CHAPTER 11

CRIME LABORATORY PROCEDURE IN THE EXAMINATION OF BALLISTICS EXHIBITS

Firearms Identification
Is publicly known as "Forensic ballistics" or simply "Ballistics". In the United States particularly among
police officers, these latter words have caught on. The Firearms Investigation Laboratory may be the official name
of some units; however, the chances are most law enforcement agencies including police personnel and detectives
in our simply adopts the same term as "Ballistics" or Forensic Ballistics.
Capabilities
The highly trained, capable, effective and credible Forensics Firearms Examiners, Ballisticians and
Technicians of the PNP Crime Laboratory are on 24 hours duty ready to respond to crime scene anywhere in the
country to conduct investigation of cases involving firearm.
Firearms Identification Personnel Commitment
The Firearms Identification Division is one of the "Core" Competencies of PNP Crime Laboratory devoted
to the specific discipline of forensic firearms Investigation and identification. This office comprised of Forensic
Firearms Examiners, Ballistician, and Firearms Technician with the following mandates:
a. Examines evidence firearms, fired bullets/cartridge cases, pellets, wads, bullet fragments, cartridge
components and related specimen;
b. Conducts test firing of evidence firearms to obtain test bullets and cartridge cases for comparison with
the evidence bullets and cartridge cases.
c. Appears and testify in court of justice anywhere in the country as expert witness;
d. Conducts lectures to different police/military institutions. Government agencies, public and private
schools upon request,
e. Conducts test firing and stencil tracing of firearms for licensing, and
f. Performs Scene of Crime Operations or Field Laboratory Works.
These highly trained technical PNP personnel are often called upon to testify about the results of their
examinations as expert witnesses in criminal proceedings. Evidence like firearms, firearms components,
ammunition, and ammunition components may confront these forensic personnel in court of law. Though Forensic
Firearms Examiners ordinarily serve as expert witnesses for either the prosecution or the defense, the PNP Crime
Laboratory prohibits the testimony of its examiners in cases where other firearm experts- related testimony has
already been rendered, unless otherwise directed by the court. They also provide technical support in crime scene
investigation, preservation and processing and needed documentation of evidence at crime scenes. In addition,
examiner- SOCO team member from the Firearms Identification Division provide crime scene investigations and
analyses as needed.
Code of Ethics
The Firearms Examiners and Ballistician of the PNP Crime Laboratory is committed to adhere and
maintain the highest professional standards and ethics provided under the PNP code of professional conduct and
ethical standards.
Service Pledge
The following covers the duration of examinations and release of laboratory report:
 NUMBER OF SPECIMEN DURATION OF EXAMINATION RELEASE OF REPORTS

1 to 3 Specimens (bullets or shells 1 day 2 working days from the time of

excluding firearm) examination
1 to 3 Specimens (bullets or shells 2 days 3 working days from the time of
excluding firearm examination
4 to 10 Specimens (bullets or 3-4 days 2 working days from the time of
shells excluding firearm) examination
11 and above (bullets or shells 5-10 days 2 working days from the time of
excluding firearm) examination
Firearm 1 day 2 working days from the time of
examination
NOTE: Duration of examinations and release of laboratory reports may be extended depending on the
following factors:
1. Availability of commercial ammunition needed as standard and equipment for examination;
2. Availability of standard/test specimens of suspected licensed firearm with Firearms and Explosive
Division (FED), Civil Security Group (CSG);
3. Quantity and condition of the evidence specimen.
4. Cross-matching of the evidence specimens with other specimens/firearms identification cases on file if
necessary.

Preparation of Laboratory
Microscopic exam of
START Report and related
evidence and standard
documents

Receipt of letter request Deposit of Firearms and

Initial Examination of
and evidence for other Evidence in the
Evidence bullets, and
Examination (Duty Evidence Room (thru
cartridge cases
Firearms Examiner) Evidence Custodian)

Recording, allocation of
case number, Physical Approval of Laboratory Released of Laboratory
examination ang Inventory Test Firing of firearm Report by D,CL thru the Report by ADP (Releasing
of evidence (Duty CD's window)
Fireamrs Examiner)

Referral of evidence Deposit of Laboratory Return of the Original

Photograph and
Firearms to Chemistry Report in the Evidence Copy of Laboratory report
verification of Firearm
and concerned Divisions Room to FAID

Requesting Evidence for Examinations

1. All requests for evidence examination should be in writing addressed to the Director, Crime Laboratory (D, CL).
attention: Chief Firearms Identification Division (C. FAID), recorded at the office of the Assistant Director for
Personnel (ADP) and validated either by the Duty Admin Personnel and/or the Duty Officer before endorsing to
the Firearms Identification Division (FAID).
 The requests must contain the following information:
a. The submitting contact person's name, agency, address, and telephone number.
b. Nature and the basic facts of the case.
c. The name (s) and descriptive data about the individual (s) involved (subject, suspect, victim, or a
combination of those categories) and the unit-assigned case identification number, if there is any.
2. The Duty FAID personnel shall scrutinize the letter-request as well as the evidence being referred for
examination. including the identity marks and initials made by the investigator, if there is none, the requesting party
shall be asked to mark the evidence for future identification.
3. The request shall be recorded by the duty FAID personnel in the evidence case logbook, including allocation of
corresponding case number
4. After the recording and documentation have been completed, the evidence shall be turned over to the Evidence
Custodian for safe keeping in the evidence room.
5. The request shall be immediately reported to the D, CL thru the C, FAID for his Information.
6. Prior to the examination, the evidence firearm should be endorsed (f necessary) to other Technical Divisions for
examinations, such as.
a. Fingerprint Division - for possible recovery of latent prints.
b. Photography Division - for documentation through photography.
c. Medico Legal Division - for possible Serology on evidence firearms.
d. Physical Identification Division - responsible examination of allied examination, like;

• Bullet Trajectory Analysis - determines the angle and direction of fire and the location or possible
location of a shooter through measurement and analysis of bullet holes.
• Serial Number Location - a specialized tool marked examinations which assist in the visualization
of obliterated serial number on firearms through the application of chemicals on the metal
surface.
Similarly, other concerns may also be addressed by the Chemistry Division, particularly Gunpowder
Residue Analysis which determines whether gunpowder or the product of its combustion have been
deposited on clothing, suspect's hands and other items through physical and chemical examinations.
7. The C, FAID shall designate a Forensic Firearms Examiner to conduct the requested examinations.
8. The case envelope containing the evidence specimen and letter-request shall be turned over by the evidence
custodian to the designated firearms examiner for examinations.
9. After the examinations have been completed, the evidence firearms and related specimen shall be deposited
and maintain in the evidence room of the Firearms identification Division, under the control and supervision of the
Evidence Custodian, unless its production is required by the Court as evidence.
10. In addition to the stated procedures, coordination with the Firearms and Explosives Division, Civil Security
Group (FED, CSG) shall be made to establish ownership of the firearm.
11. Take precautions to preserve the evidence.
12. Always observe the "Chain of Possession of the Evidence".
Examining Firearm Impressions:
Utilizing the various microscopic "signatures markings' transferred by a firearm during discharge, a
forensic firearms examiner of the PNP Crime laboratory goes to the "NORM" and task of comparing submitted
bullets and ammunition components for comparative examination. The fundamental and basis step towards making
a comparative examination or analysis of a bullet, bullet jacket or cartridge case is via test firing. This standard
process involves actual firing of the same kind of caliber, type of ammunition and make of ammunition in the same
submitted evidence firearm. After recovery of these "standard" (test ammunition) from a cotton tube, comparison
with" questioned (evidence ammunition) and components can now proceed. The fine absorbent cotton contain in
this tube slows a discharge or damage or distortion to the projectile and the impressions it carries, thereby
generating ideal samples for microscopic examination. Fully automatic firearms, high caliber firearms and
shotguns, which cannot be normally discharged into the cotton tube, are tested in the PNP outdoor ranges in Camp
Crame, Quezon City.
The next step involves a traditional yet sophisticated tool of the firearms examiner the comparison
microscope, where known, test fired specimens are compared to "question evidence specimens". This apparatus
consists of two separate microscopes joined by an optical bridge which allow side simultaneous observation by
Forensic firearms Examiners. A camera is likewise attached to this scope providing case photographic imaging
and documentation of specimens under comparison.
Basis of Firearms identifications:
In Firearms Identification "Class Characteristics" refers to the general rifling characteristics of firearm such
caliber, number of lands, number of grooves, direction of rifling twist, width of the lands, width of the grooves, depth
of grooves and pitch of rifling which are determine before the manufacture of the firearm. They serve as the basis
to identify a certain group of firearms.
All firearms of the same model will have the same class characteristics, statistically it can be shown that
no two firearms will have exactly the same individual rifling characteristics. These individual characteristics are
distinct, unique marks produced during the manufacturing process and include signatures of damage, wear and
tear such as the impression left by a deformed or broken firing pin, and the unusual striations left on a bullets and
cartridge cases as a natural by-product of the discharged firearm. They are totally random and such are as
individual to a particular firearm as fingerprints are to a person. These features enable a Forensic Firearms
Examiner to identify firearms in conjunction and relative to the examination being conducted.
Results and Conclusions
Following complicated examinations, a forensic firearms Examiners reduces his findings into writing
where three possible standard conclusions can be made: Identification, Exclusion For No Conclusion."
Identification signifies a match between two ammunition components or a match between an ammunition
component and a firearm being examined or analyzed. Exclusion connotes a non-match between the examined
items of evidence - the possibility of an association between the items is so excluded. "No Conclusion" indicates
that the ammunition components could neither be identified nor excluded as having been fired by a particular
weapon based on the quality of microscopic markings. In this instance, the class characteristics of the evidence in
the question may be in agreement, but the correspondence between individual characteristic or striae is insufficient
or absent. "Non-Identification" means there is a lack of association between two evidence items - the possibility
that a tool produced a given mark that the same tool produced two marks is excluded. A "No Conclusion" result as
in the examination of firearms-related evidence indicates insufficient corresponding microscopic characteristics
and the subsequent inability of the examiner to classify the evidence as either identification or exclusion. This is
not to say, however that the given bullet could not have been fired by a submitted weapon or from the same firearm
as another bullet, but rather, than the markings present on the bullet are of insufficient character to draw any
conclusion.
 In instance of severe leading, mutilation or corrosion of a recovered weapon, the unique microscopic
markings normally present in the barrel and other portions of the firearm may be obscured or obliterated and thus
may prelude identification. Conclusive identification of bullets or other ammunition components are similarly
impossible when the rifling impressions on these components match the rifling type of given firearm, but no other
distinct, unique characteristics are present on the ammunition. In other words, a bullet may bear class
characteristics like those produced by the barrel of a particular type of firearm but may not be impressed with
individual identifying characteristics match it with single specific firearm.
The "Norm" and "Chain of Custody"
Before the Forensic firearms examiner conduct the specialized microscopic examinations involved in the
identification of firearms, evidence submitted to the Firearms Identification Division are subject to preliminary
handling and processing. Evidence Custodian and technicians are responsible for the inventory of incoming
evidence and must verify that all items described on the letter-request for examination are accurately described
and accounted for, with emphasis on the observance of the so-called "Chain of Custody" of the evidence.
Evidence which must be examined by the offices in the Crime Laboratory prior to being examined in the
Firearms Identification Division are sorted and forwarded by the custodian or technician who may be assisted by
technicians to those concerned Divisions as needed. Should this evidence not require examinations other than
those conducted by this Division, the technician under close supervision may begin preparing the submitted items
for analysis following general case inventory. This preparatory handling includes weighing photographic
documentation procedures and stringent sorting.
Known bullet and cartridge case specimens generated through the cotton tube following test firing are
retained in the Division after due case completion and presentation in court for purpose of comparison reference.
In addition to preliminary examinations and analysis conducted by technicians under close supervision
and the microscopic analysis, the evidence in the Division may undergo a variety of examinations depending on
the specifics of the case and the analysis being requested by investigators. An Examiner or Technician may
additionally employ the following test and procedures:
1. Ejection Pattern Tests - may define possibly the position of a shooter based on the location of spent
cartridge case or shot shell casing in crime scene reconstructions.
2. Firearm's Bore/Caliber Determination - an essential factor which may determine firearm's classification
pursuant to RA 8294, an act amending certain provisions of PD 1866.
3. Serviceability/Function Tests - determines whether a firearm is fully and normally functional in all its mode
of fire and whether all safeties are operating properly.
Evidence Examination and Identification
In addition to the preliminary examinations conducted by the firearms technicians and the microscopic
analyses performed by firearms examiners, evidence in the Firearms Identification Division Unit may undergo a
variety of examinations. Depending on the specifics of the case and the analysis requested by the investigator, an
examiner-technician might employ the following test:
1. Firearms
Firearms examination can determine the general condition of a firearm: whether it is mechanically
functional or in a condition that could contribute to an unintentional discharge. Trigger-pull examinations can
determine the amount of a pressure necessary to release the hammer of firing pin of firearms. Examinations can
determine whether a firearm was altered to fire in the full-automatic mode. Firearms can be test-fired to obtain
known specimens for comparison to evidence ammunition components such as bullets, cartridge cases, and shot
shell casings.
 2. Bullet and Bullet Fragments
Fired bullets and fragments can be examined to determine the general rifling characteristics such as
caliber and physical features of the rifling impressions of the bullets. The microscopic characteristics on evidence
bullets can be compared to test-fired bullets from a suspect firearm to determine whether the evidence bullet and
fragment was fired from the firearms.
3. Cartridge Cases or Shot shells Casings
Cartridge Cases or shot shell casings examination can determine the caliber or gauge, the manufacturer,
and whether there are marks of value of comparison. The microscopic characteristics of evidence cartridge cases
and shot shell casing can be examined to determine whether they were fired from a specific firearm.
4. Shot Pellets, Buckshot, or slugs
Examination of shot pellets, Buckshot, or slug can determine the size of the shot, the gauge of the slug.
5. Wadding
Examination of wadding components can determine the gauge.
6. Unfired Cartridge or shot shells
Examination on unfired cartridges or shot shells can determine the caliber or gauge and whether there
are marks of value for comparison, in addition to the serviceability determination. Examination can also determine
whether the ammunition was loaded in and extracted from specific firearms.
7. Gun parts
Gun parts examination can determine the caliber, model and mode of operation from which the parts
originated.
PROCEDURES IN THE EXAMINATION OF BULLETS AND CARTRIDGE CASES
1. Affix the two specimens (bullet or cartridge cases) on its two adjustable stages, pointed on the same
direction so that corresponding features will match as to orientation. The evidence bullet/cartridges case
must under the left objectives lens while the test/standard bullet/cartridge case under the right objective
lens and then peep through the eyepiece. If the two specimens cannot be seen, adjust the stages. Once
the two object focused the next step is to find the similarities existing between them, compared by either
adjusting the 2 objects, where the object are attached either vertically or horizontally after orientation the
two objects.
2. View them through the eyepiece of the comparison microscope. If the two (2) bullets or shells cannot
be seen, adjust the stages through the knob and pinion. Once the two bullets focused, examine the toe
specimens by rotating the pinion until one or more unusual marks are located.
3. If unusual marks are located on one of the bullet, rotate the other bullet until a matching area found.
4. If there is no such matching area, exert effort to locate another outstanding or peculiar recognizable
area on one bullet and again the second bullet is rotate in search of a like region.
5. This procedure is continuous until a similarity or match in the two specimens is found, until all areas on
both have been exhaustively compared.
6. During these comparisons, the bullets are frequently shifted laterally so that several positions along the
length of the bullets may be compared as well as different position around the periphery.
7. If similarities of the matching area are found by this process, two bullets are then considered to be "In
Phase" and thereafter both are rotated together and at the same rate as to hold them constantly in phase.
 8. Compared thoroughly the individual striae and striated areas on the periphery and at various lengthwise
positions.
9. If the matching between the two specimens was a true one, other quality good matches or identities
should be found in the other impression areas.
10. If the matching is an illusion, no further identities will be found. And the procedure must be checked
and begin again.
11. If identity is clear and apparent, there is no need to check other orientations. If it is not, the examination
will continue until a reasonable proof exist that the two bullets or specimens do not touch.
12. It is one course possible for two (2) bullets to have been fired from one firearm, and yet not bear
matching marks of such similarity as will proved identity. Additional test bullets must be fired and
compared until it appears evidence that no such match will be found.
REQUIREMENTS FOR POSITIVE IDENTIFICATION
The making (Impression and striations) must be Prominent, Consistent and Significant.
1. Prominent- Standing out or projecting beyond a surface or line, readily noticeable.
2. Consistent-Possessing firmness. The impression or stration found on the evidence bullet or
cartridge case appearing in every test bullets and cartridge cases.
3. Significant-Capable of being interpreted by the firearms Examiner or Ballistician.

REGOGNITION, COLLECTION, PRESERVATION AND TRANSMITTAL OF EVIDENCE FIREARM AND

RELATED AND SPECIMEN
Physical evidence is any article which the investigator on case and SOCO personnel brings to the courts
in explich in their contention of guilt of the accused is based. It is an explanation and presentation of facts to the
court by which the officer has determined that the accused is responsible for a criminal act. Properly prepared thad
presented, physical evidence may serve the same purpose as taking the court to the scene of the crime and
reconstructing the events which may lead to the commission of the crime.
RECOGNITION OF EVIDENCE(S)
It is mandatory on the part of every SOCO/Firearms Identification Personnel and Field investigation to
recognize properly physical evidence that might come out from the use of firearm. At the scene of the crime, the
investigator must search for evidence firearms, fired bullets, cartridge cases and related specimen.
Handling Firearms and Ammunition
Any time a crime scene specialist discovers firearms or ammunition at the scene of a crime, the utmost
care must be exercised in handling them. Before moving or disturbing a weapon, the crime scene specialist should
have indicated in his/her notes a general description of its positioning, taken photographs, and ensure that there
was sufficient information for the crime scene sketch. The make, model, serial number, and caliber, as well as
other descriptive information should be included in the notes.
Before picking up a firearm, the crime scene specialist should mote the position of the hammer if the
weapon has one, observe whether the breech is open, whether the weapon has a magazine in t, and the position
of the safety if the weapon has one. Safe handling of the weapon should be paramount. Only if the weapon presents
a direct hazard, such as the hammer still being cocked, should the crime scene specialist attempted immediately,
as long as safety is not jeopardized.
 The crime scene specialist should always ensure that fingerprints or other weapon should are not
disturbed or destroyed on the weapons the barrel should never be picked up by a smooth surface, such as the
barrel or frame, as this could allow the depth of fingerprints. Any rough surfaces on the weapon, such as serration
on the grip of a handgun or the stock and fore piece of a long weapon, should be used to collect the weapon.
The crime scene specialist should never insert a pencil or other object into the barrel of the weapon while
recovering t In the control environment trace evidence can be better collected and the weapon the subjected to
close inspection. Following the trace evidence collection, the crime scene specialist can open the window, note
the amount of ammunition it contains, and record the position and content of the cylinder and chambers if it is
revolver.
Evidentiary Value of Firearms and Ammunition
1. Bullets
Marks on bullets are produce by the rifling on the barrel of the weapon when fired. As the bullet
is forced out the barrel of the weapon microscopic striation are produced by the rifling (land and grooves).
The striations are invaluable for later identification purposes. The possibility also exist the marks can also
be produced on bullets during the loading of some weapons. These marks can also be compared with
the suspect weapon and hopes of producing a positive match.
2. Recovered bullets
Recovered bullets can be examined by laboratory to determine manufacturer, specific caliber,
type, and make of weapon from which the bullet was fired. In this addition to this general identification, if
sufficient marks (striation) are present, the bullet can also be used for positive identification purposes.
3. Bullet versus weapon
The crime laboratory can determine whether a particular bullet was fired from a particular
weapon, provided the bullet is not destroyed or mutilated too badly upon recovery and has sufficient
striations for identification purposes.
4. Fired cartridge or Shotgun Shell Casings
Mark on the fired cartridge case or shotgun shell casing can be produced by the breech face,
firing pin, chamber, extractor, and ejector. Each one of these marks has the potential to be connected to
a particular weapon due to its unique characteristics.
Fired cartridge cases found at the scene can be used to determine specific caliber type and
possible make of weapon from which it was fired, as well as whether or not there are sufficient marks
present for identification.
Fired shotgun shells found at the scene can be used as determine gauge, originally factory
loading, and whether there are sufficient marks on the casing present for identification.
Wadding or shot from the victim or scene can be used to determine gauge and manufacturer of
the wadding. Shot can be examined to determine size, however it cannot be identified with a suspect
weapon since the barrel of a shotgun is smooth and does not produce striation with the projectile.
Fired cartridge cases or shotgun shell casings can be examined to determine whether they were
loaded into or fired in a particular weapon.
If sufficient identification fire pin impressions, breech face or chamber marks are pre4sent, it is
possible to establish whether they were fired from a particular weapon.
 Extractor or ejector marks can only be used to identify whether the cartridge case or shotgun
shell casing may have been loaded into or extracted from a specific weapon.
Collection of Physical evidence
1. The SOCO/firearms identification personnel and field investigators should collect all items which may
tend to connect a person to the crime or crime scene like firearms, firearms components, ammunition,
ammunition components, holster, and magazine.
2. Protect the crime scene. Be sure not alter the evidence.
3. Collect the firearm though its rough stock, with muzzle pointed at a safe direction. If it is a revolver in
"full cocked" position, there is always the danger of a little amount of "jarring" when picking up a gun. This
might cause accidental firing. After picking up the revolver by inserting a handkerchief or string though
the trigger guard, a piece of crumpled paper or carton may be placed just in front of the hammer after
which the trigger should be checked. This is done to prevent accidental or unnecessary firing.
4. When a firearm is found at the crime scene, the investigators should take note of the following pertinent
facts or features about the firearms: type of firearms, caliber, serial number, loaded ammunition in the
cylinder (if revolver), in the magazine (if pistol), position of firearms related to a body at the scene and
other distinct or significant features.
5. When a bullet is found at the crime scene, the following should be noted down: type of bullet, caliber,
shape or form of the bullet, condition of the bullet place and date of recovery.
6. When a bullet is found at the crime scene, the following should be noted: number of the cartridge case
(in order of recovery from the cylinder or magazine), caliber, head stamp, date and place of recovery.
7. Photograph the evidence and sketch the location before removing it from the crime scene.
Marking of Physical Evidence
1. The marking of evidence like firearms, fired bullet/ cartridge case and related specimens is important
on the part of the firearms examiners/Ballistician and investigating officers, so that they can readily identify
this evidence during trial of the case.
2. Fired bullet should be marked by means of a stylus of pointed instrument by the recovering officer with
his initials, or the initials of the victim/suspect, on the nose of the ogive. The marking should include the
corresponding date of recovery. In case where the nose of the fired bullet is badly damage or deformed,
the officer's initials should be placed at the base. Never in any instance should the initial and date of
recovery be placed on the bearing surface of the bullets because it is these parts of the contain the "rifling
marks" or "striation" bases for identification.
3. With regards to fired cartridge cases, the best area or portion where the officer can place his identifying
marks are the following: inside near the open mouth, outside near the mouth, and on the body of the fired
cartridge case. Never place marks on the base of the fired cartridge case. It is this part that contains the
"breech face" marks and other identifying markings.
4. Never use letter "x" markings or any common marks which may lead to confuse the firearms Examiner
of ballistician.
5. The suspected firearm should be marked with the initial of recovering officer on the three main parts
such as the barrel, cylinder, and the frame as in a revolver. In the case of pistol, the initial should be
placed on the barrel, slide and frame or receiver. Aside from the marking these three main parts, an
"identification tag" bearing the complete description of the firearm such as the type, make, model, caliber,
serial number, time and date of recovery, name of victim, name of suspect, and other features of value
must also be indicated.
Notes:

• Mark loaded and fired cases with initials. Date and numbers to correspond with numbered chambers in
diagram.
• Scratch arrow on rear face of cylinder to indicate the chamber position under hammer (in line with Barrel)
when recovered see illustration). Then prepare diagram numbering in clockwise direction the remaining
chambers, i.e. 2.3.4.5.6, etc
• Diagram to be made by the officer recovered weapon.
FIRED BULLETS
Mark initials of recovering officer in area indicated. Wrap bullets individually in clea cotton or tissue paper.
If more than one bullet is recovered, use initials of person recovering and date and designate each bullet
with letter or numeral, keeping notes as to source of each.
DO NOT mark or mutilate sides of cylindrical portion containing rifling marks.
Preservation of Physical evidence
1. Take precautions to preserve the evidence.
2. Evidence firearms and related specimen should be properly preserved for future identification and
preservation during the trial of the case. It is imperative that this physical evidence be kept in suitable
evidence room so as to retain their evidentiary value for effective presentation during the trial; of the case
in court.
3. In additional to the markings, fired bullet and cartridge cases should be wrapped in clean softly dry
paper or cotton and placed separately in self-sealing plastic packet or any similar clean container.
4. The container must be properly labelled. The officer should also record all steps he had taken in
preserving this evidence for future reference.
5. The suspected firearms should be properly wrapped and place in a container, box or envelope to avoid
contamination. Affix EVIDENCE labels to the container.
Transmittal of the Physical evidence
1. All collected evidence must be trasmitted to the firearms identification division and concerned offices
for examination as soon as possible.
2. All evidence must be photograph for future identification.
3. Take precautions to preserved the evidence.
4. Wrap and seal each items of evidence seperately to avoid contamination.
5. Pack live ammunition in a clean, dry cardboard container seperately from firearms.
6. Stabilize the evidence to avoid movement of friction during shipment
7. Seal the container with tamper-evident tape.
8. If any of the evidence needs to be examined for latent prints, label LATENT on the container.
9. Label the outer container with "Evidence" label.
10. Always observe the chain of custody.
Mandatory Fingerprint examination and gunshot residue analysis and other relevant laboratory
examination of SOCO and field investigators recovered evidence firearm.
It is imperative on the part of the SOCO personnel and field investigators to strictly observe the following
procedures:
1. Never attempt to touch or handle evidence firearm and related specimen without hand gloves.
2. Pick up the gun by holding the checkered part of the grip and directly place it in a clean evidence box
or appropriate container (e.g. cardboard pillbox, or any similar rigid container that may hold the firearms
firmly enough to protect latent prints.
3. Consider the presence of latent prints, blood splatter on the firearms, firearm magazine, cartridges,
including the physical condition of the serial number and other manufacturers stamp marking, possible
for laboratory examination.
4. In addition to the mandatory procedures on crime scene preservation, attached an identifying evidence
tag on the firearm and label on its box/container.
5. Do not unload unless you must. If not, submit personally the firearm in a package with markings "Danger
loaded". Should unloading be necessary, it must be held on the rough or serrated areas avoiding the
smooth surfaces. Marked position of its cartridge in a revolver and leave cartridge inside the magazine of
self- loading pistol separate the cartridge extracted from the chamber in a package.
6. Do not clean the firearm or put anything inside the barrel.
7. Do not attempt to work the action or spin the cylinder.
8. Once the box or container has been sealed, no one is allowed to open it except the authorized receiver
of the crime laboratory.
9. Submit the recovered evidence firearm in sealed or padlocked appropriate boxes or container
personally by the SOCO personnel and/or field investigators or through the authorized representatives to
the fingerprints division for possible recovery of latent prints.
Releasing the evidence for court presentation
1. All evidence requested by the court for presentation should be release by the crime laboratory through
the evidence custodian of the firearms identification division to the concerned firearms examiner for the
same purpose;
2. The release must be covered by the court order or subpoena and crime lab mission order approved by
the Director, Crime laboratory, specifying the name of firearms examiner of evidence custodian
summoned by the court to present the evidence, destination (e.g. NCJR, RTC, Branch 111, Quezon City),
time and date of trial, court case title and number, and complete description of the subject firearm and
related evidence.
3. The release of evidence for court presentation must be covered by a receipt, acknowledge by the
receiver oг concerned firearms examiner with two witness and approved by the Director, Crime laboratory.
4. The laboratory report and accompanying documents, firearms, fired bullets, fired cartridge cases and
other evidence submitted in court are deemed under the legal custody of court as exhibits.
5. All information relate to the withdrawal of evidence for court presentation is reflected in the office
evidence logbook, signed by the receiver and the evidence custodian.
Transporting evidence for court presentation
1. Transporting evidence for court presentation must be covered by a valid Court Order or Subpoena and
Mission Order approved by the Director, Crime laboratory.
2. The evidence firearm and related specimen must be separately in padlocked secure evidence
containers marked "EVIDENCE". The keys for these containers should be under the control and custody
of the concerned Firearms Examiner or the evidence custodian.
3. After its should be transported back in safe condition to the crime laboratory, unless the court desires
or orders the retention of the same in their custody;
4. If more than three (3) firearms and related evidence are to be presented in court by the firearms
examiner or evidence custodian, the same must be escorted by armed Crime Laboratory personnel,
preferable with communication device as escort. A PNP Crime Laboratory marked vehicle should be used
for the purpose. The number of escort and vehicle to be used shall determine by operation officer of the
office and approved by the Director, CL. This procedure automatically applies to sensational cases,
including court appearance outside Metro Manila;
5. Evidence for presentation in court outside one AOR, should be coordinated with the operations Officer
of the concerned CL Office having jurisdiction over the area where the court situated, to facilitate the
safety and security of personnel and evidence.
Turnover of evidence to court
1. All evidence submitted in court as exhibit must be covered by the court order or receipt duly
acknowledged by Court authorized evidence Custodian/Recorder.
2. Evidence not presented in court due to postponement of trial of the case should immediately deposited
back to the Crime Laboratory through the evidence custodian.
3. All matters relative to the disposition of evidence should immediately reported to the Director, Crime
Laboratory. while the documents and receipts covering its position should be deposited to the concerned
Crime Laboratory Office through the evidence Custodian for reference purposes;
4. After the court duty or mission has been accomplished, the matter should be reported to the Director,
Crime Laboratory, for his information.
Releasing evidence (to the investigating officer or individual party)
1. All requests for withdrawal of evidence firearms, on the unit letter head, must be addressed to the
Director, PNP Crime Laboratory, and accompanied with the following documents:
a. Court Order
b. Authenticated photocopy of updated firearms License from FED or Memorandum Receipt
from the supply Accountable Officer (SAO) of the concerned Office.
c. In the absence of documents under para "1" sub-para "a" certification from the investigating
office stating among others that there is no case filed or to be filed involving the subject firearms.
d. Duty status and no pending administrative case for PNP, BJMP and BFP personnel involving
the same office.
2. No evidence firearms and related specimen should be released to the requesting party unless all
requirements stated under paragraph "1" are submitted. The release must be covered by a receipt where
the authority, time, date of release signatories and disposition pertaining to the release are reflected.
 3. No evidence firearm should be release unless recommended by the Chief, Firearms Identification
Division, witnessed by one (1) Firearms Examiner, confirmed by the Deputy Director, approved by the
Director, PNP Crime Laboratory and release by the office Evidence Custodian.
Disposition of non-withdrawable firearms
1. After the resolution of the case, loose firearms shall not be released to the requesting office of the
individual except when there is an order from the court stating the disposition of the same. The said
firearms shall be eventually turned over to the custody of firearms and explosive Division, Civil Security
Group (FED, CSG) or logistic Support Service (LSS), PNP for accounting and disposition.
2. In case where a loose or unregistered firearm is no longer needed in court as evidence the same shall
be turned over to the Firearms AND EXPLOSIVE Division in accordance with the PNP Circular Number
05 and related PNP issuances, which prescribes procedures on the disposition of captured, confiscated
and surrendered firearms.
3. Pin case where the licensee ceases to become qualified by the virtue of his death, the firearm should
not be release to anybody neither to his nearest kin unless qualified as determined by the Chief, Philippine
National Police, otherwise the firearm shall be forwarded to the custody of the FED, CSG for safe keeping
and disposition.
 CHAPTER 12
SEVEN PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS

TYPE I PROBLEM
Given a bullet, to determine the Caliber of firearm from which it was fired.
The solution to problems of this type is limited to bullets that have not subjected deformation or mutilation.
There are devices which possibly fired a cartridge of the same caliber, but smaller in size than the cartridge to
which the firearm adopted. Other devices may have fired a cartridge of smaller caliber than the cartridge to which
the firearm is adopted. An examination of the bullet may indicate whether it was fired from a firearm with a smooth
bore or rifled barrel.
If the bullet was fired from a rifled barrel, grooves will be found in the cylindrical surface of the bullet from
which it was fired maybe manifested. The class characteristics of the bullet may indicate the size of the cartridge
from which it was fired. In some cases, it is possible to determine whether or not the bullet was fired from a revolver.
The bullet may give information relating to the type and make of firearm from which it was fired.
In the case of bullet fired from rifled barrel, it is possible to determine from a study of the bullet and the
firearm's signature on the bullet, as shown by the class characteristics of the firearm from which it was fired such
as: bore diameter, groove diameter, depth of grooves and grooves widths.
The problem may be completely solved when the class characteristics is determined that may lead to a
group using one type and make of firearm.
Solution:
a). Measure the diameter of the bullet.
b). Count the number of lands and grooves.
c). Measure the width of lands and grooves.
d). Determine the direction of twist of rifling.
Example: 6L-G2X = 9mm Fired bullet

TYPE II PROBLEM
Given a fired cartridge case, to determine the Caliber of firearm from which it was fired.
An examination of the fired cartridge case may accumulate adequate information such as:
1. Type of ammunition, Pin fire, Rim-fire or Center-fire.
2. Caliber or Gauge.
3. Paper or metal base.
4. Head: Rimmed or Rimless
In case of metallic ammunition, the size of the cartridge, if not indicated by the stamp on the head may
be determined from the size and shape of the cartridge case. This has its limitations since the same case may be
used in more than one size of cartridge.
 If the fired cartridge case proves to be of a cartridge adopted to it, but of same type and make of firearm,
the problem is solved. If not their class characteristics of the type and make of firearm in which the cartridge was
fired must be determined from an analysis of the firearm's signature on the cartridge case. The solution of this type
of problem, therefore, depends entirely upon the extent of which is possible to establish pertinent class
characteristics for the various types and make of firearm. In order to differentiate between these, keep in mind that
pertinent class characteristics are those recognizable from an examination of the signature on the fired cartridge
case.
When the cartridge is fired, the pressure developed by the powder gases is directed to all directions. The
cartridge is expanded in the chamber, bringing the convex surface to the chamber, thus sealing the chamber and
preventing the escape of gases to the rear. In some firearms the head of the cartridge case is forced against the
breeching face. In some revolvers it is forced against the surface of the recoil plate. An examination of a variety of
types and makes of small arms includes many possibilities for establishing pertinent class characteristics. In center-
fire ammunition, a part of the breech face impression normally appears on the bore of the bore of the primer cup.
In firearms adapted to rim-fire ammunition, the size and shape of the impression made on the head core
by the nose of the firing pin are class characteristics.
In firearms adapted to center-fire ammunition, there are differences in the type, diameter and shape of
nose of the firing pin and the hand-tool and machining operations incident to their manufacture.
When a person with criminal intentions uses a revolver in the perpetration of a crime, he is not likely to
eject the fired cartridge cases deliberately at the scene of the crime unless he is forced to reload. If he uses an
automatic firearm, the fired cartridge cases will automatically be ejected with considerable force, and it is unlikely
that he will attempt to hunt for and collect the fired cartridge cases.
Therefore, when the fired cartridge cases are recovered at the crime scene, these usually have been fired
in an automatic firearm. Cartridge cases fired in automatic firearms show more marks, deformations and
impressions than those fired in revolvers. Therefore, these may present greater possibilities for determining the
class characteristics are found in the relative position of the extractor and the ejector. The surface, in contact with
top of the head of the uppermost cartridge of the magazine and in the process of forcing the cartridge out of the
magazine into chamber, leaves its mark on the head of the cartridge case. The relative position of this mark on the
head of the fired cartridge case with reference to the marks produced by the ejector, provide an important class
characteristic.
The problem is completely solved only when the class characteristics definitely point to a group of using
one type of firearm.
The practical solution of this problem may be brought about by an extensive collection of standard of
comparison data obtain from a thorough examination of a cartridge cases fired from known types and makes of
firearms may be found invaluable.
Solution:
a) Measure the caliber or diameter of the cartridge case.
b). Inspected the head stamp were the caliber, manufacturer & year manufactured.
c). Examine the type of ammo, such as: pin fire, rim-fire or center fire. Rimmed or rimless.

TYPE III PROBLEM

Given a bullet and a suspected firearm, to determine whether or not the bullet was fired from the suspected
firearm.
 To solve the third type of problem, test bullets fired from the suspected firearm are used as the standard
for comparison.
Before any test shots are fired, the condition of the bore of the suspected firearm, as well as the condition
of the chambers in the cylinder of a revolver, should be recorded for possible future reference This is important
since the said firearm may have passed through various hands from the time the crime was committed until its
delivery to the investigator and the condition of the bore may be different from what it was at the time the crime
was committed. For example, the fatal shot may have been fired from a dirty, rusty and fouled barrel. Yet the
investigator may receive the same firearm with a clean barrel.
The condition of the bore may indicate whether or not the firearm was recently fired as well as the kind of
powder with which the ammunition last used was loaded Sometimes one or two unburned grains of smokeless
powder maybe found in the bore of the firearm with a relatively short barrel
As a general precaution, the bore should always be inspected before shot is fired in order to avoid possible
bursting of the barrel by obstruction of the bore. The interior of the bore of the firearm can be viewed through the
muzzle and of the barrel by reflecting light into the bore at the breech end of the barrel using small mirror commonly
used by dentists.
Initially the character of the surface of the bore of a firearm is that which passes through various tools
employed in its manufacture.
The character of the surface may change due to erosion, corrosion and fouling. It is evident that, if black
or smokeless powder ammunition used, the character of the surface of the bore may change from shot to shot. It
shall be noted that the accumulation of dirt or other foreign substances in the barrel may affect the character of the
surface. Metallic fouling is caused by the deposit of particles of the bullet in the bore of the firearm.
The magnitude of the pressure is dependent upon the pressure developed by the powder gases. The
pressure may vary throughout the travel of the bullet through the bore of the firearm and this pressure distribution
may vary from shot to shot even though the cartridges are of the same manufacturer and taken from the same
package.
Relative motion in general is also a variable factor anc affected by changes in the pressure, relative
hardness, and the 2 angle between the axis symmetry of the bullet and the axis of the bore at the instant the bullet
strikes the forcing cone.
From the aforesaid principle it is evident that a lead slug which has been forced through the bore of a
firearm by mechanical means has but little probative value in identifying the signature on determine bullet fired
from the firearm. Such a slug could be used to determine the class characteristics of the firearm. However, if a
groove in the bore of a firearm has one or more pronounced tool-marks which run the full length of the bore in a
direction parallel to a land shoulder of the groove, then such tool- marks will produce the same resultant effect with
the lead slug forced through the bore as with a lead bullet fired from the firearm.
The striate parallel to the axis of the bore which appear on the jacketed bullet in the central portion of the
land engraving do not appear on the lead bullet, and they will not appear on the lead bullet fired from the pistol.
With a jacketed bullet the firearm's signature is the cumulative effect to all contacts from breech to muzzle. With a
lead bullet there is more stripping, and because striae parallel to the axis of the bore must be produced at or near
the breech, such striae are entirely obliterated in the stripping.
Test shots should be fired under normal conditions. No attempt ridge cases or by applying grease or oil
to the bullets of the ammunition for test purposes. The trained investigator has sufficient confidence of his ability
to be content to deal with realities.
 The problem of determining whether or not a given bullet was fired from a suspected firearm therefore
resolves itself into the problem of determining whether or not the signature on the given bullet can be identified
with the signatures on bullets fired from the suspected firearm.
Common sense dictates this problem can be resolved only it is possible to established: a) that the
signature on the given bullet was engraved by a firearm with the same class characteristics as those of the
suspected firearm; b). that the same combination of identifying elements exists in the signatures on all bullets
(except those under size) fired from the suspected firearm at the time, and all variations found in those signatures
can be reconciled; c). that the same combination of identifying elements exists in the signature on the given bullet;
d), that all variation existing in the signature on the given bullet and the signatures of the suspected firearm can be
reconciled; and e) that the identifying elements as determined from a combination the coexistence of which is
highly improbable in the signatures of other firearms with the same class characteristics.
When comparing two signatures engraved by the same firearm, corresponding land engraving are those
produced by the same land, and corresponding groove engraving are those produced by the same groove in the
bore of a firearm.
When two signatures of the same firearm on bullets with equal stripping are compared in phase,
corresponding elements of identity, whose relative position with respect to the driven edge of a land varies with the
stripping, will be out of phase by an angle depending upon the difference in the amount of stripping in the two
bullets.
When comparing two signatures of different firearms with the same class characteristics, or two
signatures of the same firearm out of phase. (the driven edges of the lands in alignment are not corresponding),
the term congruence will be used to indicate the coincidence of two adjacent elements in the field of the comparison
microscope; and the two adjacent elements so coinciding will be call congruent elements. The term congruence
will be applied when there is no such coincidence or agreement in the adjacent elements.
The first step in the solution of this problem is to determine whether or not the given bullet was fired from
a firearm with the same class characteristics as those of the suspected firearm. This is accomplished by comparing
the signature on the given bullet with the signature on one of the test bullets.
Having completed the comparisons of the signatures on test bullets, the Examiner is now in a position to
compare the signature on the given bullet with the signature of the test bullet. These signatures are compared in
various phase relations, always keeping the driven edges of adjacent lands in alignment, and the number of
congruencies noted. It will be found that when two signatures of the same firearm are compared in various phase
relations, the sum of the congruencies will change with its phase relation, but the sum of the congruencies will be
a maximum when the signatures are in phase, in which case the congruencies become identities, and the
incongruence become diversities.
A bullet which is evidence of an act or deed, the nature of which makes it desirable to obtain information
relating to the identity of the firearm from which it was fired, will be called the evidence bullet. In homicide cases
the evidence bullet is often referred to as the "fatal bullet", "mortal bullet", crime bullet or "bullet in evidence
The safest procedure perhaps would be to photograph each bullet together with the name of the victim if
known at the time.
Solution:
a). Examine the caliber of the bullet & twist of rifling.
b). Examine the number of lands & grooves & twist of rifling of the firearm.
c). Test fires the firearm to obtain three (3) test bullets at the Bullet recovery box or tube.
 d). Conduct microscopic examination & comparison of the evidence fired bullet with the three (3) test
bullets from said firearm.

TYPE IV PROBLEM
Given a fired cartridge case and a suspected firearm, to determine whether or not the cartridge case was
fired from the suspected firearm.
To solve the fourth type of problem, the procedure is essentially the same in principle as that followed in
the solution of the third type of problem, except that the phase relation of the elements does not apply. Instead of
a phase relation it is the relative position of the elements of the signature on the cartridge case which plays an
important part as set forth in the solution of the second type of problem.
Cartridge is fired from a suspected firearm are used as the standards of comparison, and ammunition of
the same manufacture as that of the given cartridge case should preferably be used. Before any cartridges are
used for test purposes they should be carefully examined for scratches and other blemishes which may be found
on the cartridge case in all types of ammunition as well as on the primers in center-fire ammunition.
The first step in the solution of this type of problem is to compare on a test cartridge case to determine
whether or not the given cartridge case was fired in a firearm with the same class characteristics as those of the
suspected firearm.
The point on the head of the test cartridge case which was at the top of the chamber at the instant of firing
furnishes a suitable reference point for determining the relative position of certain elements in the signature. In pin-
fire ammunition this point is established by the position of the pin. In an automatic pistol the reference point is
established by the resultant effect of the contact made in forcing the cartridge out of the magazine into the chamber.
This reference point serves to determine the relative positions of the elements which are the resultant
effect of contracts at or near the perimeter of the head of the cartridge case, as well as the relative positions of the
elements on the convex surface of the cartridge case which are the resultant effects contacts with the interior
surface of the chamber or with the sharp edges of the magazine.
The impression of the breeching face (or surface or recoil plate) may not always occupy the same relative
position with respect to the reference point, but it must always occupy the same relative position with respect to
the impression of the circumference or perimeter of the hole through which the firing pin or hummer strikes.
If the requisite agreement in class characteristics is found to exist and the reference point is established
on a given cartridge case, the next step is to compare the signatures on two or more test cartridge case to
determine the identities and to reconcile the diversities. This resolves itself into a comparison of the elements
occupying the same relative position in two signatures.
This comparison having been completed, the next step is to compare the signature on the given was the
signature on the test cartridge case, determining the congruencies and reconciling the incongruence. The relative
position of the elements in the two signatures having been previously established by the agreement in the class
characteristics, it necessarily follows that if all the incongruences can be reconciled, then the signature on the given
cartridge case is identified with the signature of the suspected Firearm, provided that the congruencies establish
an individual peculiarity.
Under normal conditions the base of the primer cup is flattened against the recoil plate as indicated by
the primer on the left. With lower pressure the base of the primer cup may not be flattened to the same extent as
indicated by the primer on the right.
The lip in the firing-pin indentation is a reconcilable incongruence. The incongruence can be reconciled
by forcing a small piece of lead partly into the firing-pin hole in the breechblock and shearing it off.
 A comparison will show that the striate produced on the head in the sharing process will be in exact
agreement with the striate found on the base of the primer-cup.
Solution:
a). Examine the caliber of the fired cartridge case
b). Test fire the firearm to obtain three (3) test cartridge cases at the Bullet recovery box or tube
c). Conduct microscopic examination & comparison of the evidence fired cartridge case with the three (3)
tests.

TYPE V PROBLEM
Given two or more bullets, to determine whether or not they were fired from the same firearm.
It will be assumed that a comparison of the bullets indicates that they were all fired from firearms with the
same class characteristics.
To solve the fifth type of problem under these conditions, any one of the bullets is taken as the standard
of comparison and the same procedure as in the solution of the third type of problem is followed. If none of the
signatures can be identified with the standard of comparison, then the latter is eliminated, and the same procedure
is repeated with the remaining bullets.
This process is continued as many times as may be necessary to solve the problem.
Solution:
a). Determine the calibers of two (2) bullets.
b). Determine the direction of twist of rifling of two (2) bullets.
c). Conduct microscopic examination and comparison of the two (2) fired bullets & determine the
congruency of striations.

TYPE VI PROBLEM
Given two or more fired cartridge cases, to determine whether or not they were fired from the same firearm.
It will be assumed that the comparison of the cartridge cases indicates that they were all fired in firearms
with the same class characteristics.
To solve the sixth type of problem under these conditions, any one of the cartridge cases is taken as the
standard of comparison and the same procedure as in the solution of the fourth type of problem is followed. If none
of the signatures can be identified with the standard of comparison, then the latter is eliminated, and the same
procedure is repeated with the remaining cartridge cases. This process is continued as many times as may be
necessary to solve the problem.
Solution:
a). Determine the calibers of two (2) fired cartridge cases.
b). Conduct microscopic examination and comparison of the two (2) fired cartridge cases & determine the
congruency of striations of its markings like: firing pin, breech face, ejector, extractor, magazine lips & chamber.
TYPE VII PROBLEM
Given a firearm, to determine whether or not the firearm is serviceable.
It may be presumed that the firearm is loaded with ammunitions, prior to inspection of the chamber. It is
always required that a safety mechanism is employed to ensure good firing conditions. Take note of all missing
parts for future reference.
To solve the seventh type of problem, actual test firing shall be conducted before the Bullet Recovery Box
in order to obtain standard bullets and cartridge cases for reference and possible comparisons with the evidence
bullets and cartridge cases as the case maybe. Before the test firing is undertaken, the cartridge shall be marked
at the side of the case and on the ogive portion of the bullet with the letter "T" - to represent "Test" followed by the
last two digits of the serial number of the firearm (e.g. T-66-1 to T-66-3). The purpose of these markings is to
distinguish the number 1 test from the 2 or 3 as the case maybe.
The test bullets and cartridge cases shall be placed in a plastic and sealed with the corresponding tag,
indicating the description of firearm. Such as: Ballistics Identification tag, Date, time and place test fired; name of
examiner who conducted the test firing; Make, type Caliber and serial number of the firearm, and owner and
address of the firearm to include the number of tests conducted.
Having completed the test firing of the subject firearm, the examiner may now conclude that the firearm
is serviceable. However, if the firearm failed to fire during the conduct of test firing due to mechanical failure or
malfunction of some spare parts, such as the firing pin being unable to penetrate the cartridge primer cup and no
explosion occurred, the examiner may state that the firearm is unserviceable.
Solution:
a). Conduct physical examination to the firearm and record the defective/missing parts (If any), etc.
b). Test fire the firearm for three (3) consecutive times to obtain standard bullets/cartridge cases for future
reference.
c). Note: When the firearm fires 3X or more it is considered serviceable.
 CHAPTER 13
BALLISTICS REPORT WRITING

I. PREPARATION OF A REPORT
Ballistics report writing involves six points of investigation, one of which is to ascertain whether a particular
firearm submitted for ballistic examination is in working condition or not. This constitutes the examination of the
said firearm, whether it was recently fired or not is subject to the examination of the Chemistry Section.
When a firearm is submitted for examination, it is important to note whether the condition of the firearm is
serviceable or not.
Note that in misfired ammunition as compared to the fired ammunition, there are static marks on the test
cartridge case. In evidence bullet, compare it with a test bullet In a fragmentized bullet, a part of it is submitted to
determine if the fragment is part of the bullet. At the same time, take note of the individual characteristic of the
firearm and compare it with the recognize standards.
The examination of pellets is the hardest examination because the land and groove marks are present.
The usual findings include:
a) The gauge of the shotgun as determined by the presence of the wad which shows the gauge;
b) Kinds of shot shells.
If a hole is cause by a bullet, the findings should be: the hole could have been cause by a bullet. This is
the chemist's job. If the finding is insufficient, nothing is accomplished.
Note: Unreliable report refers to the report wherein the findings do not have photographs.

II. PURPOSES OF WRITING AND INVESTIGATION REPORT

1. To provide a permanent record of information obtained in the course of an investigation.
2. To communicate the information obtained in an investigation.
3. To provide other investigators with a basis for continuation of an investigation.
4. To enable the supervisor- officer reviewing the work of the investigator in determining whether the
investigation is properly developed or not.
5. To provide the proper authorities with a permanent record of facts of the crime: the perpetrator; names
and addresses of witnesses; the nature and location of physical evidence; and other matters pertaining to the
crime.

III. MECHANICS OF A GOOD REPORT

1. Reports are written to record the events in their chronological order beginning with time and date.
2. As much as possible reports should be typewritten or written in ink. Never use pencil in writing a report.
3. Reports should show complete names, addresses, aliases, brief bio-data of victims or suspects.
4. Abbreviation should be avoided except when commonly used.
 5. Reports should be brief but not to sacrifice clarity contained in other materials that would only lead to
confusion.
6. Every incident should be written in separate form or paragraph.
7. Reports should be accurate and should state facts, not opinions.
8. Reports should answer the following six cardinal points of investigation:
a) What specific offense was committed;
b) How was the offense committed;
c) Who committed the offense;
d) Where was the offense committed;
e) When was the offense committed and;
f) Why was the offense committed

IV. THE IMPORTANT PRINCIPLES IN REPORT WRITING

1. Accuracy is achieved by relating the information, which was gained through physical senses to an
investigation. An investigator should be able to distinguish the following:
a) Fact from hearsay,
b) Fact from opinion and;
c) Fact from conclusion
2. Completeness is achieved by narrating the facts discovered during the course of the investigation.
When in doubt, the investigator must report the following:
a) What information is lacking?
b) What efforts should be made to obtain the information?
c) Why was the information not obtained?
d) What must be done to obtain the lacking information?
3. Brevity is achieved by excluding from the report the unnecessary details, but at the same time
achieving completeness by including all relevant, pertinent and essential information.
A lengthy report does not mean the investigator did a good job.
4. Impartiality is achieved by, as a rule, reporting facts without any addition or deduction. The investigator
should not conceal any information and should remain unbiased in the course of an investigation or examination.
5. Fore refers to front part of the report; is achieved by arranging the contents of the report in such a way
that it is easy to identify any section, part or items of the materials presented and their visual arrangements.