TRIGONOMETRY

Trigonometry comes from the Greek words:

trigōnon triangle
metron measure

Trigonometry is a branch of mathematics that is primarily concerned

with the properties of trigonometric functions and their applications
to determine the measurements of the angles and sides of a triangle.
TRIGONOMETRY
Its primary applications are found in areas where angles and curves
are involved and where precise measurements are required.

Trigonometry is a valuable mathematical tool in many areas of

science, engineering and technology.
APPLICATIONS
In physics, trigonometry is used to calculate the force that acts on an
object at different angles. Projectile motion, a concept that is
commonly used in warfare, also used trigonometry in calculating the
behavior of a projectile in space at a given angle.
APPLICATIONS
In engineering, trigonometry is used in the construction of houses
buildings and bridges. Architects use trigonometric concepts to
create curved surfaces in steel, stone and glass.
APPLICATIONS
Trigonometry is considered as an exceptionally valuable tool in
studying motions of planets and other celestial bodies in the solar
system. Without trigonometry, it would be impossible to send
astronauts for exploration to the moon as trigonometry is used in
computing the launch, orbital and reentry trajectories.
APPLICATIONS
In the field of technology, trigonometry is used in rendering 3D
graphics in video games and simulations. Sound technologists also
apply the basic laws of trigonometry in constructing concert halls
that are characterized by having a rich sound. Car manufacturers are
highly dependent on trigonometry in developing
high –end and advanced car technologies.
UNIT CIRCLE
A unit circle is a circle whose center is at the origin of the rectangular
coordinate system and whose radius 𝑟 is 1 unit.

The unit circle has the equation:

𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 1

The radius of the unit circle is 1 then its circumference is given by :

𝐶 = 2𝜋
UNIT CIRCLE
Let’s recall that the circumference of a unit circle is 2𝜋 units.

Thus, if the unit circle is to be divided into 𝑛 congruent arcs, then

each arc measures 2𝜋/𝑛 units.

If the unit circle is divided into four congruent arcs, then each arc
measures π/2 units.

If the unit circle is divided into eight congruent arcs, then each arc
measures π/4 units.
UNIT CIRCLE
Suppose a point P moves on the unit circle from point (1,0) and ends
at (𝑥, 𝑦), then the point generates an arc. This arc corresponds to a
central angle (𝜃) whose measure in radians is equal to the length of
the arc generated by the angle.
UNIT CIRCLE
If the point moves from (1,0) and ends at (0,1), then the length of
the arc generated by the point is π/2 units and the measurement of
the central angle 𝜃 is also equal to π/2 in degree radian or equivalent
to 90° in degree angle.
UNIT CIRCLE
If the point moves from (1,0) and ends at (−1,0), then the length of
the arc generated by the point is π unit and the measurement of the
central angle 𝜃 is also equal to π in degree radian or equivalent to
180° in degree angle.
ANGLE MEASUREMENTS
Degrees and radians are the two most used units of measurement for
angles.

A degree is equal to 1/360 of one complete revolution of a circle.

Meanwhile, a radian is equal to the central angle of a circle which

intercepts an arc whose length is equal to the length of the radius of a
circle multiply to the central angle.
ANGLE MEASUREMENTS
To convert an angle in degrees into radians, multiply the given
degrees by π/180 and simplify. The answer would be in radians.

To convert an angle in radians into degrees, multiply the given

radians by 180/π and simplify. The answer would be in degrees.
ANGLES
An angle is said to be in the standard position if its vertex is at the
origin of the rectangular coordinate system and its initial side
coincides with the positive x-axis.
ANGLES
Two angles in the standard position that have the same terminal side
are called the coterminal angles.
ANGLES
A reference angle is the acute angle formed by the terminal side of a
given angle in the standard position and the x –axis.
QUADRANT MEASURED ANGLE REFERENCE ANGLE

I 0 – 90 θ

II 90 – 180 180 – θ

III 180 – 270 θ – 180

IV 270 – 360 360 – θ

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
The trigonometric functions can be defined in terms of an arc length
and the coordinates of the terminal point of the arc on the unit circle.

Let 𝜃 be an angle in the standard position and let the point (𝑥 , 𝑦) be

a point on the terminal side of 𝜃.
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
𝑦 1 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝜃 = = 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝜃 = =
𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝜃 𝑦
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝜃 = = 𝑥 1 1
𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝜃 = =
cosine 𝜃 𝑥
𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝜃 =
𝑥 1 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝜃 = =
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝜃 𝑦
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
The sine, cosine and tangent functions are known as the basic
trigonometric functions.

The cosecant, secant, and cotangent functions are called reciprocal

functions because they are simply the reciprocal of the basic
trigonometric functions.
EXAMPLE 01
Determine the six trigonometric functions of 𝑡 of a point 𝑃 whose
3 1
coordinates (𝑥, 𝑦) is located at , .
2 2
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF 𝜽𝑹
Reference angles can be used to determine the values of six
trigonometric functions of a given angle 𝜃 as determined by the
terminal point of its corresponding arc length.
EXAMPLE 04
Determine the six trigonometric functions of the angle 𝜃 of an arc
2𝜋
whose length is .
3
SINE FUNCTION: GRAPH
Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = sin 𝜃.

Let the arc length 𝜃 be along the x-axis, where 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋, and let
the values of sin 𝜃 be along the y-axis.

𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝟑𝝅
𝜽 0 𝝅 𝟐𝝅
𝟔 𝟒 𝟑 𝟐 𝟐

𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
𝒚 = sin 𝜽 0 1 0 -1 0
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
SINE FUNCTION: PROPERTIES
❑ The sine function is periodic with a period of 2𝜋.
❑ The amplitude is 1.
❑ The zeros of the sine function are 0, 𝜋, 2𝜋, … 𝑛𝜋, where n is an
integer.
❑ The maximum value is 1 and the minimum value is -1.
❑ The graph of the sine function is a smooth curve which extends
indefinitely in both directions of the x-axis.
SINE FUNCTION: GRAPHING
To graph sine function 𝑦 = 𝑎 ∙ sin 𝑏𝑥:
❑ Determine: amplitude. The amplitude is given by 𝑎 . It indicates
the height of the graph.
❑ Determine: period 𝑚 of the function. The period of a circular
2𝜋
function is given by 𝑚 = . It is equal to the length of one
𝑏
complete cycle.
❑ Divide: period into four equal arcs.
❑ Construct: table of values where x is the length of each arc from 0.
❑ Plot: points in the rectangular coordinate system. Connect the
points to sketch the graph of the function.
EXAMPLE 07
Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 3 sin 2𝑥.
EXAMPLE 07

𝝅 𝝅 𝟑𝝅
𝜽 0 𝝅
𝟒 𝟐 𝟒

𝑦 = 3 sin 2𝑥
SINE FUNCTION: PHASE SHIFT
Properties of sine function 𝑦 = 𝑎 ∙ sin(𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐):
❑ The basic curve 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 may shift horizontally.
❑ The amount by which the graph of 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 is shifted either to
the left or to the right is known as the phase shift.
𝑐
❑ The phase shift of the graph of the sine function is given by .
𝑏
𝑐 𝑐
❑ If > 0, then move the curve of 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 to the left by .
𝑏 𝑏
𝑐 𝑐
❑ If < 0, then move the curve of 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 to the right by units.
𝑏 𝑏
EXAMPLE 08
Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = sin 𝑥.
EXAMPLE 08

𝝅 𝟑𝝅
𝜽 0 𝝅 𝟐𝝅
𝟐 𝟐

𝑦 = sin 𝑥
EXAMPLE 09
𝜋
Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 + .
2
EXAMPLE 09

𝝅 𝟑𝝅
𝜽 0 𝝅 𝟐𝝅
𝟐 𝟐

𝜋
𝑦 = sin 𝑥 +
2
EXAMPLE 09

𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝟑𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
𝜽 𝟎− − 𝝅− − 𝟐𝝅 −
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

𝜋
𝑦 = sin 𝑥 +
2
EXAMPLE 09

𝝅 𝝅 𝟑𝝅
𝜽 − 𝟎 𝝅
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

𝜋
𝑦 = sin 𝑥 +
2