MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE Chapter Three Mechanics: ‘The branch of physics in which motion & force causing motion are studied is called mechanics. Kinematics: ‘The study of motion without going into the causes of motion is called as kinematics. Rest & Motio If body changes its position with time itis said to be moving and if it does not change its position with time itis said to be in rest. BD No body can exist in state of absolute rest or of absolute motion, rest and motion of a body depends on a reference frame. Frame of Reference: It is a system of three mutually perpendicular axes (X,Y and Z axis) attached to an observer having a clock with him, with respect to which the observer can describe position, displacement, acceleration ete. of a moving object. ‘The point of intersection of three axes is called origin, which serves as a reference point or the position of the observer. If frame is not mention, then ground is taken as a reference frame. Rectilinear Motion Itis a motion in which a particle or point mass body is moving along a straight line. Q For Example: ‘Train moving on a straight track. sseseeyesesers Distance & Displacement: ‘The actual path covered by a particle or body is known as Distance but the shortest path between the initial and the final position of a body is known as Displacement. Q For Example: 1f Ram ji started travelling in circular path having radius 2m and he completed ten and half revolution then the distance travelled by Ram jis: anx2 z and the displacement travelled by Ram jiis 4m 10x 20x24 = aan&, Q. Rahul and Neha are together at time t = 0, Rahul started moving in East direetion after moving ‘turned left and moved another 10m and then again turned left and moved 20m. Find out the follo a) Final coordinates of Rahul b) Distance moved by Rahul ©) Displacement of Rahul Sol. a) Final coordinates of Rahul is (10,10) 1b) Distance moved by Rahul is 40 m (10 m + 10m + 20 m) © Displacement of Rahul is /(10)" + (0) = 10vZ, N - W 10m he wing, “ ¢ Displacement is a vector quantity having magnitude equal to the shortest path length joining initial and final * point and the direction is given by the vector joining initial to final point and head towards the final point. ‘The magnitude of displacement will always be less than or equal to the magnitude distance. Point Mass Object or Particle: Ifthe size of a body is negligible is comparison to its range of motion then the body is said to be point mass object or a particle. For Example: When a stone is thrown in space, stone can be considered as a Point Mass. Uniform Motion: Ifa body covers equal distance in equal interval of time then the motion is said to be Uniform Motion. 0 £208 408 1560s 12808 0 40 80 120 160 x(m) Average Speed: Itis a ratio of total distance travelled by a body to the total time taken Speed is a vector quantity ‘Total distance travelled _ 1 Totaltimetaken At bth tht +Be.Q. Acar is moving in a straight path, it covers 20 km in first half hour, 40 km in next half hour and 60 km in next one hour. Find out the average speed of car. Sol. t=30min t=60 min t=120 min 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 x(inkms) A 4 — Total stance erage speed = stance _ 20 +40 + 60)kem _ 120km _ ~@EFO5+ Dir ~ 2 fr ~ OO mst Average Velocity: It is the ratio of total displacement A* to the total time (At) taken to complete that quantity a OF iin Vag = Re =~ ae Instantaneous Speed: Itis measure of how fast a particle or a body is moving ata particular instant qg For Example: Speedometer of a car shows its instantaneous speedInstantaneous Velocity: Ifis defined as the value approached by the average velocity when the time interval for measurement becomes closer and closer to zero, ie. At -+ 0. Mathematically gp OF ax() (0 = lim = vO = ‘Thus Instantaneous velocity function is the derivative of the displacement with respect to time. For Example: If a person travels from Delhi to Jaipur in 5 hours (take distance between Delhi to Jaipur is 250 km) that means is average speed is “E° = 50 km/hr but it doesn't mean he travels with 50 km/hr every ‘moment, his speed varied many times and the speed at any instant with specified direction is known to be its instantenous velocity at that particular instant f ‘* Magnitude of instantaneous velocity is the instantaneous speed. ++ When a body moves with constant velocity, its average velocity, its instantaneous velocity and its speed all are equal. Q._ Ifx=t? ~ 10¢ +24, where x is the position of body at time ¢, then find out the following, a) speed in first 8sec b) velocity in first 8 sec ©) velocity at ¢ = Ssec dx Sol. v=4f=2-10 From the above equation, we can see that at t = 5 sec velocity is 0. For 0 < t <5, velocity is negative For 5 < t, velocity is positive 5 0 ° 8 2 C sks —, oo 8 24 " 2) speed = Total Distance . 25549 34 ayy ») 0,x = 24 and at ¢ = 8,x = 8 that means displacement in first 8 sec is. ai— 241 = —167 Total Displacement __ 162 Velocity = = a= 2 m/st ©) Velocity at t = 5 sec means itis asking about instantaneous vel ade v=G=2-10 Mte=5>0=0Average Acceleration: The Average Acceleration (dgyg) over a time interval Ac is B,-F Av =i _ Ao dea = a, where the particle has velocity v, at time t, and velocity v, at time ty Instantaneous Acceleration: ‘The Instantaneous Acceleration (or simply acceleration) is the derivative of the velocity with respect to time. aw « Analysing Graphs in 1-D Motion: cof 1 (aso. W200 8 Wom. st waa fo (a) (b) osm time graph ofc, (c) [In graph (a) you can see x coordinate is 4o and it is not changing with time that means object is at rest. In graph (b) you can see that graph is a straight line passing through the origin that means we can write x = t now you can see at t= 1 = x = 1, at = 2 > x = 2 and so on that means body is covering equal distance in equal interval of time it shows that motion is uniform, In graph (©) you ean see that x coordinate is zero for the first for second after that x coordinate is changing with time but distance covered by the body is not equal in equal interval of time that means motion is non- ‘uniform, Important points for graphs : Slope of displacement — time graph gives velocity. ds As v=o Slope of velocity — time graph gives acceleration dv As a=o3) Area under velocity — time graph gives displacement. Asds=vdt pavxe Ge Distance = Total Area ' Displacement = (+ve Area) — (ve Area) z " 4) Area under acceleration — time graph gives change in velocity. As dv = ade chang lacy Av =axt Kinematic Equations for Uniformly Accelerated Motion: We know that, a a ade= ds Integrating both side, faa [av at=v-u voutat ‘Assuming that wis the initial velocity at time t = 0 and acceleration is constant and v is the velocity at time t. Now, we know that velocity at time t can be written as a “@ From the above equation, Beutae Gaeta ds = dt + atedt Integrating both side, [les= [nace ffanae eee sautt pat We know that, d_ab dé_dé ab, av a aaa Na a.ds = v.dv Integrating both side,© Distance travelled by the body in n second iby v Syth = Sn ~ Sao Log 1 2 Syn = un +5,an? —u(n— 1) — Zan — 1) On solving we get, Syn = w+5(2n 1) Important Points for the above Equation Acceleration is constant ‘+ u,v,5,aall are vector quantites so use sign convention accordingly. ‘+ Take any one direction positive according to the convenience and then the opposite direction is taken as negative, stick to the sign convention for the whole question. Vertical Motion Under Gravity (Free fall): Motion that occurs solely under the influence of gravity is called free fall. Thus a body projected upward or downward or released from rest are all under free fall. In the absence of air resistance all falling bodies have the same acceleration due to gravity, regardless of their sizes or shapes. Let wis initial velocity of ball in upward direction, g is acceleration due to gravity, His ‘maximum height, 7 is time of flight. 4, Maximum Height: At the Maximum height velocity is zero vt su?+2as vcd bee 2 I~ 2g 2. Time of Flight: ‘Total time taken to go up + Total time taken to move down (To reach the same horizontal level again) t+ dat? saut+sal rad gyr? Omur+s(-ar T== g © tropoctents Points ‘Time of ascent = Time of descent for motion between two points at same horizontal level for example between. A.& Band between C & D shown in the figure. ‘+ Aparticle has the same speed at a point on the path. While going vertically up and down.Relative Motion in 1-D: Car A is moving with a speed of 60 km/hr a person standing on the ground observe the speed of car is 60 km/hr but another person tA sitting in another car B which is moving parallel to the car A in a same a direction will feel speed of car A is less than 60 km/hr because of SP relative motion, of A with respect to & ~ By yy = acceleration of A with respect to B = dy ~ dy Q Sol. ‘Two parallel rail tracks run north-south. Train A moves north with a speed of 54 kmh, and train B moves south with a speed of 90 km h~". What is the a) b) ° a) b) ° velocity of B with respect to A? velocity of ground with respect to B?, and. velocity of a monkey running on the roof of the train A against its motion (with a velocity of 18 km h~ with respect to the tarin A) as observed by a man standing on the ground ? este = fae WPs== SSS pS SS555) Be - ty Let north direction is taken as positive and south direction is taken as negative y= 54 km/hr 90 km/hr Baa = Bp - By = —90- 54 144 km/hr Hence, train B appears to 4 to move with speed of 144 km/hr from North to South direetion, Let velocity of ground is ve Bon = Hg — By = 0 - (—90) = 90 km/hr Let, velocity of monkey with respect to ground is vy Bua = Bu Be Since, the velocity of monkey with respect to train A is against the direction of 4 Biya = —18 km/hr 18 = By ~ Hy = By ~ (4) yg = —18 +54 = 36 km/hrPractice Questions Qu. Sol. Qe. Sol. A.woman starts from her home at 9.00 am, Walks with a speed of 5 km h~" on a straight road up to her office 2.5 km away, stays at the office up to 5.00 pm, and returns home by an auto with a speed of 25 km h-*. Chosse suitable scales and plot the x-¢ graph of her motion. INCERT Exercise] Given: The speed of the woman is 5 km h-*, the distance between the office and home is 2.5 km and the speed of auto is 25 km h-*, ‘The time taken in the first case is given as, tadxy Where, the total distance is d, and the speed is v, and the time taken in the first case is t,. By substituting the given values in the above formula, ne we get t; = 2.5/5= 0.5 hours = 30 min ‘The time taken in second case is given as, todxy, ‘Where, the total distance is d and the speed is v,.. By substituting the given values in the above formula, we get t= 2.5/25 = ‘The above values can be observed from the below graph. 1 hours = 6 min A jet airplane travelling at the speed of 500 km h- ejects its products of combustion at the speed of 1500 km h™ relative to the jet plane. What is the speed of the latter with respect to an observer on the ground? INCERT Exercise] Let vj, and vo be the velocities of jet, ejected gases and observer on the ground respectively. Let jet be moving towards right (+ve direction.) . Bjected gases will move towards left (-ve direction). +<—__-+___- “According to the statement Vi=sokmnr V7i=10Kmr v= v9 = 500 km/h @ As observer is at rest Fee 1500 km/h Gi) -. Adding Eqs. (i) and (i), we get the speed of sookminr combustion products w.r-t., observer on the ground (%)- m6) + (ey) = m= % = 500 + (-1500) Or v — vp = —1000 km/h 1500, -ve sign shows that relative velocity of the ejected gases w.r-t. observer is towards left or in a direction opposite to the motion of the jet plane.Q3. Sol. 4. Sol. ‘Two trains A and B of length 400 m each are moving on two parallel tracks with a uniform speed of 72 km h-? in the same direction, with A ahead of B. The driver of B decides to overtake A and accelerates by 1 ms". If after 50s, the guard of B just brushes past the driver of A, what was the original distance between them? INCERT Exercise] For train A: Initial velocity, u = 72km/h = 20 m/s Time, Acceleration, a, = 0 (Since it is moving with a uniform velocity) From second equation of motion, distance (s,) covered by train A can be obtained as: e+ tae? sy =ut +a) = 20x 50-+0= 1000 m For train B: Initial velocity, u = 72 km/h = 20 m/s Acceleration, a = 1 m/s? Time, ¢ = 50s From second equation of motion, distance (SII) covered by train A can be obtained as: =ut that? Sy Sut tsa 1 = 20x 50-45% 1x (50)? = 250m Hence, the original distance between the driver of train A and the guard of train B = 2250 — 1000 = 1250 m. Alternate Solution: eee Sret = Uret +5 ret Sret = (72— 72)(50) + FGO Sret = 0+ 1250 = 1250 m Avvehicle travels half the distance 1 with speed V, and the other half with speed Vp, then its average speed is INCERT Exemplar] Vitve 2VitV, 2ViVe LWVit¥2) 2 te OVA On Vas a 4 _ Total distance SELES Let, first half distance L is covered in time ¢, and the other half distance L is covered in time t, 0 L aL x(m) L L Shs prand = 7 K galt 2h _ WV, verage speed = Gort = Tar = VAVe 1 V2 Hence, answer is €Sol. Sol. ‘The displacement of a particle is given by x = (¢ — 2)? where x is in metres and t in seconds. The distance covered by the particle in first 4 seconds is [NCERT Exemplar] Step 1: Find the velocity of the particle. Given, displacement of the particle is x=(-2? @ As velocity is given by » = 4 v=fe-2t= 20-2 «i Step 2: Find the acceleration of the particle. As acceleration is given by, a = 48 From equation (ii) a = 4 [2(¢- 2)] 24-0) = 2m/s* a=constant When, ¢ = 0,v = -4m/s t= 2s,v=0m/s =4m/s Step 3: Velocity time graph Step 4: Area under the curve gives. As we know that the magnitude of area under the curve of velocity-time graph gives distance, Distance travelled = area of the graph el sax = am 2 1*2 Ata metro station, a girl walks up a stationary escalator in time t,. If she remains stationary on the escalator, then the escalator take her up in time ty. The time taken by her to walk up on the moving escalator will be [NCERT Exemplar] a tt )/2 Bb) Ga/(t— 4) o tite/(t +4) d une Let ¥, and Vp are the velocities of gir] and the escalator respectively and L is the length from bottom to top Case When girl is walking and escalator is stationary. Let, t; is the time taken to reach the top & q % Case 2: When gil is at rest with respect to escalator and escalator is moving. Let, t, is the time taken to reach the top ye" Ve =k Case 3: When both girl and escalator is moving ¥, Let, t; is the time taken to reach the top ZA, Vere & pee ee mea ame reSol. as. Sol. Sol. ‘An object falling through a fluid is observed to have acceleration given by a= g — bv where gravitational accelearation and b is constant. After a long time of release, itis observed to fall with constant speed. What must be the value of constant speed? INCERT Exemplar] Net acceleration of ball at any instant a=g-bv When acceleration becomes zero ball moves with constant speed in vertically downward direction, A boy standing on a stationary lift (open from above) throws a ball upwards with the maximum initial speed he ean, equal to 49 m s~, How much time does the ball take to return to his hands? If the lift starts moving up with a uniform speed of $m s~* and the boy again throws the ball up with the maximum speed he can, how long does the ball take to return to hishands? [NCERT Exemplar] Case 1: Liftis stationary Given: The initial speed of the ball is 49 m/s and the life is stationery. ‘The second equation of motion is given as, uct dae? 2 Where s is the displacement of the ball, u is the initial velocity, ¢ is the time taken by the ball and the acceleration of the ball in the lift. In this case, displacement is 0 since the ball comes back to the boy who is standing on the stationary lift By substituting the given values in the above equation, we get o=49xe txoaxe 2 ‘Thus, the time taken by the ball to return to the boy's hands when the lift is stationary is 10 s. Case 2: The lift is moving a uniform velocity of 5 m/s ‘The lift is moving with a uniform velocity of 5 m/s in the upward direction which means there is no acceleration in the lift. So in this case also, the relative speed of the ball with respect to the boy remains the same that is 49 m/s, Therefore, the time taken by the ball to return to the boy’s hand will same as in case I. ‘Thus, the time taken by the ball to return to the boy’s hands when the lift is stationary is 10 s. A drunkard walking in a narrow lane takes 5 steps forward and 3 steps backward, followed again by § steps forward and 3 steps backward, and so on. Each step is 1m long and requires 1 s. Plot the x—t graph of his motion. Determine graphically and otherwise how long the drunkard takes to fall ina pit 13 m away from the start. Distance covered with 1 step = 1m Time taken = 15 ‘Time taken to move first 5 m forward = 55 Time taken to move 3 m backward = 35 Net distance covered = § — Net time taken to cover 2m = 85 2mQuo. Sol. Drunkard covers 2 m in 8 s, Drunkard covered 4 min 16 s Drunkard covered 6 min 24s. Drunkard covered 8 m in 32s. In the next 5 s, the drunkard will cover a distance of § m and a total distance of 13 m and fall into the pit, ‘Net time taken by the drunkard to cover 13 m= 32 +5 = 378 ‘The x-t graph of the drunkard’s motion can be shown as: rim) $ 10 1516 «OA M2 © 29% 2 3 37 W ~ tO) Acar moving along a straight highway with a speed of 126 km h~" is brought to a stop within a distance of 200 m. What is the retardation of the car (assumed uniform), and how long does it take for the car to stop? We have, Initial velocity of the ear (u) = 126 km/hr = 35 m/s Distance travelled by the car before it comes to rest (5) = 200 m Final velocit y of the car (v) = 0 (Since, it's at rest) Now, using the 3* equation of motion, vw = 2as a=(v?-w)/2s _ 35%) __ 1228 = @x200) ~~ “400° ‘The retardation of the ear is 3.06 m/s* 3.06 m/s* Let’s assume the time taken by the car to come to rest as ¢ sec Using the 1* equation of motion, we have vs utat 0=35-306x¢ 35 tas = 1148 sec 506