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OTHER IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

1. When monochromatic light travels from one medium to

another its wavelength changes BUT Frequency remains the
same. Explain.

2. Define the term wavefront.

3. Differentiate between a ray and a wavefront.

4. Draw a diagram to show refraction of a plane wavefront

incident in a convex lens and hence draw the refracted wave
front.

5. Draw the shape of the wavefront coming out of a concave

mirror when a plane wave is incident on it.

6. State Huygen's principle of light.

7. What are coherent sources of light ?

8.state the reason, why two independent sources of light

cannot be considered as coherent sources.

9. Is the law of conservation of energy obeyed by interference

phenomenon of light ?

10. State the conditions which must be satisfied for two light
sources to be coherent.

11. How does the fringe width in Young's double-slit

experiment change when the distance of separation 'D'
between the slits and screen is doubled ?

12. How does the fringe width of interference fringes change,

when the whole apparatus of Young's experiment is kept in a
liquid of refractive index 1.3 ?

13. What is a sustained interference pattern ?

14. How does the angular separation of interference fringes

change in Young's experiment, if the distance between the
slits is increased ?

15. What happens to the interference pattern if one of the slits

in Young's double-slit experiment is closed ?

16. How would the angular separation of interference fringes

in Young's double-slit experiment change when the distance
between the slits and screen is doubled ?

17. When light travels from a rarer to a denser medium, the

speed of light decrease.does the reduction in speed imply a
reduction in the energy ?

18. A parallel beam of monochromatic light falls normally on a

single narrow slit.how does the angular width of the principal
maximum in the resulting diffraction pattern depend on the
width of the slit .

19.Draw an intensity distribution graph for diffraction due to a

single slit.

20. For a given single-slit, the diffraction pattern is obtained on

a fixed screen first by using red light and then with blue light.
In which case will the central maxima in the observed
diffraction pattern have a large angular width ?

21.In a single-slit diffraction experiment, the width of the slit is

reduced to half its original width. How would this affect the
size and intensity of the central maxima?

22. Sketch the variation of intensity of the interference pattern

in Young's double-slit experiment.

23. Which of the following waves can be polarised (i) Heat

waves (ii) Sound waves ? Give reason to support your
answer.

24. What is unpolarised light ?

25. What is plane polarised light ?

26.Draw the graph showing the variation of intensity

polarised light transmitted by an analyser.

27. In what way the plane polarized light different from

an unpolarised light ?

28. What does a polaroid consist of ?

29. Unpolarised light is incident on a plane surface of glass of

refractive index n at angle i. if the reflected light gets totally
polarised, write the relation between the angle i and refractive

index n .

30. At what angle of incidence should a light beam strike a

glass slab of refractive index √3 such that the reflected and
the refracted rays are perpendicular to each other ?

31. The refractive index of a medium is √3. What is the angle

of refraction, if the unpolarised light is incident on it at the
polarising angle of the medium ?

32. If the angle between the pass axis of polariser and the
analyser is 45°, write the ratio of the intensities of original light
and the transmitted light after passing through the analyser.

33.Is Huygen's principle valid for longitudinal sound waves ?

34. Define resolving power of a telescope.

35. How does resolving power of a telescope change on

decreasing the aperture of its objective lens ?justify your
answer.

36. The objective lenses of two telescopes have the same

aperture but their focal lens are in the ratio 1:2. Compare the
resolving powers of the two telescopes.

Short Answer Questions (2 marks each)

1. (a) Write the conditions under which light sources can be
said to be coherent.

(b) Why is it necessary to have coherent sources in order to

produce an interference pattern ?

2. Define a wavefront. Use Huygen's principle to show

diagrammatically the propagation of a wavefront from the
instant 𝑡1 = 0 to a later time 𝑡2 = t.

3. Based on Huygen's construction, draw the shape of a

plane wavefront as it gets refracted on passing through (a) a
thin prism, and (b) a thin convex lens.

4. Show that the superposition of the waves originating from

two coherent sources 𝑠1 and 𝑠2 having displacements 𝑦1 = a
cos 𝜔t and 𝑦2 = a cos (𝜔t +∅ ) at a point produce a resultant
∅
intensity 𝐼𝑅 =4 𝑎 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2,hence write the conditions for the
appearance of dark and bright fringes

5. What is the effect on the interference fringes in a Young's

double-slit experiment if monochromatic source is replaced
by a source of white light?

6. Laser light of wavelength 630 nm incident on a pair of slits

produces an interference pattern in which the bright fringes
are separated by 8.1 mm. A second light produces an
interference pattern in which the fringes are separated by 7.2
mm. Calculate the wavelength of the second light

7. In a Young's double-slit experiment fringes are obtained on

a screen placed at certain distance away from the slits. If the
screen is moved by 5 cm towards the slit, the fringe width
changes by 30 𝜇m. Given that the slits are 1 mm apart.
Calculate the wavelength of the light used.

8. Laser light of wavelength 640 nm incident on a pair of slits

produces an interference pattern in which the bright fringes
are separated by 7.2 mm. Calculate the wavelength of
another source of light which produces interference fringes
separated by 8.1 mm using same arrangement.also find the
minimum value of the order (n) of bright fringes of shorter
wavelength which coincides with that of the longer
wavelength.

9. In a single-slit diffraction experiment, a monochromatic

source of light of wavelength λ illuminates a narrow slit of
width 'a'. Show, giving appropriate reasoning, that the half
angular width of the central maximum in the observed pattern
𝜆
is (nearly) equal to 𝑎

10. Draw the intensity pattern for single-slit diffraction and

double-slit interference. Hence state two differences between
interference and diffraction patterns.
11. Yellow light (λ = 6000 Å) illuminates a single-slit of width 1
x 10−4 m. Calculat (i) distance between two dark lines on
either side of the central maximum when the diffraction
pattern is viewed on a screen kept 1.5 m away from the slit,
(ii) the angular spread of the first diffraction minima.

12. Give two differences between interference and diffraction.

13. State one feature by 'which the phenomenon of

interference can be distinguished from that of the diffraction.

A parallel beam of light of wavelength 600 nm is incident

normally on a slit of width ' a’.if the distance between the slit
and the screen is 0.8 m and the distance of second order
maximum from the centre of the screen 15 mm, calculate the
width of the slit.

14. Does the appearance of bright and dark fringes in the

interference pattern violate, in any way conservation of
energy ? Explain.

15. For a single-slit of width "a", the first minimum of the

interference pattern of a monochromatic light of wavelength λ
𝜆 𝜆
occurs at an angle of .At the same angle of 𝑎, we get a
𝑎
maximum for two narrow slits separated by a distance "a".
Explain.

16. How can one distinguish between an unpolarised light

beam and a lineany polarized light beam using a polaroid ?

17. Differentiate between polarised and unpolarised light.

How are these represented ?

`18. Explain, with the help of diagram, how plane polarised

light is obtained by scattering.

19. What does a polaroid consist of ? Using a simple polaroid

show that light waves are transverse in nature ?

20. Show that when a light beam is incident on a refractive

surface at the polarising angle, the reflected and refracted
beams are mutually perpendicular to each other.

21. Show using a proper diagram how unpolarised light can

be linearly polarised by reflection from a transparent glass
surface.

22. State Brewster's law.

The value of Brewster angle for a transparent medium is

different for light of different colours. Give reason.

23. Unpolarised light is passed through a polaroid𝑝1. When

this polarised beam passes through another polaroid𝑝2 , and if
the pass axis of𝑝2 , makes angle 𝜃 with the pass axis of𝑝1 , then
write the expression for the polarised beam passing
through𝑝2 . Draw a plot showing the variation of intensity
when 𝜃 varies from 0 to 2𝜋.
24. The speed of a certain monochromatic light, in a given
transparent medium, is 2.25 X108 𝑚 𝑠 −1 . What is the (a) critical
angle of incidence, (b) polarising angle for this medium?

25. When are two objects just resolved ? Explain. How can
the resolving power of a compound microscope be
increased? Use relevant formula to support your answer.

26. Define resolving power of a compound microscope. How

does the resolving power of a compound microscope change
when :

(i) refractive index of the medium between the object and

objective lens increases,

(ii) wavelength of the radiation used is increased ?

27. Two convex lenses of same focal length but of aperture

𝐴1, and 𝐴2 (𝐴2 , <𝐴1), are used as the objective lenses in two
astronomical telescopes having identical eyepieces. What is
the ratio of their resolving power ? Which telescope will you
prefer and why ? Give reason.

28. Define the term resolving power of a telescope. How does

it get affected on

(i) increasing the aperture of the objective lens,

(ii) increasing the focal length of the objective lens ?

Short Answer Questions (3 marks each)

29. (a) Define a wavefront . How is it different from a ray ?

(b) Depict the shape of a wavefront in each of the following

cases :

(i) Light diverging from a point source.

(ii) Light emerging out of a convex lens when a point source

is placed at its focus.

30. Define a wavefront. Using Huygen's principle, verify the

laws of reflection at a plane surface.

31. Define a wavefront. Use Huygen's principle to verify the

laws of refraction.

Or

A plane wavefront propagating from a rarer into a denser

medium is incident at an angle of incidence i on a refracting
surface. Draw a diagram showing incident wavefront and
refracted wavefront. Hence, verify Snell's law of refraction.

32. Use Huygens' principle to show how a plane wavefront

propagates from a denser to rarer medium. Hence verify
Snell's law of refraction.

33. Using Huygen's principle construct a refracted wavefront

when a plane wavefront is incident on plane surface from an
optically denser medium side. Using this figure, obtain the
condition of critical angle and total internal reflection.
34. Explain the following giving reasons :

(a) When monochromatic light is incident on a surface

separating two media, the refracted and refracted light both
have the same frequency as the incident frequency. Explain
why.

(b) When light travels from a rarer to a denser medium, the

speed decreases. Does the reduction in speed imply a
reduction in the energy carried by the light wave ?

(c) In the wave picture of light, intensity of light is determined

by the square of the amplitude of the wave. What determines
the intensity of light in the photon picture of light?

35. Describe Young's double-slit experiment to produce

interference pattern due to a monochromatic source of light.
Deduce the expression for the fringe width.

Or

In Young's double-slit experiment, a monochromatic source

of light S is kept equidistant from the slits, 𝑆1 , and𝑆2 . Explain
the formation of dark and bright fringes on the screen.

36. What is the effect on the interference pattern observed in

a Young's double-slit experiment in the following cases :

(i) screen is moved away from the plane of the slits,

(ii) separation between the slits is increased,

(iii) width of the slits are doubled.

Give reasons for your answer.

37. In Young's double-slit experiment, the two slits 0.15 mm

apart are illuminated by monochromatic light of wavelength
450 nm. The screen is 1.0 m away from the slits

(a) Find the distance of the second (i) bright fringe. (ii) dark
fringe from the central maximum.

(b) How will the fringe pattern change if the screen is moved
away form the slits ?

38. In a modified set up of Young's double-slit experiment, it is

𝜆
given that S𝑆2 - S𝑆1 =4 i.e., the source S is not equidistant from
the slits ,𝑆1 and 𝑆2 .

(a) Obtain the condition for constructive and destructive

interference at any point P on the screen in terms of the path
difference ∆ = P𝑆2 - P𝑆1 .

(b) Does the observed central bright fringe lie above or below
O ? Give reason in support of your answers.

39. (a) If one of two identical slits producing interference in

Young's experiment is covered with glass, so that the light
intensity passing through it is reduced to 50%, find the ratio of
the maximum and minimum intensity of the fringe in the
interference pattern.
b) What kind of fringes do you expect to observe if white light
is used instead of monochromatic light ?

40. In Young's double-slit experiment, monochromatic light of

wavelength 630 illuminates the pair of slits and produces an
interference pattern in which two consecutive bright fringes
are separated by 8.1 mm. Another source of monochromatic
light produces the interference pattern in which the two
consecutive bright fringes are separated by 7.2 mm. Find the
wavelength of light from the second source.

What is the effect on the interference fringes if the

monochromatic source is replaced by a source of white light?

41. (a) The ratio of widths of two slits in Young's double-slit

experiment is 4: 1. Evaluate the ratio of intensities at maxima
and minima in the interference pattern.

(b) Does the appearance of bright and dark fringes in the

interference pattern violate, in any way, conservation of
energy ? Explain.

42. The Fig. 10.20, drawn here, shows the geometry of path
difference for diffraction by a single-slit of width 'a'. Give
appropriate reasoning to explain why the intensity of light is :

(a) maximum at the central point C on the screen.

𝜆
(b) nearly zero for point P on the screen when 𝜃= 𝑎.
Hence, write an expression for the total linear width of the
central maximum on a screen kept at a distance 'D' from the
plane of the slit.

43. Explain, using Huygen's principle, how diffraction is

produced by a narrow slit which is illuminated by a
monochromatic light.

Show that central maximum is twice as wide as the other

maxima and the pattern becomes narrower as the width of
the slit is increased.

44. A parallel beam of monochromatic light falls normally on a

single-slit of width ‘a’ to produce a diffraction pattern on the
screen placed parallel to the plane of the slit. Use Huygen’s
principle to explain that :

(i) the central bright maxima is twice as wide as the other

maxima,

(ii) the intensity falls as we move to successive maxima away

from the centre on either side.

45. In a single-slit diffraction pattern, how does the angular

width of central maximum change, when

(i) slit width is decreased,

(ii) distance between the slit and screen is increased, and

(iii) light of smaller visible wavelength is used ?

Justify your answer in each case.

46. (a) In what way is diffraction from each slit related to the
interference pattern in a double slit experiment?

(b) Two wavelengths of sodium light 590 nm and 596 nm are

used, in turn, to study the diffraction taking place at a single
slit of aperture 2 x 10−4 m. The distance between the slit and
the screen is 1.5 m. Calculate the separation between the
positions of first maxima of the diffraction pattern obtained in
the two cases.

47. (a) Describe briefly, with the help of suitable diagram, how
the transverse nature of light can be demonstrated by the
phenomenon of polarisation

(b) When unpolarised light passes from air to a transparent

medium, under what condition does the reflected light low
polaroids?

48. (a) In a single-slit diffraction experiment, a slit of width 'd' is

illuminated by red light of wavelength 650 nm. For what value
of 'd' will

(i) the first minimum fall at an angle of diffraction of 30°, and

(ii) the first maximum fall at an angle of diffraction of 30° ?

(b) Why does the intensity of the secondary maximum

become less as compared to the central maximum ?

49. What is an unpolarised light ? Explain with the help of

suitable ray diagram how an unpolarised light can be
polarised by reflection from a transparent medium. Write the
expression for Brewster angle in terms of the refractive index
of denser medium.

Or

Explain briefly, giving a suitable diagram, how an unpolarised

light incident on the interface separating two transparent
media gets polarised on reflection. Deduce the necessary
condition for it.

50. Distinguish between unpolarised and plane polarised

light. An unpolarised light is incident on the boundary
between two transparent media. State the condition when the
reflected wave is totally plane polarised. Find out the
expression for the angle of incidence in this case.

51. (a) What is linearly polarised light ? Describe briefly using

a diagram how sunlight is polarized.

(b) Unpolarised light is incident on a polaroid. How would the

intensity of transmitted light change when the polaroid is
rotated ?

52. Briefly explain Malus law about the intensity of polarised

light.

53. (1) State law of Malus.

(i) Draw a graph showing the variation of intensity (I) of

polarised light transmitted by an analyser with angle (𝜃)
between polariser and analyser.

(iii) What is the value of refractive index of a medium of

polarising angle 60° ?

54. How does an unpolarised light get polarised when passed

through a polaroid ? Two polaroids are set in crossed
positions. A third polaroid is placed between the two making
an angle 𝜃 with the pass axis of the first polaroid. Write the
expression for the intensity of light transmitted from the
second polaroid. . In what orientations will the transmitted
intensity be (i) minimum and (ii) maximum?

55. Two polaroids 𝑃1 , and 𝑃2 , are set up so that their pass axis
are crossed with respect to each other. A third polaroid 𝑃3 , is
now introduced between these two so that its pass axis
makes an angle 𝜃 with the pass axis of 𝑃1 .

A beam of unpolarised light of intensity 𝐼0 , is incident on 𝑃1 ,. If

the intensity of light, that gets transmitted through the
𝐼
combination of three polaroids, be I find the ratio when 𝜃
𝐼0
equals(i) 30°, (ii) 45°.

57. (a) Using the phenomenon of polarisation, show how

transverse nature of light can be demonstrated.

(b) Two polaroids 𝑃1 , and 𝑃2 are placed with their pass axes
perpendicular to each other. Unpolarised light of intensity 𝐼0 ,
is incident on 𝑃1 . A third polaroid𝑃3 is kept in between 𝑃1 , and
𝑃2 such that its pass axis makes an angle of 30° with that of 𝑃1 .
Determine the intensity of light transmitted through 𝑃1 , 𝑃2 AND
𝑃3
58. Explain the following giving reason for each :

(a) How does a polaroid work to produce a linearly polarised

light from an unpolarised beam of light?

(b) Why is it that light waves can be polarised but sound

waves cannot be?

(C) Why are sun goggles made of polaroids preferred over

those using coloured glasses?

59. State clearly how an unpolarised light gets linearly

polarised when passed through a polaroid.

(i) Unpolarised light of intensity 𝐼0 , is incident on a polaroid𝑃1 ,,

which is kept near another polaroid𝑃2 , whose pass axis is
parallel to that of𝑃1 . How will the intensities of light, 𝐼1 and
𝐼2 transmitted by the polaroids𝑃1 , and 𝑃2 respectively, change
on rotating𝑃1 , without disturbing𝑃2 ,?

(ii) Write the relation between the intensities 𝐼1 and 𝐼2 .

60. (a) Light, from a sodium lamp, is passed through two

polaroid sheets, 𝑃1 , and 𝑃2 keot one after the other. Keeping𝑃1 ,
fixed, 𝑃2 is rotated so that its pass-axis can be at different
angles,𝜃 respect to the pass-axis of 𝑃1 .

An experimentalist records the following data for the intensity

of light coming out of 𝑃2 as a function of the angle 𝜃 .

One of these observations is not in agreement with the

expected theoretical variation of I.Identify this observation and
write the correct expression.

(b) Define Brewster angle and write the expression for it in

terms of the refractive index of the medium.

Long Answer Questions (5 marks each)

1. (a) In Young's double-slit experiment, derive the condition
for

(i) constructive interference and (ii) destructive interference at

a point on the screen.

(b) A beam of light consisting of two wavelengths, 800 nm

and 600 nm is used to obtain the interference fringes in a
Young's double-slit experiment on a screen placed 1.4 m
away. If the two slits are separated by 0.28 mm, calculate the
least distance from the central bright maximum where the
bright fringes of the two wavelengths coincide.

2. (1) In Young's double-slit experiment, deduce the condition

for (a) constructive and (b) destructive interference at a point
on the screen. Draw a graph showing variation of intensity in
the interference pattern against position 'x on the screen.

(ii) Compare the interference pattern observed in Young's

double-slit experiment with single slit diffraction pattern,
pointing out three distinguishing features.

3. (a) (i) 'Two independent monochromatic sources of light

cannot produce a sustained interference pattern. Give reason.

(ii) Light waves each of amplitude "a" and frequency "𝜔",

emanating from two coherent light sources superpose at a
point. If the displacements due to these waves is given by 𝑦1 =
a cos 𝜔𝑡 and 𝑦2 =a cos(𝜔𝑡 + ∅) where ∅ is the phase difference
between the two, obtain the expression for the resultant
intensity at the point

(b) In Young's double-slit experiment, using monochromatic

light of wavelength λ,the intensity of light at a point on the
screen where path difference is λ , is K units. Find out the
intensity of light at a point where path difference is λ/3.

4. State the importance of coherent sources in the

phenomenon of interference

In Young's double-slit experiment to produce interference

pattern, obtain the conditions for constructive and destructive
interference.

Hence deduce the expression for the fringe width.

How does the fringe width get affected, if the entire

experimental apparatus of Young immersed in water?

5. State Huygen's principle. Show, with the help of a suitable

diagram, how this principle is used to obtain the diffraction
pattern by a single-slit.

Draw a plot of intensity distribution and explain clearly why

the secondary maxima become weaker with increasing
order (n) of the secondary maxima

6. (a) When a plane wavefront of wavelength λ is

incident on a narrow slit, an intensity distribution pattern of
the form shown is observed on a screen suitably kept behind
the slit.

(i) Name the phenomenon observed.

(ii) Obtain the conditions for the formation of central maxima

and secondary maxima and the minima.

(b) Why is there significant fall in intensity of the Secondary

maxima compared to the central maxima ?

(c)When the width of the slit is made double the original

width, how is the size of the central band affected ?

7. (a) Describe briefly how a diffraction pattern is obtained on

a screen due to a single narrow slit illuminated by a
monochromatic source of light. Hence obtain the conditions
for the angular width of secondary maxima and secondary
minima.

(b) Two wavelengths of sodium light of 590 nm and 596 nm

are used in turn to study the diffraction taking place at a
single-slit of aperture 2 x 10−6 m. The distance between the
slit and screen is 1.5 m. Calculate the separation between the
positions of first maxima of the diffraction pattern obtained in
the two cases.

8.(a) Explain two features to distinguish between the

interference pattern in Young's doubleslit slit experiment with
the diffraction pattern obtained due to a single-slit.

(b) A monochromatic light of wavelength 500 nm is incident

normally on a single-slid of width 0.2 mm to produce a
diffraction pattern. Find the angular width of the central
maximum obtained on the screen.

Estimate the number of fringes obtained in Young's double-

slit experiment with fringe width 0.5 mm, which can be
accommodated within the region of total angular spread of
the central maximum due to single-slit.

9. (a) Define a wavefront. Using Huygens' principle, verify the

laws of reflect at a plane surface.

(b) In a single-slit diffraction experiment, the width of the slit is

made double the original width. How does this affect the size
and intensity of the central diffraction band?explain.

c) When a tiny circular obstacle is placed in the path of light

from a distant source a bright spot is seen at the centre of the
obstacle. Explain why.

10 (a) (i) How does an unpolarised light incident on a polaroid

get polarised

(ii) Describe briefly, with the help of a necessary diagram, the

polarisation of light by reflection from a transparent medium.
(b) Two polaroids 'A' and 'B' are kept in crossed position. How
should a third polaroid ‘C’ be placed between them so that
the intensity of polarised light transmitted by polaroid B
reduces to 1/8th of the intensity of unpolarised light incident
on A ?

11. (a) What is plane polarised light? Two polaroids are

placed at 90° to each other and the transmitted intensity is
zero. What happens when one more polaroid is placed
between these two bisecting the angle between them ? How
will the intensity of transmitted light vary on further rotating
the third polaroid ?

(b) If a light beam shows no intensity variation when

transmitted through a polaroid, which is rotated, does it mean
that the light is unpolarised ? Explain briefly.

12. (a) Distinguish between unpolarised light and linearly

polarised light. How does one get linearly polarised light with
the help of a polaroid ?

(b) A narrow beam of unpolarised light of intensity 𝐼0 , is

incident on a polaroid 𝑃1 . The light transmitted by it is then
incident on a second polaroid 𝑃2 with its pass axis making
angle of 60° relative to the pass axis of 𝑃1 . Find the intensity of
the light transmitted by 𝑃2.
13. (a) In Young's double-slit experiment, describe briefly how
bright and dark fringes are obtained on the screen kept in
front of a double-slit. Hence obtain the expression for the
fringe width.

(b) The ratio of the intensities at minima to the maxima in the

Young's double-slit experi- ment is 9:25. Find the ratio of the
widths of the two slits.

PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE

1. In Young's double-slit experiment, the slits are separated by

0.24 mm. The screen is 1.2 m away from the slits. The fringe
width is 0.3 cm. Calculate the wavelength of light used in the
experiment,

2. In a Young's double-slit experiment, the slits are separated

by 0.56 mm and the screen is placed 2.8 m away. The
distance between the central bright fringe and the fifth bright
fringe is measured to be 1.5 cm. Determine the wavelength
of light used in the experiment.

3. In Young s double-slit experiment, using light of wavelength

400 nm, interference fringes of width x are obtained. The
wavelength of light is increased to 600 nm and the separation
between the slite is halved. If one wants the observed fringe
width on the screen to be the same in the two cases, find the
ratio of the distance between the screen and the plane of the
interfering sources in the two arrangements.

4. A beam of light consisting of two wavelengths 560 nm and

420 nm is used to obtain interference fringes in a Young's
double-slit experiment. Find the least distance, from the
central maximum, where the bright fringes due to both the
wavelengths coincide. The distance between the slits is 0.2
mm and the screen is at a distance of 1.0 m from the slits.

5. Find the ratio of intensities of two points P and Q on a

screen in Young's double-slit experiment when

waves from sources 𝑆1 , and 𝑆2 have path difference of (i) 0,

𝜆
and (ii) ,4 respectively.

6. A beam of light consisting of two wavelengths 600 nm and

450 nm is used to obtain interference fringes in a Young's
double-slit experiment. Find the least distance from the
central maximum where the bright fringes due to both the
wavelengths coincide. The distance between the two slits is
0.4 mm and the screen is at a distance 1.0 m from the slits.

7. In a Young's double-slit experiment, the two slits are kept 2

mm apart and the screen is positioned 140 cm away from the
plane of the slits. The slits are illuminated with light of
wavelength 600 nm. Find the distance of the third bright fringe
from the central maximum in the interference pattern
obtained on the screen.

If the wavelength of the incident light were changed to 480

nm, find out the shift in the position of third bright fringe from
the central maximum.

8. Laser light of wavelength 660 nm incident on a pair of slits

produces an interference pattern in which the bright fringes
are separated by 7.8 mm. A second light produces an
interference pattern in which the fringes are separated by 6.5
mm. Calculate the wavelength of the second light.

9. Light of wavelength 500 nm falls from a distant source on a

slit 0.50 mm wide. Find the distance between the two dark
bands, on either side of the central bright band, of the
diffraction pattern observed on a screen placed 2 m from the
slits.

10. A slit of width 'd' is illuminated by light of wavelength 6000

A. For what values of 'd' will the

(i) first minimum fall at an angle of diffraction of 30° ?

(ii) first maximum fall at an angle of diffraction of 30° ?

11. Light incident at an angle of incidence of 45°, in a certain

medium, goes grazing along its surface of separation from air,
after refraction. What is
(a) the speed of light in this medium ?

(b) the angle of incidence at which light from air must be

incident on this medium so that the refracted ray is normal to
the reflected ray ?

12. An unpolarised beam of light of intensity 𝐼𝑜 is incident on a

combination of two polaroids. Find the net intensity of light
transmitted by the combination when the pass axis of the two
polaroid are inclined to each other at an angle of 60°

13. Light of wavelength 5000 Å propagating in air gets partly

reflected from the surface of water. how will the wavelength
and frequency of the reflected and refracted light be affected?

14. Three identical polaroid sheets𝑃1 , 𝑃2 , and 𝑃3 , are oriented

so that the pass axes of 𝑃2 , and 𝑃3 , are inclined at angles of
60° and 90° with respect to the pass axis of 𝑃1 A
monochromatic source S of unpolarised light of intensity 𝐼0 is
kept in front of the polaroid sheet 𝑃1 , as shown in Fig. 10.28.
Determine the intensities of light as observed by the
observers 𝑂1 , 𝑂2 , and 𝑂3 .