Associate Professorship of Thermo-Fluid Dynamics

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Technical University of Munich

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Engineering Thermodynamics

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Exam: MW1408 / Endterm Date: Thursday 1st August, 2019

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Examiner: Prof. Wolfgang Polifke, Ph. D. Time: 13:30 – 15:00

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Working instructions
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• This exam consists of 12 pages with a total of 3 problems.

Please make sure now that you received a complete copy of the exam.
• The total amount of achievable credits in this exam is 51 credits.
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• Detaching pages from the exam is prohibited.

• Allowed resources:
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– one non-programmable calculator

– the ETD-Handout by the Fachschaft MSE including your handwritten notes
– one extra printout of the formula collection from the Handout
– one analog dictionary English ↔ native language

• Do not write with red or green colors nor use pencils.

• Physically turn off all electronic devices, put them into your bag and close the bag.

Left room from to / Early submission at

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 Problem 1 Short Questions (10 credits)
This problem is a collection of non-interrelated short questions.

0 a) In the concept of a thermodynamic system, what separates the control volume from the environment?

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The system boundary.

0 b) Name two model assumptions made by the ideal gas model.

• Molecules are point masses – they have no volume.

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2

• The molecules collide elastically.

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• The molecules have no long-range interactions: Collision is the only interaction mechanism.

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c) Show that for heat pumps the COP is always greater than 1.
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Energy balance:
2 0 = w + q+ + q−

3 COP for a heat pump with q+ > 0 and w > 0 :

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−q− q+
COP = =1+ >1
w w
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0 d) What is the change in specific entropy ∆s12 for an isobaric expansion of an ideal gas? Assume given
isobaric heat capacity cp and temperature ratio Θ = T2 /T1 > 1. Do you know whether the process is
1 reversible?
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∆s12 = cp ln (Θ)
There is no information on reversibility.

0 e) What is anergy?

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Anergy is the part of the system energy that cannot be converted to work.

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Problem 2 Specific Shaft Work (11 credits)
Specific shaft work wS of any flow-through system (steady, one inlet with index 1, one outlet with index 2,
quasi 1D) can be expressed as:
Z 2
w 2 − w12
wS = v dp + wη + 2 + g(z2 − z1 )
1 2

Here, z1 and z2 denote the vertical position of inlet and outlet, w1 and w2 the respective velocities and g the
gravitational acceleration. v , p and wη represent specific volume, pressure and viscous dissipation work.

a) Derive the above result starting with formula from the formula collection and ETD notes. Specify in your 0
derivation, when you use which formula, and copy the respective formula from the formula collection. Only
use the assumptions mentioned in the problem statement, and indicate where you use them. 1

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Total energy balance (lumped for open, steady, quasi-1D system is sufficient):
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ṁ(h2 − h1 + k2 − k1 + φ2 − φ1 ) = Q̇ + ẆS

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Internal energy balance (lumped for open, steady, quasi-1D system, enthalpy formulation):
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Z 2
ṁ(h2 − h1 ) = Q̇ + ṁ v dp + Ẇη 6
1

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Insert internal energy balance into total energy balance (replace h2 − h1 ), divide by the mass flow rate
to obtain specific quantities, then solve for wS :
Z 2
Q̇ + ṁ v dp + Ẇη + ṁ(k2 − k1 + φ2 − φ1 ) = Q̇ + ẆS
So
1
Z 2
wS = v dp + wη + k2 − k1 + φ2 − φ1
1

Insert definitions for kinetic and potential energy:

2
w22 − w12
Z
wS = v dp + wη + + g(z2 − z1 )
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1 2
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 Consider a water tank with a water level h above the water level of a lake.

0 b) Why is more work required to pump one liter of water from the lake into the tank, than can be retrieved
by discharging one liter of water from the tank into the lake through a turbine? Use the equation from the
1 previous subproblem (i.e. give a mathematical explanation!). Assume constant water levels and constant
cross-sectional area over pump and turbine.
2

3 Control volume from water level to water level, over the pump or turbine respectively . All terms except
viscous dissipation work (and kinetic energy ∆k = 0) change sign between the application of the
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equation to pump and turbine, because inlet and outlet are reversed :
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2
w22 − w12
Z
wS , pump = v dp + wη + + g(z2 − z1 )
2 } | {z }
| 1 {z }
| {z } |{z} | {z
>0 >0 >0
=0

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=0

2
w22 − w12
Z
wS , turbine = v dp + wη + + g(z2 − z1 )
2 } | {z }

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| 1 {z }
| {z } |{z} | {z
<0 >0 <0
=0 =0

Therefore:
|wS , pump | ≥ |wS , turbine |

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Problem 3 Power vs. Efficiency (30 credits)
You may neglect all kinetic and potential energies. Do not interpolate in steam tables. Please write
down your results with three significant digits!
In the late 19th and early 20th century, steam locomotives were the most common propulsion system for
railways. Consider now a simple model with one piston (of zero mass) in an adiabatic cylinder running at a
speed of n = 100 1/min. The steam generator (i.e. boiler and superheater) provides steam at pSG = 1.6 MPa
and TSG = 623.1 K. The steam generator requires a mass-specific heat input of qSG = 3.061 MJ kg
. Ambient
conditions are T∞ = 293.1 K and p∞ = 100 kPa.

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SG

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Figure 3.1: Expansion cylinder of a steam engine

The process steps of the expansion cylinder are:

• 1 − 2: Steam enters the cylinder at constant state (i.e. the state in the intake line: p1 = p2 = pSG and
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T1 = T2 = TSG ), while the piston is moving to the right. The cylinder volume changes from V1 = 0 to
V2 = Vclose = 0.018 01 m3 .

• 2: The intake valve closes.

• 2 − 3: The steam is expanded isentropically at constant mass till the maximum volume is reached
V3 = Vmax = 0.065 m3 .
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• 3: The exhaust valve opens.

• 3 − 4: Pressure drops quickly to environmental pressure p4 = p∞ = 100 kPa, while part of the steam
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leaves the cylinder. The piston does not move.

• 4 − 5: The piston moves to its initial position V5 = V1 = 0, pushing out the remaining steam at constant
state.
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• 5: The exhaust valve closes and the intake valve opens.

• 5 − 1: Pressure rises till intake pressure p1 = pSG

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Pressure provided by steam generator pSG 1.6 MPa

Temperature provided by steam generator TSG 623.1 K
Heat required by steam generator per 1 kg of steam qSG 3.061 MJ
kg
Ambient pressure p∞ 100 kPa
Ambient temperature T∞ 293.1 K
Minimum volume of the cylinder V1 0
Volume at intake valve closure Vclose 0.018 01 m3
Maximum volume of the cylinder Vmax 0.065 m3
Engine speed n 100 1/min

Table 3.1: Known values

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 T v h s T v h s
◦ m3 kJ kJ ◦ m3 kJ kJ
C kg kg kg K
C kg kg kg K
320 0.1651 3080 6.963 280 0.248 3009 7.048
330 0.1683 3102 7 290 0.253 3030 7.087
340 0.1715 3124 7.036 300 0.258 3052 7.125
350 0.1746 3146 7.071 310 0.2629 3073 7.162
360 0.1777 3168 7.106 320 0.2679 3094 7.198

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370 0.1808 3190 7.14 330 0.2728 3116 7.234

(a) Superheated steam, p = 1.6 MPa (b) Superheated steam, p = 1.0 MPa

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T v h s T v h s
◦ m3 kJ kJ ◦ m3 kJ kJ
C kg kg kg K
C kg kg kg K
220 0.3691 2894 7.058 180 0.5094 2819 7.081
230 0.3774 2915 7.101 190 0.5219 2840 7.127
240 0.3857 2936 7.143 200 0.5343 2861 7.172
250 0.3939 2958 7.183 210 0.5466 2882 7.216

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260 0.4021 2979 7.223 220 0.5589 2903 7.259
270 0.4102 2999 7.262 230 0.571 2923 7.3
280 0.4183 3020 7.3 240 0.5831 2944 7.341
290 0.4264 3041 7.337 250 0.5952 2964 7.38
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300 0.4344 3062 7.374 260 0.6072 2985 7.419
310 0.4424 3083 7.41 270 0.6192 3006 7.457
320 0.4504 3104 7.445 280 0.6311 3026 7.495
330 0.4584 3124 7.48 290 0.643 3047 7.532
340 0.4663 3145 7.514 300 0.6549 3067 7.568

(c) Superheated steam, p = 600 kPa (d) Superheated steam, p = 400 kPa

T v h s T v h s
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◦ m3 kJ kJ ◦ m3 kJ kJ
C kg kg kg K
C kg kg kg K
140 0.617 2739 7.027 5 0.001 21.12 0.07625
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150 0.634 2761 7.079 10 0.001 42.12 0.1511

160 0.6508 2783 7.129 15 0.001001 63.08 0.2244
170 0.6674 2804 7.177 20 0.001002 84.01 0.2965
180 0.6839 2825 7.224 25 0.001003 104.9 0.3672
190 0.7002 2845 7.269 30 0.001004 125.8 0.4367
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(e) Superheated steam, p = 300 kPa (f) Subcooled water, p = 100 kPa
0 00 0 00 0 00
p T v v h h s s
3 3
◦ m m kJ kJ kJ kJ
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kPa C kg kg kg kg kg K kg K
100 99.61 0.001043 1.694 417.5 2675 1.303 7.359
220 123.2 0.001063 0.8101 517.6 2711 1.563 7.095
240 126.1 0.001066 0.7467 529.6 2715 1.593 7.066
260 128.7 0.001068 0.6927 540.9 2718 1.621 7.039
280 131.2 0.001071 0.6462 551.4 2722 1.647 7.015
300 133.5 0.001073 0.6058 561.4 2725 1.672 6.992

(g) Saturated water, pressure table

Table 3.2: Steam tables

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a) Qualitatively draw the cycle specified above in the p -V diagram. 0

p 2

p 2 3
1
s
4

3 5
V
V
5 p 4

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V

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3
(Fallback values: s3 = 7.213 kgkJK and v3 = 0.6618 mkg )

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b) Compute the specific entropy s3 and the specific volume v3 in position 3. 0

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Isentropic expansion 2 − 3 and constant state SG − 1 − 2: 2

3
s3 = s2 = sSG
4
Steam tables:
kJ
s3 = 7.071 5
kg K
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Mass balance:
V3 V2
= m3 = m2 =
v3 v2
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V3
v3 = v2
V2
Constant state SG − 1 − 2 and Steam tables:
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m3
v2 = vSG = 0.1746
kg

Insert:
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m3
v3 = 0.6303
kg

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0 c) Compute the mass in the cylinder when the intake valve closes mclose , and the mass throughput ṁ of the
engine. Caution, the speed of the engine is given in revolutions per minute!
1 (Fallback values: mclose = 0.1011 kg, ṁ = 0.1684 kg
s
)
2
Each cycle, a volume Vclose of fresh steam at state SG is consumed by the engine:

mclose = Vclose /vSG = 0.1031 kg

Rewrite as mass flow rate (Caution: the unit rpm introduces the factor 1/60):

kg
ṁ = mclose n = 0.1719
s

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0 d) Compute the power output P of the engine. Neglect the power required to drive the feed pump. Caution,
the speed of the engine is given in revolutions per minute!

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1 Hint: The steam in state 3 is superheated.
(Fallback value: P = 83.07 kW)
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3 The only type of work contributing to the power output is compression work. Therefore (Caution: the
4
unit rpm introduces the factor 1/60), apply the definition of compression work for all steps except 2 − 3:

5 P = −WC n = −pSG Vclose +WC,23 + |{z}

0 + p∞ Vmax + |{z}
0
| {z } | {z }
WC,12 WC,34 WC,45 WC,51
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Compression work for step 2 − 3 from total energy balance :
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WC,23 = ∆U23 = mclose ∆u23 = mclose (∆h23 − p3 v3 + p2 v2 )

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v3 is known, p3 and h3 from steam tables (look for v3 in tables for superheated steam and check if s3
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is correct), regular procedure for steam table lookup of h2 :

WC,23 = −30.72 kJ
m

Insert:
P = −n(−pSG Vclose + p∞ Vmax + mclose (∆h23 − p3 v3 + p2 v2 )) = 88.37 kW
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– Page 8 / 12 –
e) Compute the thermodynamic efficiency η of the engine. You may neglect pump work. 0

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Efficiency is reward by effort:
P 2
η= = 0.168
ṁqSG

As a designer, you have the task to modify the timing (i.e. you may vary Vclose between V1 and Vmax ) of the
intake valve in a way that the absolute power output of the engine is maximized. All other specifications from
the Known-Values Table must remain unchanged.

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f) Which value for Vclose,P do you choose in order to maximize the power output of the engine? Motivate your 0
choice by a short explanation and by drawing a p -V diagram that shows the difference between the new and
the old cycle. 1

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2
Power is speed times cycle work, since speed remains unchanged, cycle work (i.e. area in the p -V
diagram) must be maximized within the limits of Vmax , p∞ and pSG . Therefore we choose Vclose,P = Vmax . 3

1
p 2 23P lu
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V s 3
V
5 p 4
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V
pl
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g) Compute power output PP , steam consumption ṁP and efficiency ηP of the new configuration. 0

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PP = −WC,P n = n (pSG − p∞ ) Vmax = 162.5 kW

2
kg
ṁP = mclose,P n = nVmax /vSG = 0.6205
s 3
PP
ηP = = 0.085 57
ṁP qSG

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Additional space for solutions–clearly mark the (sub)problem your answers are related to and strike
out invalid solutions.

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