Inverting Amplifier

Objectives

1. To understand the principles of an inverting amplifier.

2. To construct an inverting amplifier using an operational amplifier.
3. To measure the gain of the amplifier.
4. To analyze the performance of the amplifier in terms of gain, input, and output
waveforms.

Theory

An inverting amplifier is a basic op-amp configuration where the input signal is applied to the
inverting input of the op-amp. The non-inverting input is typically grounded. The output signal is
180 degrees out of phase with the input signal and the amplitude of the output is determined by
the ratio of the feedback resistor to the input resistor.

Gain Formula:

𝑅𝑓
𝐴𝑣 = −
𝑅1

where Rf is the feedback resistor and Rin is the input resistor.

Required Equipment

• Operational amplifier (e.g., LM741)

• Resistors (various values, typically Rf and Rin in the range of 1kΩ to 100kΩ)
• Breadboard and connecting wires
• Function generator
• Oscilloscope
• Power supply (±15V or as required by the op-amp)
• Multimeter

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Circuit Diagram

Figure 1: Schematic diagram for inverting op-amp.

Procedure

Step 1: Preparation

1. Power Supply Setup:

o Ensure the power supply is set to provide the correct voltage for the op-amp
(typically ±15V).
o Connect the positive supply voltage to the +VCC pin and the negative supply
voltage to the -VCC pin of the op-amp.
2. Circuit Construction:
o Place the op-amp on the breadboard.
o Connect Rin between the input signal source and the inverting input (-) of the op-
amp.
o Connect Rf between the output of the op-amp and the inverting input (-).
o Ground the non-inverting input (+) of the op-amp.
3. Signal Connection:
o Connect the function generator to Rin to apply the input signal.
o Set the function generator to produce a sine wave of 1 kHz and 1 V peak-to-peak
initially.

Step 2: Measurements

1. Gain Measurement:
o Use the oscilloscope to measure the peak-to-peak voltage of the input and output
signals.
o Calculate the gain using the formula:

𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝐴𝑣 = −
𝑉𝑖𝑛

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 2. Frequency Response:
o Vary the input frequency from 10 Hz to 1 MHz and observe the output on the
oscilloscope.
3. Waveform Analysis:
o Observe and sketch the input and output waveforms at different frequencies.
o Note the phase shift between the input and output.

Step 3: Analysis

1. Gain Verification:
𝑅𝑓
Compare the theoretical gain calculated from 𝐴𝑣 = − with the measured gain.
𝑅1

2. Phase Shift:
o Verify the 180-degree phase shift between the input and output.

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Non-Inverting Amplifier
Objectives

1. To understand the principles of a non-inverting amplifier.

2. To construct a non-inverting amplifier using an operational amplifier.
3. To measure the gain of the amplifier.
4. To analyze the performance of the amplifier in terms of gain, input, and output
waveforms.

Theory

A non-inverting amplifier is a fundamental op-amp configuration where the input signal is

applied to the non-inverting input of the op-amp. The output signal is in-phase with the input
signal, and the gain is determined by the ratio of the resistors in the feedback network.

Gain Formula:

𝑅𝑓
𝐴𝑣 = 1 +
𝑅1

where Rf is the feedback resistor and R1 is the resistor connected between the inverting input
and ground.

Required Equipment

• Operational amplifier (e.g., LM741)

• Resistors (various values, typically Rf and R1 in the range of 1kΩ to 100kΩ)
• Breadboard and connecting wires
• Function generator
• Oscilloscope
• Power supply (±15V or as required by the op-amp)
• Multimeter

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Circuit Diagram

Figure 2: Schematic diagram for non-inverting op-amp.

Procedure

Step 1: Preparation

1. Power Supply Setup:

o Ensure the power supply is set to provide the correct voltage for the op-amp
(typically ±15V).
o Connect the positive supply voltage to the +VCC pin and the negative supply
voltage to the -VCC pin of the op-amp.
2. Circuit Construction:
o Place the op-amp on the breadboard.
o Connect R1 between the inverting input (-) of the op-amp and ground.
o Connect Rf between the output of the op-amp and the inverting input (-).
o Connect the non-inverting input (+) to the input signal source.
3. Signal Connection:
o Connect the function generator to the non-inverting input (+).
o Set the function generator to produce a sine wave of 1 kHz and 1 V peak-to-peak
initially.

Step 2: Measurements

1. Gain Measurement:
o Use the oscilloscope to measure the peak-to-peak voltage of the input and output
signals.
o Calculate the gain using the formula:

𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝐴𝑣 =
𝑉𝑖𝑛

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 2. Frequency Response:
o Vary the input frequency from 10 Hz to 1 MHz and observe the output on the
oscilloscope.
3. Waveform Analysis:
o Observe and sketch the input and output waveforms at different frequencies.
o Note the phase relationship between the input and output.

Step 3: Analysis

1. Gain Verification:
𝑅𝑓
Compare the theoretical gain calculated from 𝐴𝑣 = 1 + with the measured gain.
𝑅1

2. Phase Relationship:
o Verify that the output is in-phase with the input signal.

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Summing Amplifier

1. Introduction

A summing amplifier is an operational amplifier (op-amp) circuit that combines multiple input
signals into a single output signal. The output voltage is a weighted sum of the input voltages.

2. Objectives

• To understand the working principle of a summing amplifier.

• To construct and analyze a summing amplifier circuit.
• To verify the theoretical output voltage of the summing amplifier.

3. Required Components

• Operational amplifier (e.g., LM741 or similar)

• Resistors (several values, e.g., 10 kΩ, 22 kΩ)
• Breadboard
• DC power supply
• Connecting wires
• Multimeter
• Function generator (for signal inputs)

4. Theory

• The summing amplifier circuit uses an inverting op-amp configuration. The output
voltage Vout for a summing amplifier with two inputs V1 and V2 is given by:
𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = − ( 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 )
𝑅1 𝑅2

where Rf is the feedback resistor and R1 and R2 are the input resistors.

5. Procedure

1. Circuit Construction:
o Connect the op-amp to the breadboard.
o Connect the power supply to the op-amp (+V to V+ and -V to V-).
o Connect the input resistors R1 and R2 to the inverting input of the op-amp.
o Connect the non-inverting input of the op-amp to the ground.
o Connect the feedback resistor Rf from the output of the op-amp to the inverting
input.
o Connect the other end of R1 and R2 to the function generator outputs (input
signals).
2. Input Signals:
o Set the function generators to provide different DC or AC voltages V1 and V2.

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3. Measurement:
o Measure the output voltage Vout using a multimeter.
o Compare the measured output voltage with the theoretical value.

Figure 3: Schematic diagram for summing amplifier.

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Subtracting (Difference) Amplifier

1. Introduction

A difference amplifier is an op-amp circuit that amplifies the difference between two input
signals. It is widely used in instrumentation and sensor applications.

2. Objectives

• To understand the working principle of a difference amplifier.

• To construct and analyze a difference amplifier circuit.
• To verify the theoretical output voltage of the difference amplifier.

3. Required Components

• Operational amplifier (e.g., LM741 or similar)

• Resistors (e.g., 10 kΩ and 22 kΩ)
• Breadboard
• DC power supply
• Connecting wires
• Multimeter
• Function generator (for signal inputs)

4. Theory

The difference amplifier uses both inverting and non-inverting inputs of the op-amp. The output
voltage Vout is given by:

𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉2 − 𝑉1
𝑅2 𝑅1

where Rf is the feedback resistor, and Rin is the input resistor. For balance, Rf/Rin should be the
same for both inputs.

5. Procedure

1. Circuit Construction:
o Connect the op-amp to the breadboard.
o Connect the power supply to the op-amp (+V to V+ and -V to V-).
o Connect two resistors Rin (input resistors) to the inverting and non-inverting
inputs of the op-amp.
o Connect Rf (feedback resistor) from the output of the op-amp to the inverting
input.
o Connect another resistor Rf from the non-inverting input to the ground.

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 o Connect the other end of Rin to the function generator outputs (input signals V1
and V2).
2. Input Signals:
o Set the function generators to provide different DC or AC voltages V1 and V2.
3. Measurement:
o Measure the output voltage Vout using a multimeter.
o Compare the measured output voltage with the theoretical value.

Figure 4: Schematic diagram for difference amplifier.

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