four Steps :

 1.design strategy
 2. architecture design
 3. The database and file specifications
 4. Program design

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1.design strategy

 It clarifies whether the system will be

developed by the company’s own
programmers

 Whether the system will be outsourced to

another firm (usually a consulting firm), or
whether the company will buy an existing
software package.

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2. Architecture design
 which describes the hardware, software, and
network infrastructure to be used.

 In most cases, the system will add or change the

infrastructure that already exists in the
organization

 The interface design specifies how the users will

move through the system

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3. The database and file specifications

 The database and file specifications are

developed.

 These define exactly describes what data will be

stored and where they will be stored

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4 Program design
 The analyst team develops the program design
 which defines the programs that need to be
written and exactly what each program will do.
 This collection of deliverables system
specification that is handed to the
programming team for implementation.
 At the end of the design phase, the feasibility
analysis and project plan are reexamined and
revised, and another decision is made by the
project sponsor and approval committee about
whether to terminate the project or continue.

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 In the SDLC ,during implementation phase which
the system is actually built

 This is the phase that usually gets the most

attention, because for most systems it is the
longest and most expensive single part of the
development process.
 This phase has three steps:
 1.System construction
 2. Installation
 3. support plan

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1.System construction
 The system is built and tested to ensure it
performs as designed.
 Because the cost of bugs can be immense, testing
is one of the most critical steps in implementation
 Most organizations give more time and attention
to testing than to writing the programs in the first
place.

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2.Installation
 It is the process by which the old system is
turned off and the new one is turned on. It
may include a direct cutover approach
 It may include a direct cutover approach (in
which the new system immediately replaces
the old system), a parallel conversion
approach.
 One of the most important aspects of
conversion is the development of a training
plan to teach users how to use the new
system and help manage the changes caused
by the new system.

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3. support plan
 analyst team establishes a support plan for the
system. This plan usually includes a formal or
informal.

 Post implementation review as well as a

systematic way for identifying major and minor
changes needed for the system.

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 Testing phases are some of the most important
components of the SDLC.
 In this stage, processes have to be executed in a
methodical approach to ensure that all
requirements are met.
 Software testers usually break down software
testing in four main phases:
 1] Unit Testing
 2] Integration Testing
 3] System Testing
 4] Acceptance Testing

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1] Unit Testing
 It is performed on smaller components of the
software, which testers can term as a single unit.
 These units can be as small as individual
functions, code components and even classes, or
large as single features of the software.
 it is the smallest testable component of the
software that the testers can compile load and
execute.
 Unit testing ensures that each unit of the software
is functioning as it should.

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2] Integration Testing
 testers combine different software modules at
once test these modules collectively.

 This kind of testing ensures that the collective

system follows the correct data flow.

 These tests are necessary to make sure that the

integrated system is prepared for system testing.

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3] System Testing
 System testing is the procedure where collective
systems in integrated testing are combined
further into a single integrated system.
 testers evaluate the functional requirements of
the project once more and also see whether the
system follows compliance according to the given
requirements.
 Besides that, testers can also evaluate how
overall components interact with each other
like performance, load, reliability and security
testing on the integrated system.

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4]Acceptance Testing
 customers use components of the software to see
if it meets their requirements.

 They can ask the development team to make

further enhancements in the product if it is
needed.

 This final interaction with end-users and

stakeholders can ensure that all the agreed-upon
requirements are a part of the product.

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 It stands for all the modifications and updations
done after the delivery of software product.

 There are number of reasons, why modifications

are required, some of them are briefly mentioned
below:

 Market Conditions,client Requirements,

Organization Changes

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Types of maintenance
 Corrective Maintenance - This includes modifications
and updations done in order to correct or fix problems
 Adaptive Maintenance - This includes modifications and
updations applied to keep the software product up-to
date and tuned to the ever changing world of
technology and business environment.
 Perfective Maintenance - This includes modifications
and updates done in order to keep the software usable
over long period of time. It includes new features, new
user requirements
 Preventive Maintenance - This includes modifications
and updations to prevent future problems of the
software. It aims to attend problems, which are not
significant at this moment but may cause serious issues
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 For the success of system the Analyst role is
very important.
 First , a plan must be devised ,detailing the
procedure , some methodology activities ,
resources , costs and timetable for completing
the system.
 Finally the project should be divided into
manageable modules to reflect the phases of
system development analysis , design and
implementation

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 Identify user information and operating
requirements of user
 Develop a working prototype that focuses on
most important functions
 Allow the user to use prototype , discuss
requested changes and implement the most imp
changes
 Repeat the next version of prototype with further
changes incorporated until the system fully meets
user requirements.

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 The system analyst is a person who is thoroughly
aware of the system and guides the system
development project by giving proper directions.
 He pursues to match the objectives of information system
with the organization goal.
 Main Roles:

1-Defining and understanding the requirement of user through

various Fact finding techniques.

2-Prioritizing the requirements by obtaining user consensus.

3-Gathering the facts or information and acquires the opinions

of users.

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4-Maintains analysis and evaluation to arrive at
appropriate system which is more user friendly

5-Suggests many flexible alternative solutions, pick the

best solution, and quantify cost and benefits.

6-Draw certain specifications which are easily

understood by users and programmer in precise and
detailed form.
7-Implemented the logical design of system which must
be modular.

8-Plan the periodicity for evaluation after it has been

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used for some time, and modify the system as needed.
Attributes of a Systems Analyst
 Interpersonal Skills
- Interface with users and programmer.
- Facilitate groups and lead smaller teams.
- Managing expectations.

 Analytical Skills
- System study and organizational knowledge
- Problem identification, problem analysis, and
problem solving
- Sound commonsense

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 Management Skills
-Understand users jargon and practices.
-Resource & project management.
-Change & risk management.
-Understand the management functions
thoroughly.
 Technical Skills
-Knowledge of computers and software.
-Keep knowledge of modern development.
-Know of system design tools.
-Breadth knowledge about new technologies

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