Activities-3:

Familiarization/Identification of components

1)Resistor:
 A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance
as a circuit element.
 In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide
voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other uses.
Color coding package :
 The chart below shows how to determine the resistance and tolerance for resistors. The table
can also be used to specify the color of the bands when the values are known. An automatic
resistor calculator can be used to quickly find the resistor values.
Formula:-

Digit, Digit, Multiplier = Colour, Colour x 10 colour in Ohm’s (Ω)

For example, a resistor has the following coloured markings;
Yellow Violet Red = 4 7 2 = 4 7 x 102 = 4700Ω or 4k7 Ohm.

Testing of Resistor :
 After connecting the probes to the resistor terminals, check the value on the multimeter. If
the resistor is fine, the multimeter will show its value in Ω, kΩ, or MΩ. However, if the
resistor is bad or damaged, the multimeter may display 0 or 1.

2) Inductor:
 An inductor is a passive component that is used in most power electronic circuits to store
energy in the form of magnetic energy when electricity is applied to it.
 One of the key properties of an inductor is that it impedes or opposes any change in the
amount of current flowing through it.
Colour code package of inductior :

The table below shown gives the color corresponding to the numerical values for a four band inductor.
4-Band Inductor Color Code Example

Let us consider the following inductor in order to identify the value of inductor using 4-band color
coding.

Initially, note down the tolerance percentage of the inductor which is mostly colored in gold, silver
and black.
Now note the colors from other end of an inductor. In the inductor the first band is red; according to
the above table the number associated with this color is 2.

Now move to second band, observe the color and note the associated number according to the color
given in the table. Here, the second band is violet and its number is 7. Then the value becomes ‘27’.

Coming to 3rd band i.e., multiplier is brown in color and its corresponding number is 10.

Thus the inductor value is 27 X 10 uH = 270 uH with a tolerance rating of ±5%.

Testing of an Inductor:

In this article, we will go over one main test to check whether an inductor is good or not, all by
utilizing the ohmmeter of a digital multimeter.
Test an Inductor with a Multimeter in the Ohmmeter Setting for Resistance

The best test to check whether an inductor is good or not is by testing the inductor's resistance with
your multimeter set to the ohmmeter setting.

By taking the inductor's resistance, we can determine whether the inductor is good or bad.

We do this by taking the probes of the multimeter and placing them across the leads of the inductor.
The orientation doesn't matter, because resistance isn't polarized.
The inductor should read a very low resistance across its terminals, only a few ohms. If an inductor
reads a high resistance, it is defective and should be replaced in the circuit.

If an inductor is reading very, very small resistance, less than an ohm (very close to 0Ω), this may be
a sign that it's shorted. Functional inductors normally read a few ohms, greater than 1Ω and normally
less than 10Ω. This is a healthy range for an inductance value. Outside this range and this is normally
a sign the inductor is bad.

So a resistance check is a simple but effective method for finding out if an inductor is defective or not

3)Capacitor:
 A capacitor is a two-terminal electrical device that can store energy in the form of an electric
charge.

 It consists of two electrical conductors that are separated by a distance. The space between
the conductors may be filled by vacuum or with an insulating material known as a dielectric.

Colour coding
Like resistors, some capacitors are colour coded to indicate value, tolerance, working voltage
etc. These colour bands are numbered from the top of the capacitor to the base. The colour
coding is similar to

Resistor colour coding

Capacitor color code

First band – First number of colour code chart
Second band – Second number of colour code chart
Third band – Number of Zeros
Fourth band – Tolerance (Black 20%, White 10 % and Green 5 %)
Fifth band – Appears as body colour. Working voltage (Red 250V, Yellow 400 V)
Colour code of Resistor

Example:

Red violet yellow green yellow

2 7 x 104 ± 5% 400V

27 x 104 x 10-12 = 270nF = 0.27µF

4) Diode :
 A diode is a semiconductor device that essentially acts as a one-way switch for current. It
allows current to flow easily in one direction, but severely restricts current from flowing in
the opposite direction.

Color code of diode:

 When working with these different types of diodes, it is also necessary to distinguish one end
of the diode from the other (anode from cathode). For this reason, manufacturers generally
code the cathode end of the diode with a "k", "+", "cath", a color dot or band, or by an
unusual shape (raised edge or taper) as shown in the figure below. In some cases, standard
 color code bands are placed on the cathode end of the diode. This serves two purposes: (1) it
identifies the cathode end of the diode, and (2) it also serves to identify the diode by number
 The standard diode color code system is shown in the figure below. Take, for example, a
diode with brown, orange, and white bands at one terminal and figure out its identification
number. With brown being a "1," orange a "3," and white "9," then the device would be
identified as a type 139 semiconductor diode, or specifically 1N139.

Testing of diode:

 Connect the red probe of the multimeter to the anode and black probe to the cathode. This
means the diode is forward-biased.
 Observe the reading on multimeter’s display. If the displayed voltage value is in between 0.6
to 0.7 (for a Silicon Diode), then the diode is healthy and perfect. For Germanium Diodes,
this value is in between 0.25 to 0.3.
 Now, reverse the terminals of the meter i.e., connect the red probe to cathode and black to
anode. This is the reverse biased condition of the diode where no current flows through it.
Hence, the meter should read OL or 1 (which is equivalent to open circuit) if the diode is
healthy.
 If the meter shows irrelevant values to the above two conditions, then the diode is defective.
The defect in the diode can be either open or short.
Resistor Resistor symbol

Testing of resistor using multimeter

Inductor Inductor symbol

 Testing of Inductor using multimeter

Capacitor Capacitor symbol

Testing of Capacitor using multimeter

 Diode Diode Symbol

Testing a Diode using Multimeter

Transistor Transistor symbol

Testing of Transistor using multimeter Integrated circuit

IC Symbol IC tester