Chemistry reviewer

◦An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into any simpler
substance by ordinary chemical means.

◦Ex: Helium, Carbon, Copper, Calcium, Oxygen……

◦Elements are the building blocks of the universe. They are pure substances
from which all our materials are made.

◦Ex: Water: Hydrogen and Oxygen

◦ Plastic: Carbon and Hydrogen

◦ Plants: Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur

112 elements are about 92 elements that occur naturally over 20 man-made
elements. ◦Each element has a name and symbol; each symbol starts with a
capital letter and has one or two letters.

◦ Ex: - Oxygen: O

◦ - Nitrogen: N

◦ - Lithium: Li

◦ - Calcium: Ca

◦Some elements are different from the first two letters of the elements
because they are derived from the Greek names of the elements.
◦Ex: - Mercury: Hg (Hydrargyrum)

◦ - Sodium: Na (Natrium)

For some elements, the first two letters of the name of the element are taken

◦Calcium: Ca

◦Helium: He

◦Aluminum: Al

◦Silicon: Si

◦Germanium: Ge

◦Argon: Ar

◦Neom: Ne

Nickel: Ni

◦For some elements

the symbol is taken
based on sound

For some elements,

the first letter of the
name of the element
is taken

◦Hydrogen: H

◦Oxygen: O

◦Nitrogen: N

◦Sulphur: S
◦Carbon: C

◦Fluorine: F

Phosphorus

◦For some elements the symbols are taken from their Latin name

◦Elements can be defined and classified into

◦Metals

◦Nonmetals

Metals

◦Good
conductors of
heat and
electricity

◦Usually solids
with high
densities, high
melting points,
and boiling
point

◦Usually hard and shiny

◦Are malleable and ductile

Nonmetals

◦Poor conductors of heat and electricity

◦Usually liquids and gases with low melting point and boiling point
◦Usually soft and dull

◦Are not malleable nor ductile and brittle

◦The Atomic Theory states that matter is composed of indivisible particles

called atoms and that all atoms of a given element are identical. In contrast,
atoms of different elements have different properties.

◦An atom is the smallest indivisible particle of an element that can participate
in chemical reactions.

◦Atoms are so small that we cannot see them even with the help of the most
powerful optical microscope. The size of an atom is about 10-12cm.

◦Most metals like copper, iron, and gold are made up of single atoms closely
packed together.

◦Some elements like sulfur, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen are made up of
two or more atoms of the same type.

◦Dalton predicted that every atom of the same element is alike in all respects,
but they are different from atoms of another element.

◦Ex: All copper atoms are similar, but they are different from the atoms of
iron.

◦A molecule is made up of two or more atoms chemically joined together.

◦Hydrogen gas (H2)

◦Oxygen gas (O2)

◦Water (H2O)

◦A compound is a substance made up of two or more elements chemically

joined together.
◦Ex : H2O, MgO, NaCl, NH3……

◦There is a chemical change or reaction that must take place when a

compound is formed from its elements,.

◦Ex: the test tube containing heated iron filings and sulfur powder glows red
hot due to the energy produced by the chemical change

◦A compound has very different properties from its elements.

◦Ex: MgO is a white ash, completely different from its elements, Mg and O.

◦Ex: the compound iron (II) sulfide does not look like sulfur or iron

◦A compound cannot be separated by physical methods such as filtration,

crystallization, and distillation.

◦A compound has a fixed composition

◦Ex: the compound iron (II) sulfide is formed in the ratio of iron to sulfur by
mass of 7:4 (56:32 divide them by 8)

◦A pure compound has a fixed melting point and boiling point

◦Ex: Ice (Pure substance) melts at O and water boils at 100

◦A mixture is a combination of two or more substances that are not chemically

combined

◦Ex: Seawater: salt and water

◦A mixture has similar properties as its component substances

◦Ex: the iron filings in the mixture retain their color, texture, and magnetic
property

◦ There is no chemical reaction occurs when a mixture is formed.

◦Ex: when we mix iron filings and Sulphur powder without heating, no
chemical change occurs

.◦Mixtures may be separated by physical methods such as filtration,

crystallization, and distillation.

◦Ex: To obtain salt from seawater, we use evaporation

◦Ex: To obtain fresh water from seawater, we use simple distillation

◦A mixture does not have a fixed composition

◦Ex: When we mix iron and sulfur, we can have more or less iron than sulfur in
the mixture

◦A mixture has a variable melting point and boiling point.

◦Ex: Ice (Pure substance) melts at O and water boils at 100

◦Ex: Sea water (mixture) freezes from -2.5 to -5 and boils from 101 to 103

Compound

◦Have a fixed composition.

◦Have a fixed melting point & boiling point

◦When a compound is formed, heat and light are usually given off due to a
chemical change taking place.

◦Completely different properties from its original elements

◦A chemical reaction is necessary to separate the elements in a compound

. Mixture

◦Does not have a fixed composition.

◦Have variable melting and boiling point

◦When a mixture is formed, no heat or light is produced, and no chemical

change occurs.
◦Similar properties to its components

◦Can be easily separated into its components by physical methods

. -A formula is a symbol of the compound. The formula shows us the symbols

of the elements in the compound and the ratio of the atoms.

-Ex: H2O: Water

◦ A water molecule is made up of 2 atoms of hydrogen and 1 atom of oxygen.

◦The valency of an element can be treated as the ‘combining power’ of an

element.

◦Example: hydrogen has a Valency of 1 and oxygen has a Valency of 2.

◦The valency of an element is numerically equally to the ionic charge of the

element

◦Ex: Na+ = 1, O2-= 2

Some metals have more than one valency.

◦Ex: - Cu – 1é → Cu+ : V = 1+

◦ Cu – 2é → Cu2+ : V = 2+

◦ - Fe – 2é → Fe2+ : V = 2+

◦ Fe – 3é → Fe3+ : V = 3+

-Polyatomic ions or radicals are groups of atoms that carry an electrical

charge.

-Polyatomic ions: Charged, covalently bound group of atoms that together act
as an ion.

-E.g. the hydroxide group (OH-), the ammonium ion (NH4+), and the nitrate
group (N03-).
To write the formula of an ionic compound, we need to follow the following
steps:

◦Write the symbol of ions.

◦Write their valencies.

◦Balance the positive and negative charges (the total charge = 0).

◦Write down the formula.

Ex1: Write the formulae of calcium chloride

◦Step 1: Write the symbol:

◦Step 2: Write valence:

◦Step 3: Multiply the smaller charged (-1) by 2 to make it equal to -2 (Cl -) x2

◦Total charge of compound = (+2)+ (-2) = 0

◦Step 4: Write down the formula CaCl2

Ex5: Write the formulae of Ammonium carbonate

◦Step 1: Write the symbol:

◦Step 2: Write valence

◦Step 3: Multiply the Positive charged (+1) by 2 to make it equal to +2 (NH 4+)
x2

◦Total charge of compound = (+2)+(-2) = 0

◦Step 4: Write down the formula: (NH4)2CO3

The law of conversation of mass is stated atoms cannot be destroyed or created; the total number of atoms is the product after a

reaction must be equal to the total number of atom found in the reactants.
44g=44g

The steps to calculate the mass of the reactants and product are:

Write the balanced chemical equation

Write down the Ar or Mr and Converted them into gram

Write given and asked mass of substances

Perform calculations using simple ratios and proportions.

Ex: Calculate the mass of water produced when 8g of hydrogen is burned in

excess oxygen.

Solution

Step 1: Write the balanced chemical equation

2H2 + O2 → 2H2O

Step 2:Write down the Ar or Mr and Converted them into gram

2H2 + O2 → 2H2O

Step3: Write given and asked mass of substances

2H2 + O2 → 2H2O

4g 32g 36g

8g m1=?

Step 4: Perform the calculation

From the chemical equation:

- 4g of H2 obtained 36g of H2O

- If 8g of H2 obtained m1=? of H2O

So, Mass of water, 𝑚1 = 72g

Generally the molecular mass of gases contains the volume of 22.4L.

Ex: - 32g of O2 contain the volume of 22.4L.

- 2g of H2 contain the volume of 22.4L.

- 28g of N2 contain the volume of 22.4L.

- 71g of Cl2 contain the volume of 22.4L.

- 44g of CO2 contain of 22.4L

If you have the mass of the gas, you can multiply this

mass by 22.4L. Then divide them by the molecular

mass of the gas.

Vgas =

Mass of gass 𝑥 22.4L / Molecular mass of the gases

What is the volume in 96 g of O2 at STP? At STP: 32g of O2 has 22.4L

Solution

We know that: - 32g of O2 contain 22.4L

- If 96g of O2 contain VO2

=?

By law of definite proportion:

32/96
=

22.4/VO2

VO2

96 𝑥 22.4/32

So, volume of oxygen in 96g is VO2

= 67.2L

The percentage composition of a compound tells you which elements are

in the compound and how much of each there is, as a percentage of the

total mass.

Example: By calculating the percentage of an element by mass in

Methane CH 4

We get the percentage composition of methane is

75 % of carbon (%C = 75

25 % of hydrogen (%H = 25

The law of Constant Composition states that every pure

sample of a given compound has exactly the same

composition.

For methane, no matter where you find it, a methane

molecule always contains one carbon atom and 4 hydrogen

atoms.

The composition percentage of methane is always 75 %

carbon, 25 %

The percent composition by mass is the percent by mass of each

element in a compound. Percent composition is obtained by dividing the

mass of each element in the compound by the molar mass of the

compound and multiplying by 100 percent.

Mathematically, the percent composition of an element in a compound is

expressed as:

Where n is the number of atoms of the element in the compound.

Ex: Phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4 ) is a colorless, syrupy

liquid used in detergents, fertilizers, toothpastes, and

in carbonated beverages for a tangy ” flavor.

Calculate the percent composition by mass of H, P,

and O in this compound.

Given: H =

1 , P = 31 , O = 16

Solution

Calculate the percent composition by mass of H, P, and O in this compound

Molecular mass:

Mr (H 3 PO 4 )= (3 x1) + 31 + (4 x 16) = 98

%H =

𝑛𝑥𝐴𝑟(𝐻)𝑀𝑟(𝐻3𝑃𝑂4)x 100 =
3𝑥1/98x 100 = 4.08%

%P =

𝑛𝑥𝐴𝑟(𝑃)𝑀𝑟(𝐻3𝑃𝑂4)x 100 =

1𝑥31/98x 100 = 31.63%

%O =

𝑛𝑥𝐴𝑟(𝑂)𝑀𝑟(𝐻3𝑃𝑂4)x 100 =

4𝑥16/98x 100 = 65.30%

So, the percent composition by mass of %H =

4.08% , %P = 4.08% , and O =

65.30%

-Water is an important substance and abundant on earth

about 70

-The water is used

In household, water is required for drinking, cooking and

washing

In industry, water is used to produce beverage, medicines and

the product and it also used to reduce heat in machine

Waste water which flows into pipes, streams, rivers,

lakes and sea then evaporates into the atmosphere.

Then the steam in space is condensed and returns

back to lake, river, and the sea as rain water and is

Reused.
We place some chemical substance in natural water to make

the precipitates fall to the bottom

Then we filtrate this water to eliminate precipitates and

then kill the bacteria by chlorine gas treatment.

Sometimes, we place fluorine to protect teeth from

decaying.

Polluted water is spoiled water cause by residues from house and factories

contains of bacteria and poisonous chemicals.

The sources of polluted water are:

Rubbish and residue from houses, farm and factories.

Fertilizers are used by farmer.

The soaps that we use are composed of substances which cannot be split by

bio treatment.

Petroleum split into the sea from ship

The polluted water cause

Water cannot be used to drink, swim

Rotten aquatic plants and dead creatures in water

To conserve the water, we should:

Sewage must be cleaned before it is flowed into rivers or seas

We must not throw rubbish away at public field or into water

system such as canals, rivers and lake.

We make a law to fine people who throw garbage in pare or

into water.

The physical properties of water are

Colorless liquid

Boil at 100C and freezes at 0C

At 4C, density or molar volume is 1kg/dm3

The formula of water is H 2 O which is made of

an atom of oxygen and two atoms of hydrogen

Water electrolysis is the process by which the water

molecule is decomposed into oxygen and hydrogen

by electrical current

We connect anode to a positive pole (+) and cathode to negative pole ( (--) of

battery.

We put two or three drops of sodium hydroxide or sulfuric acid into

electrolysis jar.

Then we put two tubes full of water on both electrodes.

When we send electricity to pass through electrolysis jar we see gas bubble

around both electrodes.

When we turn off electrical current we see gas the gas volume at the

cathode is two times that of the anode.

If we put a burning splint into the test tube at

cathode, we will hear the ‘pop’ sound. Therefore this

gas is hydrogen.
If we put burning splint into test tube at anode, we don’t hear the

sound.

If we blow off the flame of the splint then put the splint into the test

tube, the splint is immediately burst or relighted. So it is oxygen.

In the electrolysis, water is decomposed to hydrogen

and oxygen

2H

2 O 2H 2 + O 2

Synthesis is process or reaction for building up a complex

compound by the union of simpler compounds or elements.

Water can be synthesized by the combustion between hydrogen

and oxygen.

2H

2 + O 2 2H 2 O

Note: From chemical equation 2 molecules of hydrogen

combine with 1 molecule of oxygen to produce 2 molecules of

water.

a. What is the name and volume of gas that appears at the cathode?

2H

2 O 2H 2 + O 2

The gas that appear at the cathode is Hydrogen

-

Calculate volume of gas appear at cathode

VH

2 = 2VO 2 Since, VO2 = 46 cm 3

VH

2 = 2 x 46 = 92 cm 3

So, volume of gas that appears at the cathode is VH

2 = 92 cm 3

b. What are ways to identify these gases?

A wooden splint is lit

The burning splint is plunged into the unknown

gas

If the gas is hydrogen, the splint immediately

bursts into flame with the sound “

A solution is a homogeneous mixture made of two or more substances mixed

evenly together.

Ex1: carbon dioxide + water soda

(solute)

solute)( solvent)(

Ex2: sugar + water solution of sugar

Ex3: seawater
Ex4: beverages

Solute: the solid that has dissolved in a solvent to

form a solution.

Example: Sugar, Carbon dioxide, salt,

Solvent: a liquid used to dissolve a solid (solute).

Example: water, acetone, gasoline, plant oil,

alcohol…

There are three states of solutions: Solids liquids and gases.

Solids ( mixtures of solids and solids)

Bronze ( copper + tin )

Brass ( copper + zinc )

Steel ( iron + carbon + manganese + chromium +

nickel)

Liquids

Iodine

Wine

Orange juice…

Gases ( mixtures of gases and gases)

Air ( nitrogen + oxygen + other gas )

Solution can be solids, liquids and gases.

A solution is identified by the following:

It is a homogeneous mixture
It can not be separated by the filtration

A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture whose

particles settle out over time.

Ex : sandy water = sand + water

chalk + water

A suspension is identified by the following:

It is a heterogeneous mixture

It can be separated by the filtration

The solubility of a substance is the maximum amount

of solute dissolved in 100g of solvent at a given

temperature.

Ex : solubility of salt is 35g in 100g of water at 200C

Ex : solubility of sugar is 204g in 100g of water

Ex : solubility of silver nitrate is 222g in 100g of water

The solubility of a solute depends on

the nature of solute

type of solvent

temperature.

Ex: CuSO4 dissolves easily in the hot water.

Ex: I2 : dissolve in alcohol more than in water.

If we put a little orange juice powder into water, the orange

juice powder dissolves in water to make a dilute solution

If we put more and more the orange juice powder into the

same amount of water, we will get a concentrated solution

A concentrated solution is a solution has much amount of

dissolved solute

If we add the solute (the orange juice powder) into the above

concentrated solution, we observe that the solution becomes

more concentrated and has some solute (the orange juice

powder) that is not dissolved The obtained solution is called a

saturated solution

Conclusion

A saturated solution is a solution where the solute cannot be

dissolved anymore in a solution

If a piece of sugar is dropped into a glass of water, we

observe that sugar dissolves in water to make a solution of

sugar.

The obtained solution is a dilute solution.

If we add gradually more amount of sugar into the dilute

solution, we obtain a concentrated solution.

The formula of percent by mass of a solution is

𝐶%=𝑚𝑠𝑡×100%/𝑚𝑠

𝑚𝑠=𝑚𝑠𝑡+mH2O

Where: C% : percent by mass of solution (%)

mst: mass of solute (g)

ms: mass of solution (g

mH2O: mass of water (solvent) (g)

We dissolve 20g of sugar into 80g of water. Calculate

the percentage by mass of obtained solution

Solution

Calculate the percentage by mass of obtained solution

By formula 𝐶%=𝑚𝑠𝑡×100%/𝑚𝑠

Since: m st = 20g

m s = m st + mH2Owhere, mH2O= 80g

m s = 20g + 80g = 100g

C% =

20𝑔𝑥100%/100𝑔=

So, the percentage by mass of obtained solution is

20%

The Percent by mass of a solution is the amount

in grams of solute in 100g of the solution.

A solution of salt has a percent by mass of 5%?

The 5% means that in 100g of solution, there are

5g of the salt

Practice problems on writing Chemical Equations

I. Balance the following chemical equations.
1. Na + Cl2  NaCl

2. H2 + I2  HI

3. Na + H2O  NaOH + H2

4. Ca + H2O  Ca(OH)2 + H2

5. P + O2  P2O5

6. C + O2  CO
7. CO + O2  CO2
8. S + O2  SO2
9. N + O2  NO
10. NO + O2  NO2
11. Al + O2  Al2O3
12. Na + O2  Na2O
13. Fe + O2  Fe2O3
14. H2 + Br2  HBr
15. K + H2O  KOH + H2
16. Mg + O2  MgO
17. O3  O2
18. H2O2  H2O + O2
19. CO + O2  CO2
20. N2 + H2  NH3
21. Zn + AgCl  ZnCl2 + Ag
 22. NaOH + H2SO4  Na2SO4 + H2O
23. KOH + H3PO4  K3PO4 + H2O
24. CH4 + O2  CO2 + H2O
25. FeCl3 + KOH  Fe(OH)3 + KCl
26. Fe + H2SO4  Fe2(SO4)3 + H2

II. Write and balance the chemical equation to represent the following reactions
1. Sulphur, solid, burn in oxygen to form sulphur dioxide.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Hydrogen reacts with nitrogen to form ammonia.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Calcium, solid, burns in oxygen to form calcium oxide, a white solid (lime).

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Water is broken down by electricity (electrolysis) to form hydrogen and oxygen.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Limestone (CaCO3) is heated to form calcium oxide (lime) and carbon dioxide.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. Carbon, a solid, burns in the air to form carbon dioxide.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) breaks down into oxygen and water.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. Hydrogen reacts with copper (II) oxide, a solid, to form copper and water.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9. Aluminum reacts with sulphuric acid (H 2SO4) (aq) to form aluminum sulphate (aq)
and hydrogen.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
10. Sodium oxide (s) reacts with hydrochloric acid (HCl) (aq) to form sodium chloride
(aq) and water.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………
11. Hydrogen burns in the air to form water.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
12. Copper (II) sulphide, a solid, is formed when copper and sulphur react together.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………
13. Iron (II) sulphide, a solid, is formed when iron and sulphur react together.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
14. Mercury oxide breaks down into mercury and oxygen when heated.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
15. When calcium carbonate, a white solid, is heated strongly, calcium oxide, a solid and
carbon dioxide are produced.
 …………………………………………………………………………………………………
16. When the green powder called copper carbonate was heated in a test tube it
gradually turned black. This black substance was copper oxide. A gas called carbon
dioxide came out of the test tube.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

17. The gas burned in a Bunsen burner is called methane. When the gas is burning
carbon dioxide and water are produced.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
18. Iron reacts with dilute sulphuric acid (H2SO4) to give off hydrogen. A solution of iron
(III) sulphate is left.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
19. Zinc is a silvery grey, fairly reactive metal. If zinc powder is put in copper (II)
sulphate solution and stirred, the blue colour of the copper (II) sulphate solution
gradually disappears and forms zinc sulphate solution.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
20. If a piece of iron is left outside for a time it will get rust to form a red solid on its
surface, iron (III) oxide.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

Answer Key
I. Balance the following chemical equations.
1. 2Na + Cl2  2NaCl

2. H2 + I2  2HI

3. 2Na + 2H2O  2NaOH + H2

4. Ca + 2H2O  Ca(OH)2 + H2

5. 4P + 5O2  2P2O5

6. 2C + O2  2CO
7. 2CO + O2  2CO2
8. S + O2  SO2
9. 2N + O2  2NO
10. 2NO + O2  2NO2
11. 4Al + 3O2  2Al2O3
12. 4Na + O2  2Na2O
13. 4Fe + 3O2  2Fe2O3
14. H2 + Br2  2HBr
15. 2K + 2H2O  2KOH + H2
16. 2Mg + O2  2MgO
17. 2O3  3O2
18. 2H2O2  2H2O + O2
19. 2CO + O2  2CO2
20. N2 + 3H2  2NH3
 21. Zn + 2AgCl  ZnCl2 + 2Ag
22. 2NaOH + H2SO4  Na2SO4 + 2H2O
23. 3KOH + H3PO4  K3PO4 + 3H2O
24. CH4 + 2O2  CO2 + 2H2O
25. FeCl3 + 3KOH  Fe(OH)3 + 3KCl
26. 2Fe + 3H2SO4  Fe2(SO4)3 + 3H2

II. Write and balance the chemical equation to represent the following reactions
1. Sulphur, solid, burn in oxygen to form sulphur dioxide.

S + O2  SO2
2. Hydrogen reacts with nitrogen to form ammonia.

N2 + 3H2  2NH3
3. Calcium, solid, burns in oxygen to form calcium oxide, a white solid (lime).

2Ca + O2  2CaO
4. Water is broken down by electricity (electrolysis) to form hydrogen and oxygen.

2H2O  2H2 + O2
5. Limestone (CaCO3) is heated to form calcium oxide (lime) and carbon dioxide.

CaCO3(s) + heat  CaO( + CO2

6. Carbon, a solid, burns in the air to form carbon dioxide.

C + O2  CO2
7. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) breaks down into oxygen and water.

2H2O2  2H2O + O2
8. Hydrogen reacts with copper (II) oxide, a solid, to form copper and water.

H2 + CuO  Cu + H2O
9. Aluminum reacts with sulphuric acid (H 2SO4) (aq) to form aluminum sulphate (aq)
and hydrogen.

2Al + 3H2SO4  Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2

10. Sodium oxide (s) reacts with hydrochloric acid (HCl) (aq) to form sodium chloride
(aq) and water.

2Na + 2HCl  2NaCl + H2O

11. Hydrogen burns in the air to form water.

H2 + O2  2H2O
12. Copper (II) sulphide, a solid, is formed when copper and sulphur react together.

Cu + S  CuS
13. Iron (II) sulphide, a solid, is formed when iron and sulphur react together.

Fe + S  FeS
14. Mercury oxide breaks down into mercury and oxygen when heated.

2HgO  2Hg + O2
15. When calcium carbonate, a white solid, is heated strongly, calcium oxide, a solid and
carbon dioxide are produced.

CaCO3 + heat  CaO(s) + CO2(g)

16. When the green powder called copper carbonate was heated in a test tube it
gradually turned black. This black substance was copper oxide. A gas called carbon
dioxide came out of the test tube.

CuCO3 + heat  CuO +

CO2(g)
17. The gas burned in a Bunsen burner is called methane. When the gas is burning
carbon dioxide and water are produced.

CH4 + 2O2  CO2 + 2H2O

18. Iron reacts with dilute sulphuric acid (H2SO4) to give off hydrogen. A solution of iron
(III) sulphate is left.

2Fe + 3H2SO4  Fe2(SO4)3 + 3H2

19. Zinc is a silvery grey, fairly reactive metal. If zinc powder is put in copper (II)
sulphate solution and stirred, the blue colour of the copper (II) sulphate solution
gradually disappears and forms zinc sulphate solution.
Zn + CuSO4  ZnSO4 + Cu
20. If a piece of iron is left outside for a time it will get rust to form a red solid on its
surface, iron (III) oxide.

4Fe + 3O2  2Fe2O3