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Basics of Quantum Electronics Part 2

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11 views13 pages

Basics of Quantum Electronics Part 2

Uploaded by

Giridhar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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If we can calculate the number of modes at each frequency

or wavelength and multiply by the average energy of each


mode at those wavelengths, we can obtain the frequency
distribution of the emission spectrum for cavity radiation

The total number of modes in any volume V = LxLyLz for a given


wavelength λ (ν = c/λ),

Mode density ρ (number of modes per unit volume) is then given by

The number of modes per unit volume within given frequency interval dν
As per the Planck’s law, the average radiation energy per mode is
given by

Therefore the energy density per unit frequency:


Thermal equilibrium and radiation

The ratio of the population of that exist at two specific energies is


given by Boltzmann equation:

Energy level 1
N2 E2

Energy level 2
N1 E1

Two energy levels with population


N1 and N2.
Two energy levels :

E2 N2

Absorption
A21 B12 B21
Spontaneous Stimulated
emission emission
E1 N1
A21, B12, B21 are Einstein coefficients

Absorption: the population of lower level will be depleted at a rate


proportional both to the radiation density and population
Spontaneous emission: the population of the upper level decays spontaneously
to the lower level at a rate proportional to the upper level
population
Stimulated emission: the population of the upper level will be depleted at a
rate proportional to the radiation density and population
However according to Planck’s law:

The equivalence follows if

and
Interesting point:

Stimulated emission plays significant role when kT >hν

For example, for a visible transition in the green portion of the spectrum
(photon energy 2.5 eV), the ratio becomes unity when
T = 33,500 K

Thus stimulated emission will be normally dominant only in stars,


high-temperature and -density plasmas !!

How to create this condition near room temperature ?


Condition for producing amplification

Energy density u(ν) Area


A When light of intensity I0 incident
upon an absorptive material of
I0 I lenth L and area A

L
absorption: (upward stimulated transition)

spontaneous emission: N2 A21

stimulated absorption (downward)


Considering Boltzmann distribution, N2 < N1
g(ν) < 0, absorption!!

Therefore for an optical amplification: g(ν) > 0, hence N2 > N1


Absorption - Amplification Coefficient
Iν(x)
eαx
dx
Iν Iν +- dIν N2 > N1
Iν0

α(ν) N2 < N1
x

According to Boltzmann distribution, for a system in thermal equlibrium,

Therefore at positive temperature, positive gain is not possible.


How to achieve N2 > N1 ?
Is it possible to achieve population inversion with a two level system?

N2 E2
hν21 N1 >> N2
hν21
hν21 Due to absorption
N1 E1 N2 increases

N2 E2 When N1 = N2
Material becomes
B12
= B21
hν21
transparent,
no more increase
N1 E1 in N2

Population inversion with a two level system is not possible.


How to create population inversion ?
Three-level system :

Pump
band 3 E3
τ32 τ32 Fast Metastable
level
Pump 2 E2
transition
τ31 Optical
τ21 amplification
τ21 Slow
possible

1 E1
Population density

Example: Ruby crystal


Four-level system
Pump
band 4 E3
τ43 τ43 Fast
Metastable
3 E2 level
τ42
Pump τ41 Amplification
τ32 τ32 Slow
transition
2
E1 τ21 Fast
τ21
1
Population density
Examples : most of the laser systems
Next week:

Line broadening

Energy levels and radiation properties

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