CHAPTER 5

(S.Q MCQ) Describe VON NEUMANN design?

Ans:
In 1951 a scientist VON NEUMANN and his team proposed a
design of stored program computer.

Program and data are stored in computer memory according

to this design computer read the

instruction one by one and executes them. It is very simple

design. It has proved to be

very powerful and general-purpose. It is the basis of most

modern computer of today.

(L.Q) EXPLAIN the architecture of computer system?

Ans:
A computer is a combination of different components. These
components perform different functions.

All components work together and communicate with one

another.
(Definition) "The way or the method in which different
components of computer share data with each other is called
computer architecture".

For EXAMPLE, data sharing between RAM and CPU.

Different components of computer architecture are as follow:

(1) CONTROL UNIT:

→Control unit is an important component of CPU.
→It acts like a supervisor.
→It controls all activities of computer
→It performs the following operations;

1)It fetches instructions from RAM

2)It is responsible to find which operation will be perform for

processing.

3)It controls the execution of instruction.

(2) ALU (Arithmetic or Logic unit)

→ALU is a part of CPU.

→Actual execution of instruction takes place in this part.
 →All arithmetic and Logical operation are performed in
ALU.
→It consists of two units;

(a)Arithmetic unit

(b)Logic unit

(Arithmetic unit)
→ Arithmetic unit of ALU perform basic arithmetic function
like addition,
multiplication, subtraction and division.

(Logic unit)
Logic unit of ALU perform logical operation like comparing two
data items to find which data item is greater than, equal to or
less than the other.

Main Memory:
→It is an important part(component) of computer system.
→It is used to store program and data that are being
executed.
→It is also working area of a computer system.
(4) I/O Unit:
→It means input and output unit.
→It means the part of computer that control basics input
and output function of computer.

(5) BUS INTERCONNECTION:

→It is one of the most important components of the
computer architecture.
→Bus interconnection is responsible to transfer data
between different parts of computer.
→Example:
Data sharing between RAM and CPU.

(S.Q) What is CPU? Describe briefly.

CPU:
→CPU stands for control processing unit.
→It is the brain of the computer.
→It is the most important component of a computer.
→It is also called processor. (MCQ)
→A computer cannot work without CPU.
→All computers must have an enteral processing unit.
→CPU is located on the motherboard.
→Two main units of CPU are a follow:
1 ALU (Arithmetic and logic unit)

2CU (Control unit)

ALU
→ALU is a part of CPU. (MCQ)
→Actual execution of instructions takes place in this part.
→All arithmetic and logical operation are performed in ALU.
→It consists of two units:
1) Arithmetic unit
2) Logic unit

Arithmetic unit:
Arithmetic unit of ALU perform basic arithmetic function like
addition,

multiplication, subtraction and division.

Logic unit:
Logic unit of ALU perform logical operation like comparing two
data items to find which data item is greater than, equal to or
less than the other.

Control unit:
→Control unit is an important component of CPU.
→It acts like a supervisor of the computer system.
 →It performs the following operation;
1) It fetches instruction from main memory.
2) Control unit is responsible to find which operation will be
performed
for processing.
3)It controls the execution of instruction.
(L.Q) What is Main Memory? Explain structure of Main
Memory and its type?

Ans:

Main Memory and RAM:

It is the important component of computer architecture.

It is also called main memory and primary memory.

It is also called Random Access Memory.

It is also called volatile memory.

[Why is RAM called volatile memory?]

RAM is called volatile memory because it can't save data

permanently. The data

and instruction may be lost from RAM. When we power off

the computer.
[Explain structure of RAM?]

Ans:
→RAM is an electronic chip.
→It is made by silicon.
→It has many cells in structure.
→It will give each cell a special address and name.
→RAM cell address means a small place in RAM where
RAM save data.

[How CPU get data from RAM?]

Ans:
→CPU can get data in a random way.
→That is why RAM is called Random access memory.
→RAM is a read and write memory it means that CPU can
get data from RAM and give data to RAM.
→RAM has two types;
1)DRAM
2)SRAM

DRAM:
→It is a type of RAM.
→It is slower than SRAM.
→It is less expensive.
→It needs to be refreshed.
 →It utilizes more power.
→It holds data dynamically not indefinitely.
→>It is less complex and more compact.

SRAM:
→It is the type of RAM.
→It is faster than DRAM.
→It is more expensive.
→It does not need to be refreshed.
→It utilizes less power.
→It holds data indefinitely as long as the computer is turn
on.
→It is more complex and less compact.

ROM:
→ It is a type of primary memory.
→ROM stands for Read only memory.

[Why is ROM Read only memory?]

Ans:
ROM is called read only memory because CPU can only read
data and instruction from ROM cannot give any data towards
ROM.

→It has instructions and data that help computer in BIOS.

 “BIOS is a system that provide the function of basic input
and output.”

→The instructions saved in ROM will automatically load

when computer starts.
→We cannot charge the instructions saved in ROM.
→But computer engineer can change it.
→It has 3 types:
1)PROM
2)E-PROM
3)EE-PROM

PROM:
→It is the first type of ROM.
→It is a programable memory.
→The engineers can write instruction in ROM only once.
→If there is error in changing data the ROM become
useless.
→It provides less useability as instructions are written only
once.

E-PROM:
→ It is the 2nd type of ROM.
→It is erasable programable memory.
 →In this type the engineer can write instructions many
times.
→If there is error in changing data engineer can erase the
error.
→It provides more usability as instruction are written many
times.

EE-PROM:
→It is the 3rd type of ROM.
→The data and instruction on ROM can be changed with
the help of electronic pulses.

[What is cache memory?]

Ans:
→Cache is a small but very fast memory.
→It is used to store those instructions that are used by CPU
again and again.
→It is used to save CPU time.
(L.Q) Explain Buses and its Types?

Ans:

[What is bus interconnection?] (S.Q)

Ans:
→ It is the mean part (component) of computer
architecture.
→Bus interconnection is used to join different components
of computer.
→Different buses are used to transfer data and instructions
between different components of computer.

[What is bus width?] (S.Q)

→ Different buses have different bus width.
→It means that how many bits of data can be transferred by
using bus.
→A bus width 32/64/72 lines can transfer 32/64/72 bits at
one time.

Types of bus interconnection:

(1)

System bus:
→It is the 1st type of bus interconnection.
→It is used to connect internal components(parts) of
computer. [working]
 →It is a part of mother keyboard.
→System bus width is 70 to 100
→It has 3 types of system;
1)Data bus
2)Address bus
3)Control bus

Address Bus:
→ It is the 1st type of system bus.
→As we know computer have different components that
work together.
→It is very important to provide data to these components.
→For this purpose, data bus is used.
→Data bus is used to transfer data between RAM and CPU.
→It also transfers data between other components.
→Data bus has 32 or 64 bus width.

Address bus:
→It is the 2nd type of system bus.
→Computer has many components each component has a
unique address.
→If a component wants to get data from another
component it will specify address of that component.
→Address bus is used for his purpose.
→Address bus also have address of RAM cells.
→It is unidirectional. (M.C.Q)
 →Bus width of address bus is 32.

Control Bus:
→It is the 3rd type of system bus.
→Computer processing depends upon many components.
(CPU, RAM, CU etc)
→The main component is CPU.
→In some condition computer will transfer control from
CPU to other components.
→For this purpose, control bus is used.

[what is acknowledge signal?]

Ans:
When control is transferred from one component to
another component a signal is generated is called
acknowledge signal.

(2)
Exponential bus:
→>It is important type of computer bus.
→>It is used to connect different devices outside from the
computer.

For Example; It will make a connection of USB with computer.

[What is I/O Unit?] (S.Q)

Ans:
→It is an important component of computer architecture.
→It is used to help CPU to increase CPU performance.
→If CPU directly involve to get data from input device, it will
waste allot of CPU time.
→It can perform this function for CPU and CPU
performance is increased.

[Explain how CPU use I/O unit?] (S.Q)

Ans:
→CPU have 2 methods to get data from I/O unit.

(1) [Interrupt]
→It is a signal.
→In this scheme CPU will generate a signal for I/O unit to
get data from input/output devices.
→All the devices will stop their work to response the signal.
→For example, Calculation.

(2) [DMA]

→It is the 2nd method used by CPU to get data from

memory.
→It means Direct memory access.
 →In this method a special type of hardware is used.
→In this method we will reduce the involvement of CPU.

Register
→It is very small but very fast memory inside CPU.
→It is a part of CPU.
→It is used to save data and instructions for short time.
→It is mostly used to save those instruction that are
executed by CPU.
→It has different type according to their size.
→It can have 1 to 4- or 1-byte size.

Types:
1) PC (Program counter)
2) IR (Instruction register)
3) MAR (Memory access register)
4) MBR (Memory Buffer register)
5) Stack point register

PC:
→It is the 1st type of special purpose register.
 →This register is used to count how many instructions and
programs are executed and many are left.
→It is used to save address of instructions.

IR:
→It is the 2nd type of S.P.R.
→It is used to decode the instruction.
→It means that which function is performed to process this
instruction.

MAR:
→It is the 3rd type of S.P.R.
→This register is used to save the address of RAM from
where data is taken and is given.

MBR:
→It is the 4th type of S.P.R.
→It is used to control data that is coming from RAM.
→This register will control the buffering of data.

Stack pointer Register:

→It is the 5th type of S.P.R.
→It is used to save data in computer.
→This method uses LIFO method to save data.
→LIFO stands for Last in First out.
 →Stack pointer register is used to control stack of
computer.
→This register will control the searching of data in RAM.

GPR (General purpose register):

→These registers are used in mathematical and logical
operation
→These registers are part of ALU. (MCQ)
→TYPES:
1) Accumulator Register
2) Base Register
3) Counter Register
4) Data Register

Segment Register:
→It is a part of RAM.
→It is used to store address of RAM block.
→It is also called address register.
→There are four segments.
→Its size is 2 bytes.

Types:
1) Code segment (CS)
 2) Data segment (DS)
3) Extra segment (ES)
4) Stack segment (SS)

What is instruction (IS) set and its types?

Ans:
→IS means that are solved by CPU.
→Different types of CPU can save different IS.
→CPU can normally solve 80 to 120 IS.

Types:

(1) Data IS:

→It is the 1st type of I.S.
→These IS are used to transfer data from one component
to another component.

Arithmetic and Logical IS:

→It is the 2nd type of I.S.
→This type of IS are used to perform mathematical and
logical functions.
→For example;
sum (+).
Instruction Format:
→I.F means that the Method in which RAM sends
instructions towards CPU so that CPU can easily
understand.
→A normal I.F have size of 16 bits (MCQ)

[What is opcode?]
Ans:
It means that what function CPU can perform to solve any
instruction.

I/O Instruction:
→It is the type of instruction set.
→These type of I.S are used by CPU to get data from input
devices and to give data to output devices.

Control Instruction:
→It is the type of I.S.
→These type of I.S is used to shift control from component
to another component.
→E.G shift control from RAM to CPU.
[what is Instruction?]
→An instruction is a programming statement that is written
by programmers to perform special functions on
computer.

[what is operand?]
→It is a part of instruction format.
→Operand reference mean’s the memory location from
where instruction or data is saved.

Types of instruction format:

Zero address:
→It is the 1st type of instruction format.
→In which only opcode is given.

One address:
→It is the 2nd type of instruction format.
→In which opcode and operand reference is used.
Two Address:
→It is the 3rd type of instruction format.
→It is the mostly used instruction format.
→In this type all the bits are used.

Three Address:
→It is the 4th type of instruction format.
→In this type all the 3 sections of instruction format are
used.
→In this type the result of instruction format is very short.

Explain Fetch-decode execute cycle? [L.Q]

Ans:
→Fetch decode and execute are mostly used in modern
computers to have successful processing.
→According to VON NEUMANN architecture all the
components of computer must follow this cycle.

Fetch Instruction:
→It is the first type of Fetch-decode execute cycle.
 →Fetch instruction means to get instruction from RAM cell
address.
→For this purpose CPU send Read memory command.

What is decode?
Ans:
→ It is the 2nd type of Fetch-decode execute cycle.
→In this process register is used coming from RAM.
→Decode unit is used to understand what function are
performed on instruction.

Execute cycle:
→It is the 3rd type of Fetch-decode execute cycle.
→In this process all the operation that are decoded in 2nd
step are applied on instruction for successful execution.

What is port? Describe its different types?

→It is an interface.
→Port is the entry point through which all the input and
output devices are attached with computer.
→The speed of port can be measured in KB, MB and GB.
Types of port:

Serial port:
→It is the 1st type of port.
→It can transfer 1 bit at one time.
→It is mostly used where fast speed is not required.
→For example:
Mouse and keyboard.
→It is used in early computers.
→It has speed of 115 kb/s.

Parallel port:
→It is the 2nd type of port.
→It can transfer many bits at a time.
→It is used where fast speed is required.
→For example, “printer”
→Its speed is 12 MB/s.

USB port:
→It is the 3rd type of port.
→Its full form is universal serial bus.
 →It is used to connect 127 different devices with computer.
→Its speed is 4.8 GB/s.

What is operating system?

→It is a type of system software.
→operating system is required by computer to work
properly.
→It is mostly known as window.
→operating system is used to control hardware and
software.

Booting:
→It is a function of operating system.
→Booting is process to load window file when computer
starts.

Loading and Execution:

→It is a function of operating system.
→Loading means to get data from RAM.
→Execution means to process data.
What is computer language? Explain its type and translator?

Computer language:
→It is used to write computer programs.
→It is a method to work from computer as we want.
→It is mostly used by computer experts.
→There are two types of computer language;
1) Low level language
2) High level language

Low-level language:
→These languages are used to control computer hardware.
→These languages are difficult to learn.
→These are written in machine language(code).

Machine language:
→It is a type of low-level language.
→Computer can only understand binary language.
→All the programs/codes of machine are written in binary
language.
→It is near to computer and far from human.
Assembly language:
→It is one step higher than machine language.
→Most of the programs in assembly language are written in
special English words.
→For example, to add number we use ADD keyword.
→These special words are called Nemanics

High-level language:
→It is easy to understand.
→It is an advance level of language.
→That is used know a day to make software and
application.
→Instruction of high-level language is mostly written in
English.

Difference b/w source code and object code?

Source code:

→It is written in high-level or

assembly language.
→It is easy to understand.
→It is easy to modify.
 →It contains fewer statements than
object code.

Object code:
→It is written in machine language through compiler.
→It is difficult to understand.
→It is difficult to modify.
→It contains more statements than source code.