(IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications,

Vol. 14, No. 9, 2023

Routing Strategies and Protocols for Efficient Data

Transmission in the Internet of Vehicles:
A Comprehensive Review
Yijun Xu*
School of Automotive and Rail Transit, Nanjing Institute of Technology
Nanjing, Jiangsu 211167, China

Abstract—The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) integrates wireless computing services [8]. Addressing these issues is crucial to
communication, vehicular technology, and the Internet to create harness the full potential of VANETs and to ensure the
intelligent transportation systems. Efficient routing of data successful deployment of advanced vehicular networks. By
packets within the IoV is crucial for seamless communication and overcoming these challenges, the development of intelligent
service enablement. This paper provides a comprehensive review transportation systems can significantly improve the efficiency,
of routing strategies and protocols in the IoV environment, reliability, and overall performance of transportation systems
categorizing and evaluating existing approaches. Routing worldwide [9].
protocols are classified, their adaptability is assessed to network
variations, and their performance is compared. Insights are Data transmission in the IoV is a critical aspect of modern
drawn from researchers' experiences. The paper offers a transportation systems, relying on several innovative
taxonomy of routing protocols, highlights adaptability to network technologies to optimize operations and enhance efficiency.
conditions, and presents a comparative analysis. Lessons from Smart grids play a fundamental role by intelligently managing
researchers shed light on practical implications. The review the distribution of energy, enabling Electric Vehicles (EVs) to
identifies key routing challenges in IoV and provides a valuable be a part of IoV seamlessly [10]. Machine learning and deep
resource for understanding and addressing these challenges in learning algorithms analyze vast amounts of data generated by
future research. vehicles, traffic signals, and urban infrastructure. They derive
valuable insights, predicting traffic patterns, suggesting optimal
Keywords—Internet of things; internet of vehicles; Vehicular
Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs); routing; network adaptability;
routes, and facilitating efficient energy usage, thereby
vehicular technology significantly improving IoV's functionality [11-13]. Artificial
Intelligence (AI) acts as the backbone, integrating these
I. INTRODUCTION technologies and enabling decision-making processes in real
time. It enables automated responses to traffic conditions,
The increasing number of users has led to a significant
mitigating congestion and enhancing safety [14-16].
expansion of transportation systems in many countries [1].
Association rule mining, on the other hand, extracts hidden
However, these systems often suffer from inefficiency and high
patterns and correlations from diverse data sources within IoV,
maintenance costs [2]. The global number of vehicles,
revealing valuable information about vehicle behavior, urban
including commercial and passenger vehicles, has slightly
mobility, and energy consumption patterns. This knowledge is
exceeded one billion, according to recent studies. Projections
vital for optimizing routes, managing energy resources, and
suggest that it will reach approximately two billion by 2035
improving overall transportation efficiency [17]. Urban public
[3]. In order to address these challenges, the development of
transportation is a vital component of IoV, providing
Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSs) aims to enhance
sustainable, shared mobility options. Integrating IoV
traffic monitoring, road safety, and passenger comfort,
technologies into public transportation enhances services by
ultimately reducing accidents [4]. Vehicular Ad hoc Networks
predicting demand, optimizing schedules, and ensuring a
(VANETs) are crucial in implementing intelligent
smoother passenger experience. This synergy is paramount in
transportation systems. VANETs enable real-time traffic
addressing urban traffic challenges, reducing emissions, and
information exchange between two modes of communication:
transitioning towards smarter, sustainable cities [18].
Vehicle-to-Roadside (V2R) and Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) [5].
By facilitating the transmission of warning messages and The IoV network consists of distributed nodes, including
alerts, VANETs assist drivers in navigating through potential vehicles, roadside units, and sensors, which enable local
hazards [6]. The main goal of VANETs is to reduce travel communication. This distributed system facilitates edge
time, cost, and pollutant emissions, which in turn enhances computing and the interaction between communication and
traffic safety and efficiency [7]. However, despite the potential computation [19]. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is crucial in
benefits, modern vehicular networks face several challenges accessing the IoV network. The IoV network collects
that must be addressed. Challenges are comprised of unstable information from roadside units and mobile applications,
internet service, personal devices' limited compatibility, utilizing the bandwidth of the 5G mobile network to enhance
commercialization restrictions, constrained processing internet communication [20]. IoV finds applications in traffic
capability, network architecture limitations, and no cloud management systems and industrial settings. The future of IoV

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Vol. 14, No. 9, 2023

research lies in leveraging big data algorithms to process data becoming a reality. IoT represents a significant transformation
from IoT devices. It is an evolving field that attracts in our lifetime, following the universal accessibility of mobile
researchers' attention due to its relevance to human life. devices and the world wide web [25]. IoT relies on key
Routing protocols specific to the IoV environment are utilized, technologies such as short-range wireless communications,
with SL-ZRP (Stable-Link State Zone Routing Protocol) being real-time localization, RFID, and sensor networks. These
a significant communication protocol [21]. SL-ZRP is a technologies enable various applications and research areas to
function-based protocol that considers factors like speed, flourish, particularly in smart transportation, smart industry,
destination, and delay to determine optimal routes among smart homes, and smart healthcare [26]. Integrating smartness
vehicles, reducing network representation and overhead. The in these areas has enhanced efficiency, convenience, and
increasing number of road vehicles poses challenges such as sustainability. Fig. 1 visually illustrates the diverse areas
accidents and associated expenses. IoV, originating from impacted by IoT, highlighting the interconnectedness of smart
VANET, has been the subject of research for several years, transportation, smart industry, smart homes, and smart
addressing these issues. As people's lifestyles change, diverse healthcare. The widespread adoption of IoT transforms our
requirements for vehicular networking have emerged, environment into a smarter and more interconnected world,
expanding the scale, structure, and applications of VANET. revolutionizing how we interact with objects and improving
Large-scale and heterogeneous networks have been introduced, various aspects of our daily lives [27].The Internet of Vehicles
enabling services beyond safety information, including (IoV) is a concept that combines VANET and IoT technologies
entertainment and environmental protection [22]. This paper to establish connections between various devices within
proposes a routing protocol taxonomy and explores various vehicles and smart infrastructure on roads [28]. This
IoV applications. This paper makes several significant integration enables seamless communication and data
contributions to the field of IoV: exchange among these devices, leading to a comprehensive
IoV-based system [29]. This system includes embedded
 Classification of routing protocols: The paper provides processors, onboard units, vehicles, roadside units, fog and
a comprehensive classification of routing protocols edge devices, and cloud servers [30]. In an IoV-based system,
specifically designed for the extreme and complex devices can sense and collect various types of data, such as
urban environment of IoV. This classification helps environmental and traffic-related data. The collected data is
understand the different approaches and strategies then shared among the devices, allowing collaboration and
employed by these protocols. information exchange [31].
 Adaptability to network density and throughput Additionally, the data collected from IoV devices can be
variation: The paper recognizes the need for routing combined with other data sources, such as social media data,
algorithms in IoV that can effectively handle low and user-generated data, and open-source intelligence, to provide
high network densities while accommodating variations valuable insights for decision-making at different levels [32].
in throughput and delay. This highlights the importance One practical application of IoV-based systems is providing
of robust and adaptable routing solutions for the real-time traffic-related information to residents. The system
dynamic nature of vehicular networks. can generate and disseminate up-to-date traffic information by
 Comparison of routing protocols: The paper offers a utilizing the data collected from vehicles and roadside units,
comparative analysis of the various protocols in terms helping individuals make informed decisions about their routes
of their performance, scalability, reliability, and and travel plans [33].
efficiency. This comparison assists in identifying the
strengths and weaknesses of different protocols and aids
in selecting the most suitable one for specific IoV
scenarios.
 Lessons learned from researchers: The paper presents
insights and lessons learned from researchers who have
explored different challenges related to routing in IoV.
This provides a deeper understanding of the practical
implications and potential solutions for addressing the
unique challenges faced in vehicular networks.
II. BACKGROUND
A. Internet of Vehicle
The Internet of Things (IoT) is an evolving technology that
links the digital and physical worlds, allowing for
communication between objects and humans [23]. This
concept has revolutionized our daily lives, making
communication more informative, processing more intelligent,
and devices smarter [24]. With IoT, the vision of seamless and Fig. 1. Diverse areas impacted by IoT.
ubiquitous communication, anytime and anywhere, is

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The IoV is increasingly implemented in urban areas to facilitate efficient communication in IoV, various wireless
provide network access to drivers, people, and traffic technologies are employed. These include vehicular
management personnel. As the transportation system expands, communications such as Dedicated Short-Range
it becomes more challenging and costly to maintain [34]. Communications (DSRC) and Cellular Automata for Local
According to recent reports, the usage of IoV is widespread Mobility (CALM), cellular mobile communication
globally, and it is projected to have over three billion users by technologies like 4G/LTE, WiMax, and Satellite
2030. The increased number of vehicles has resulted in traffic communication, as well as short-range static communication
congestion and a higher incidence of accidents [35]. To address technologies like Zigbee, Bluetooth, and Wi-Fi [41]. The
these issues, IoV is being utilized in urban areas to improve classification of these wireless communication technologies for
traffic safety. Routing is a crucial aspect of IoV and is vital in IoV applications is depicted in Fig. 3. Fig. 4 provides a general
daily life. It involves selecting the most optimal path for traffic overview of the structure of IoV, illustrating the
networks or across multiple networks, considering the dynamic interconnectedness and communication flow among vehicles,
changes in topology [36]. IoV systems detect shortcomings and roadside units, sensors, and other components of the IoV
analyze data to make informed decisions for driving vehicles. ecosystem. This structure forms the foundation for efficiently
Intelligent devices equipped with embedded processors and exchanging information and data within the IoV network.
wireless technologies are utilized in IoV to facilitate vehicle
communication [37]. By leveraging various forms of
communication, such as device-to-device and machine-to-
machine, IoV environments aim to enhance traffic safety in
urban areas. Integrating IoV in urban settings aims to reduce
traffic accidents by leveraging intelligent technologies and
efficient communication. Through real-time data analysis and
decision-making processes, IoV systems contribute to
improving overall transportation efficiency and enhancing road
safety [38].
Incorporating advanced communication and information
technology, IoV brings several advantages in resolving traffic
and driving challenges, leading to increased passenger safety
and a superior driving experience. The communication
components of IoV can be categorized into three main types:
vehicular mobile Internet, inter-vehicular communication, and
intra-vehicular communication [39]. As a heterogeneous
vehicular network, IoV involves communication across five
different types: Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I), Vehicle-to-
Sensors (V2S), Vehicle-to-Personal devices (V2P), Vehicle-to-
Vehicle (V2V), and V2R, as illustrated in Fig. 2 [40]. To Fig. 2. Communications in IoV.

WiFi

Short range static

Bluetooth
communications
Wireless technologies for IoV applications

ZigBee

Satellite

Cellular mobile
WiMAX
communications

4G/LTE

CALM
Vehicular communications
DSRC/WAVE

Fig. 3. Wireless communication technologies for IoV applications.

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Fig. 4. A general overview of IoV.

The architecture of IoV is structured into four layers: the  Application layer: The application layer offers two
environment sensing and control layer, application layer, types of services: closed and open services. Closed
network access and transport layer, and coordinative services are specific applications like control platforms
computing control layer. and traffic command systems. Open services, provided
by numerous internet service providers, include real-
 Environment sensing and control layer: This layer plays time traffic services and must support a suitable
a crucial role in implementing IoV services by focusing business model. Additionally, the application layer
on vehicle control and the traffic environment. It enables third-party providers to access open service
involves sensing and gathering information from the capabilities, expanding the range of services available
vehicle's perspective and the surrounding environment. within the IoV ecosystem.
Vehicles utilize sensing technology to collect data about
the environment, humans, and other vehicles to prevent B. IoV vs. VANET
accidents. Swarm sensing techniques gather dynamic IoV, an advanced concept that combines VANETs and IoT,
information about the environment and facilitate aims to enhance the capabilities of VANETs and strengthen
cooperative decision-making. ITS. While IoV and VANET technologies aim to improve
 Network access and transport layer: Node management, driving experiences and reduce accidents, several parameters
data processing, remote monitoring, and data analysis differentiate the two networks. These parameters include their
are the main tasks in this layer. The IoV network goals, communication types, compatibility, range of usage,
provides every vehicle with diverse network access processing competence, market attention, network
while taking into account network load constraints. The specifications, availability of internet facilities, data size,
layer ensures efficient data transmission and handles the network connectivity, decision-making processes, the utility of
transportation of information between vehicles and applications, and network awareness [42]. VANETs primarily
infrastructure. aim to enhance traffic safety and reduce travel time, costs, and
pollutant emissions. However, it lacks entertainment features
 Coordinative computing layer: This layer focuses on for passengers, leading to commercialization challenges [43].
coordination within the IoV environment. It supports
the interaction of cognitive computing capabilities and On the other hand, IoV technology has broader goals,
swarm intelligent coordinative computing capabilities. including improving traffic safety and efficiency and offering
The coordinative computing layer facilitates data commercial infotainment services. IoV's entertainment
processing, resource allocation, and decision-making provides passengers access to online video streaming, movies,
processes within the IoV system. file downloading, and other services, thus enhancing their

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overall experience. VANETs support two types of rely on limited local information for decision-making and lack
communication: V2I and V2V communication [44]. collaboration with global data sources. In contrast, IoV is built
on big data principles, as it generates a vast amount of real-
In contrast, IoV enables five types of communication: V2V, time data regarding vehicle information. Additionally, the
V2R, V2I, V2S, and V2P. Each communication type relies on collaboration among various heterogeneous networks in IoV
different wireless technologies to exchange information. While contributes to accumulating diverse data sources.
individuals widely use personal devices like smartphones,
laptops, and tablets, they face compatibility issues within Vehicles in VANETs experience frequent disconnections
VANETs due to incompatible network architectures [45]. As a from the ad-hoc network, resulting in a loss of network
result, personal devices cannot effectively communicate services. This is primarily due to the non-collaboration with
information with other nodes in VANETs. In contrast, IoV other reachable networks and the pure ad-hoc network
addresses this compatibility issue, enabling personal devices to architecture. In contrast, vehicles in IoV remain connected to
efficiently disseminate information among other nodes in the the best available network at all times, enabling efficient
event of hazards, fostering an interactive environment. communication. IoV can easily collaborate with other
reachable networks in case of any issues with the current
The range of usage in VANETs is limited to local and network. In VANETs, the architecture imposes limitations on
discrete applications, such as providing alerts to drivers about storage and computing, making it challenging to make
road incidents or avoiding collisions. The nodes in VANETs, intelligent decisions based on big data mining computations.
which are vehicles, are temporary, random, and unstable,
leading to lower scalability compared to IoV [46]. In contrast, On the other hand, IoV architectures leverage Artificial
IoV offers a global scope and sustainable applications/services Intelligence-based big data and data mining computations for
by incorporating intelligent vehicular networks with computing decision-making. Due to the network disconnection issue in
and communication capabilities [47]. This enables intelligent VANETs, the availability of ITS (Intelligent Transportation
networking among vehicles on a larger scale. VANETs face Systems) applications cannot be guaranteed. In IoV, ITS
resource constraints regarding computation and processing services are reliable and efficient due to using a client-server
capacity, as they primarily handle local information collected architecture with internet connectivity. In VANETs, network
by sensors in the surrounding environment [48]. services and applications, such as safety messages, require
exchanging event location and vehicle information. However,
In contrast, IoV can handle global information, including network awareness is limited to neighborhood awareness, as
big data [49]. Processing and analyzing data in real-time obstacles hinder the proper exchange of information.
without any delays is crucial. Intelligent computing platforms Additionally, vehicle processing and storage constraints
like cloud computing, fog computing, and edge computing are contribute to reduced network awareness. In IoV, incorporating
utilized in IoV for efficient big data analytics and faster big data technologies like cloud computing and fog computing
processing. VANETs have not achieved the desired enhances the network's performance, allowing global network
commercialization over the years for various reasons, including awareness.
unreliable internet connectivity, incompatibility with personal
devices, and limitations in local processing capabilities. As a III. CLASSIFICATION OF IOV ROUTING PROTOCOLS
result, VANETs have not received significant market attention,
and their usage has stagnated. On the other hand, IoV has The routing protocols in IoV pose a significant challenge.
experienced substantial research advancements and While many routing protocols, such as DSDV, DSR, and
commercial interest. It benefits from reliable internet AODV, are adapted from MANET, this article discusses
connectivity, compatibility with personal devices, and the rapid specific geographical routing protocols like GPSR and GPCR.
evolution of communication and computation technologies. These routing protocols are classified based on their
transmission strategies. Location-based routing protocols in
VANETs have a singleton network architecture, which IoV can be categorized into four types: hierarchical,
limits their usage by not collaborating with other existing geographic, broadcast, and geocast. Among these, geographical
networks [50]. This lack of collaboration restricts their protocols are divided into unicast, broadcast, and geocast. The
connectivity and functionality. In contrast, IoV utilizes a transmission strategy adopted classifies the routing protocols
heterogeneous vehicular network framework that enables into unicast, geocast, and broadcast categories.
collaborative networking [51]. IoV incorporates five different
types of communications, including WAVE, Wi-Fi, 4G/LTE, A. Transmission Strategy
and satellite networks, which enhance the flexibility and The transmission strategy in routing protocols for IoV can
connectivity of the architecture. Internet connectivity is a be classified into three types: unicast routing protocol, geocast
fundamental requirement in modern production environments. routing protocol, and broadcast routing protocol. Unicast
VANETs face challenges in extending internet connectivity, as routing protocol aims to transmit data from a single source to a
roadside infrastructure may be scarce or not fully networked in single destination using a multi-hop technique through greedy
certain areas. forwarding. Intermediate vehicles can relay the data along a
specific routing path from the source to the destination. The
On the other hand, IoV enables vehicles to connect to the routing algorithm determines the forwarding decisions based
Internet at any time, providing Internet services to all nodes. on specific routing protocol characteristics. Unicast routing
Faster and reliable internet services in IoV facilitate the protocols can be further categorized based on the information
implementation of an IoV environment with low latency, high they use into four types: topology-based, position-based, map-
reliability, and increased bandwidth. In terms of data, VANETs

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based, and path-based routing protocols. Fig. 5 illustrates the implement geocast routing. The broadcast routing protocol is
routing strategy and different routing protocols in IoV. The commonly used for sharing information, such as traffic
primary objective of geocast routing protocol is to transmit updates, weather emergencies, road conditions, advertisements,
data from a single source node to all destination nodes within a and announcements among vehicles. It is also used with
specific geographical region called the Zone of Relevance. It unicast routing protocols to discover routes to destinations.
employs a multicast service known as location-based multicast Dissemination protocol for heterogeneous vehicular
routing. Geocast routing is particularly useful for many cooperative networks (DHVN) is an example of a broadcast
VANET applications. Vehicles in the network receive and drop routing protocol. Broadcast routing protocols rely on road
packets based on their current location. Traffic lights can help topology and network connectivity to function effectively.
Unicast

Transmission strategies Broadcast

Geocast

Path-based
Taxonomy of routing protocols in IoV

Map-based
Information required
Position-based

Topology-based

1D

Scenarios dimension 2D

3D

Homogeneous
Network types
Heterogeneous

Fig. 5. Taxonomy of routing protocols in IoV.

B. Information Required is used to determine the optimal path for data transmission.
Based on the information required, routing protocols in IoV Map-based routing protocols are commonly used in navigation
can be classified into four types: and route planning applications. Path-based routing protocols
focus on identifying specific paths or routes for data
Topology-based Routing: Topology-based routing transmission. These protocols use predefined paths or routes,
protocols utilize information about the network's underlying which can be determined based on factors like road conditions,
structure, such as the connectivity and topology of the vehicles traffic patterns, or specific requirements of the application.
or infrastructure nodes. These protocols make routing decisions Path-based routing allows for more controlled and
based on the network's topology, including the links between predetermined data routing. Examples of path-based routing
nodes and their quality metrics. Examples of topology-based protocols include AODV (Ad hoc On-Demand Distance
routing protocols include DSDV (Destination-Sequenced Vector) and DSR (Dynamic Source Routing).
Distance Vector) and OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing).
Position-based routing protocols rely on the location C. Scenarios Routing
information of the vehicles or nodes to make routing decisions. In addition to the mentioned protocols, there are several
Each vehicle determines its position using GPS or other other routing protocols in the context of IoV, namely, vehicular
localization techniques and includes this information in the routing protocol, Delay Tolerant Routing Protocol (DTN), and
routing process. Protocols like GPSR (Greedy Perimeter Disrupted Adaptive Routing (DAR). Table I shows the
Stateless Routing) and GPCR (Geographic Position-based classification of IOV routing protocols. Vehicular routing
Routing) fall into the category of position-based routing. protocol focuses on exchanging road information among
vehicles to enable efficient routing. It utilizes techniques like
Map-based routing protocols utilize detailed road network ant colony optimization, where vehicles act as ants to find the
maps to make routing decisions. These protocols consider the optimal path based on local information and pheromone trails
geographical layout and attributes of the road network, such as left by other vehicles. DTN is designed to handle intermittent
road segments, intersections, and traffic conditions. Map data or disrupted connectivity in the network. It employs a carry-

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forward mechanism, where intermediate nodes store and homogeneous network, vehicles and network elements have
forward data until a suitable connection becomes available for comparable characteristics and capabilities. The routing
transmission. DAR is a routing protocol that aims to reduce protocols for homogeneous networks assume that vehicles have
network congestion and improve overall performance similar communication ranges, transmission capabilities, and
compared to traditional routing protocols. It achieves this by network behaviors. Examples of homogeneous networks in
dynamically adapting the routing paths based on network IoV include all vehicles equipped with the same
conditions, thereby reducing transmission delays and communication technology (e.g., all vehicles use Wi-Fi or
improving packet delivery. DSRC for communication). In a heterogeneous network,
vehicles and network elements may have different
In IoV networks, routing scenarios are divided into three characteristics, capabilities, and communication technologies.
types: 1D, 2D, and 3D. 1D scenarios involve vehicles moving Heterogeneous networks in IoV may involve vehicles with
in a linear direction, such as on a highway or a single-lane different communication ranges, transmission powers, and
road. Routing protocols are designed to facilitate efficient data technologies (e.g., a mix of vehicles using Wi-Fi, cellular
transmission along this one-dimensional path. In 2D scenarios, networks, or satellite communication). Routing protocols for
vehicles can move in a two-dimensional space, such as urban heterogeneous networks must consider these differences and
or suburban areas with multiple lanes and intersections. ensure effective communication and data exchange among
Routing protocols consider the spatial relationships and vehicles with diverse capabilities.
connectivity between vehicles in these environments. 3D
scenarios involve routing in complex environments where Routing protocols in homogeneous and heterogeneous
vehicles can move in three dimensions, such as in aerial or networks aim to find the most efficient paths for data
underwater vehicular networks. Routing protocols in these transmission, considering factors like network congestion,
scenarios need to account for the specific challenges and connectivity, data reliability, and quality of service
characteristics of the respective environments. requirements. The specific design and implementation of
routing protocols may vary depending on the characteristics
D. Network Types and objectives of the network. Still, the overall goal remains
Routing is feasible in both homogeneous and the same: to establish reliable and optimal routes for data
heterogeneous networks within the IoV framework. In a transmission in IoV networks.
TABLE I. CLASSIFICATION OF IOV ROUTING PROTOCOLS
Routing Information Scenarios
Network types Strengths Examples
protocol type required routing
Unicast routing Topology-based 1D and 2D Homogeneous Reliable point-to-point communication DSDV and AODV

Position-based 1D and 2D Homogeneous Efficient use of position information DSDV and AODV

Map-based 1D and 2D Homogeneous Utilizes detailed road network maps DSDV and AODV

Path-based 1D and 2D Homogeneous Offers predetermined data routing DSDV and AODV
Efficient data transmission within a specific
Geocast routing Position-based 2D Heterogeneous GPSR and GPCR
geographical region
Broadcast
Topology-based 1D and 2D Homogeneous Effective for sharing information among vehicles DHVN
routing
Map-based 1D and 2D Homogeneous Utilizes road network attributes DHVN

Path-based 1D and 2D Homogeneous Provides controlled data routing DHVN

Vehicular Utilizes intelligent algorithms like ant colony Ant Colony, DTN,
Various Various Various
Routing optimization and DAR
and the ability to provide predetermined data routing. These
IV. DISCUSSION characteristics make them suitable for various IoV scenarios.
In this section, we provide a detailed discussion of the Through multi-hop forwarding, intermediate vehicles can relay
findings and insights gained from the classification of IoV data, facilitating communication even when the destination is
routing protocols. Our comprehensive classification of IoV not in the direct transmission range of the source. Unicast
routing protocols offers a structured approach to categorizing protocols are adaptable and can be further categorized based on
and understanding the diverse strategies employed in vehicular the information they use, such as topology-based, position-
networks. By grouping protocols into three main categories based, map-based, and path-based routing protocols. This
based on their transmission strategies (unicast, geocast, and flexibility allows for protocol selection that best suits the
broadcast), we facilitate a clearer view of their roles and specific requirements of IoV scenarios. However, these
functionalities. This classification provides researchers and protocols have their limitations. They may face challenges
practitioners with a valuable roadmap for selecting the most related to network congestion in scenarios with a high density
suitable routing protocols for specific IoV scenarios. Unicast of vehicles. Moreover, data reliability and latency can become
routing protocols offer reliable point-to-point communication concerns in scenarios with dynamic network conditions,
within IoV networks. Their strengths lie in efficient position- necessitating the development of more robust routing
based routing, the utilization of detailed road network maps, algorithms.

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Geocast routing protocols are specifically designed to impacting signal strength and reliability. Parameters related to
transmit data from a single source to all destination nodes traffic patterns, such as the type of data generated (e.g., safety
within a predefined geographical region known as the Zone of messages, multimedia), traffic density, and source-destination
Relevance. Their strength lies in efficiently disseminating pairs, are essential for evaluating routing performance. If the
information to a targeted area, making them particularly useful IoV application demands specific QoS, parameters related to
for many vehicular applications. Geocast protocols leverage latency, jitter, and reliability thresholds may be configured to
location-based multicast routing, where vehicles within the ensure that routing decisions meet these requirements. Routing
designated zone receive and process packets based on their protocols in IoV often include security features. Parameters for
current location. This approach ensures that only vehicles encryption, authentication, and key management may need
within the relevant geographical area receive the data, reducing configuration to ensure secure communication. Factors like
unnecessary network traffic. However, geocast protocols have vehicle speed, acceleration, and braking characteristics can be
limitations concerning the definition and management of these modeled as parameters. These parameters influence how
geographical zones. The accuracy of defining such regions and vehicles move and interact in the network. The length of the
handling scenarios with overlapping or rapidly changing zones simulation or data collection period can impact the stability and
can pose challenges. convergence of routing protocols. Longer simulations may be
needed to observe certain network behaviors.
Broadcast routing protocols play a crucial role in sharing
real-time information among vehicles. Their strength lies in V. FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS
their ability to quickly disseminate critical updates, such as
traffic conditions, weather emergencies, or road incidents, to a  Standardization and interoperability: Standardization
wide audience of vehicles. Broadcast protocols are often used efforts are crucial to ensure widespread adoption and
in conjunction with unicast routing protocols to discover routes interoperability of routing algorithms in the IoV. Future
to destinations. However, they also have limitations. research should focus on developing standardized
Broadcasting can lead to network congestion, especially in routing protocols and interfaces that enable seamless
densely populated areas, where a large number of vehicles communication across different vehicular networks and
simultaneously receive and process broadcast messages. To technologies.
mitigate this, efficient mechanisms for broadcast suppression  Blockchain-enabled routing: Blockchain technology
and congestion control are necessary. Moreover, ensuring data offers decentralized, transparent, and tamper-resistant
reliability and minimizing redundant data reception are data management. Integrating blockchain into routing
ongoing challenges in broadcast routing, as data packets may algorithms can enhance trust, security, and privacy in
be received by vehicles multiple times. the IoV. Future research should explore the application
Configuring routing protocols in the context of the IoV of blockchain-enabled routing algorithms that can
involves a range of parameters that influence how data is provide secure and reliable communication among
routed and communicated within the network. The choice of vehicles and infrastructure.
the routing algorithm is fundamental. IoV can employ various  Machine learning-based routing: Machine learning
routing protocols, including proactive (table-driven) like OLSR techniques have shown promise in various domains.
or reactive (on-demand) like AODV. The selection depends on Applying machine learning algorithms to routing in the
factors like network size, mobility, and application IoV can enable proactive decision-making, traffic
requirements. Parameters related to the network's physical prediction, and congestion control. Future research
layout, including the number of vehicles, their initial positions, should investigate the use of machine learning-based
and the road infrastructure, play a significant role. Realistic routing algorithms that can adapt and learn from
network topologies are essential for accurate simulations. The network dynamics to optimize routing decisions.
communication range of IoV devices, often determined by the
technology used (e.g., DSRC, Wi-Fi, cellular), is crucial. It  Edge computing and intelligent routing: With the
affects how far vehicles can communicate with each other and proliferation of edge computing in the IoV, there is an
with roadside infrastructure. Some routing protocols allow for opportunity to leverage edge resources for intelligent
configuring transmission power levels. Adjusting transmission routing. Future research should explore intelligent
power affects the range at which a vehicle can communicate, routing algorithms that can utilize edge computing
influencing network coverage and energy consumption. capabilities, such as real-time data processing, decision-
Parameters related to packet generation, including packet size making, and resource optimization, to improve routing
and transmission rate, can vary depending on the type of data efficiency and responsiveness.
being exchanged. Larger packets or higher transmission rates
may require different routing strategies.  Quality of Service (QoS): The IoV requires different
communication services with varying QoS
Different mobility models, such as Random Waypoint, requirements. Routing algorithms should be able to
Gauss-Markov, or real-world traffic data, can be used to provide differentiated services based on application-
simulate vehicle movements. The choice of mobility model specific QoS metrics, such as latency, reliability, and
affects how vehicles move and interact within the network. In throughput. Future research should investigate QoS-
wireless communication, propagation models define how aware routing algorithms that can efficiently handle
signals propagate through the environment. These models diverse application requirements.
consider factors like path loss, shadowing, and fading,

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 Security and privacy: Security and privacy are critical optimize communication and resource allocation.
concerns in vehicular networks. Routing algorithms Future research should explore routing algorithms that
should incorporate robust security mechanisms to leverage vehicular cloud computing for enhanced
protect against attacks and ensure data confidentiality, scalability, resource management, and application
integrity, and availability. Future research should focus performance.
on developing secure routing protocols and privacy-
preserving techniques to mitigate threats and protect  Cross-layer optimization: Traditional layered network
user privacy effectively. architectures may not be suitable for the dynamic and
resource-constrained IoV environment. To improve
 Resilience to attacks: Vehicular networks are routing performance, cross-layer optimization
susceptible to jamming, spoofing, and Sybil attacks. techniques can leverage interactions between different
Routing algorithms should be resilient to such attacks layers (e.g., physical, MAC, and network). Future
and capable of detecting and mitigating them. Future research should investigate cross-layer routing
research should explore routing algorithms that can algorithms that optimize communication efficiency,
enhance the network's resilience and ensure reliable reliability, and resource utilization.
communication in the presence of malicious entities.
 Robustness to mobility: Vehicles in the IoV are highly
 Scalability: As the number of connected vehicles mobile, resulting in frequent topology changes and link
increases, scalability becomes a major challenge. disruptions. Routing algorithms should be robust to
Designing routing algorithms that can efficiently handle mobility-induced challenges and maintain connectivity
large-scale networks is crucial. Future research should even in highly dynamic environments. Future research
focus on developing scalable routing schemes that should explore mobility-aware routing algorithms that
effectively handle increasing vehicles and data traffic. can adapt to vehicle movements and ensure seamless
communication.
 Dynamic network conditions: Vehicular networks are
characterized by high mobility, intermittent  Cooperative communication and collaboration:
connectivity, and dynamic network topologies. Routing Cooperative communication among vehicles and
algorithms must adapt to these conditions to ensure infrastructure can improve routing efficiency,
reliable and efficient communication. Future research reliability, and safety in the IoV. Research should focus
should explore adaptive routing algorithms that on cooperative routing algorithms that enable vehicles
dynamically adjust routing paths based on the current to collaborate, exchange information, and assist each
network state. other in routing decisions, leading to enhanced network
performance.
 Energy efficiency: Vehicles in the IoV are typically
resource-constrained, especially in terms of energy.  Context-aware routing: The IoV is rich in contextual
Routing algorithms should consider energy information, including vehicle positions, speeds, traffic
consumption and aim to minimize energy expenditure. conditions, and environmental factors. Incorporating
Future research should focus on energy-aware routing context awareness into routing algorithms can optimize
algorithms that optimize energy consumption while route selection based on the current context and
maintaining reliable communication. improve overall network performance. Future research
should explore context-aware routing algorithms that
 Integration with smart city infrastructure: The IoV is leverage contextual information for intelligent and
closely linked to the concept of smart cities. Routing adaptive routing decisions.
algorithms should be designed to integrate with existing
smart city infrastructure, such as traffic management  Multi-hop communication: In the IoV, vehicles may
systems, intelligent transportation systems, and urban need to rely on multi-hop communication to reach
sensing networks. Future research should explore distant destinations or overcome connectivity gaps.
routing algorithms that can seamlessly integrate with Research should focus on developing efficient multi-
smart city infrastructure to enable efficient and hop routing algorithms that can optimize message
sustainable urban mobility. forwarding and ensure reliable end-to-end
communication.
 Traffic load balancing: In congested scenarios, routing
algorithms should distribute traffic load evenly across  Heterogeneous network integration: The IoV
the network to prevent congestion and ensure efficient encompasses various communication technologies, such
resource utilization. Future research should focus on as cellular networks, dedicated short-range
load-balancing routing algorithms that intelligently communication (DSRC), and Wi-Fi. Integrating these
distribute traffic and optimize network performance. heterogeneous networks poses challenges in terms of
routing and seamless handover. Future research should
 Vehicular cloud computing: Integrating cloud explore routing algorithms that effectively integrate and
computing with vehicular networks offers opportunities manage heterogeneous networks to provide
for offloading computation and storage tasks to the uninterrupted connectivity.
cloud. Routing algorithms should consider the
availability and utilization of cloud resources to

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Vol. 14, No. 9, 2023

 Real-time traffic management: Routing algorithms in ACKNOWLEDGMENT

the IoV should consider real-time traffic information to This work was supported by the Natural Science
make informed routing decisions. Future research Foundation of the Higher Education Institutions of Jiangsu
should explore integrating real-time traffic data, such as Province (No.22KJD460005).
congestion and traffic flow information, into routing
algorithms to enable efficient traffic management and This work was supported by the Scientific Research
avoidance. Foundation of Nanjing Institute of Technology (No.
YKJ201994).
VI. CONCLUSION
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