DENSISCAN SERVICE MANUAL ECTION ONE ~ GENERAL INFORMATION .0 Characteristics and instrument description +0 Operating controls and displays ° Instrument specifications c al +2 3 5 1 1 1 SECTION TWO - MECHANICAL DESCRIPTION 2.1.0 Mechanical system 2.2.0 Optical system SECTION THREE - INSTRUMENT OPERATION CYCLES ° Turn ON self test cycle ° Operation codes 9 Reading cycle ° Error codes 3 3 3 3 ON FOUR - ELECTRONIC DESCRIPTION Signal path Switching power supply description Interface board description Single board computer description Keyboard description Thermal line printer description SECTION FIVE ~ INSTALLATION AND PERFORMANCE TESTS o Installation 0 Quality program test ° Service tests programme 0 Precautions for shipmentSECTIONSIX ~ MAINTENANCE, SERVICE TOOLS AND REPLACEMENT 6.1.0 Maintenance 6.2.0 Service kit 6.3.0 Service tools 6.4.0 Replacement parts SECTION SEVEN - PARTS LIST, DIAGRAMS AND DRAWINGS 7.1.0 Part list 7.2.0 Diagrams and drawings index SECTION EIGHT - RS 232 C INTERFACE 8.1.0 General characteristics 8.2.0 Transmission specifications 8.3.0 Interface hardware 8.4.0 Operating mode POWER SUPPLY ELECTROPHORESL: Pherostatatte) SECTION ONE - GENERAL INFORMATION CHARACTERISTICS AND INSTRUMENT DESCRIPTION The IL Densitometer, Densiscan, is a completely automatic instrument that quantifies electrophoretic operations. The instrument can scan electrophoresis pherograms in micro, semimicro or macro format for serumproteins, lipo- proteins, haemoglobing, isoenzymes, ect. on a variety of supports which includes cellulose acetate, agarose, agargel, polyacrylamides in tube or soft fibre. Both transparent and semi-transparent slides can be analysed. CHARACTERISTICS In this section the functional characteristics of the IL Densiscan will be outlined. Degree of automation The instrument can scan one support at a time in accordance with one of two fundamental methods: Automatic: the scanning of the support and the printing of the results is carried out sequentially without need for operator intervention between one sample and the next. Manual: in this mode one sample at a time is analysed. The correct positioning of each pherogram before reading is automatic , but the start of each scan is operator initiated. Manual Minima Manual determination of the minima is possible. In this case the original absorbance values are used and the modifications take place only at the level of the inte- gration calculation to establish the areas. Identification of the fractions The densitometer IL Densiscan can identify the basic serum- protein fractions, Under operator control, five or six fractions may be identifi, ed (the sixth fraction is relative to the}, fraction). Normal values The normal values of the serumprotein fractions, printed out with the results of analysis, may be modified permanently by the operator.Albumin/Globulin ratio The printing for the Albumin/Globulin ratio for the serum protein analyses may ve permanently inhibited. Copies of results The printer of the IL Densiscan uses thermosensitive paper and it is therefore not possible to use multicopy paper. However it is possible to have up to 9 numbers of copies of the results by means of an appropriate key on the instrument keyboard. INSTRUMENT DESCRIPTION The densitometer, IL Densiscan, is an automatic instrument which uses a microcomputer for the evaluation of electrophg retic separations. The selection of programs in the instrument is carried out exclusively via the keyboard thus reducing to an absolute minimum the possibility of error. Prior to starting each analysis, it is necessary to insert data in a predetermined sequence. The insertion of the slide is "stardardized" in appropriate holders which give you ease of operation and improve the analytical reproducibility of the results.a) Front view In the fig. 1a are shown: 1. The housing for the paper in output from the printer. 2. The cover printer with the printer window. 3. The keyboard switch panel. 4. The optical assy. 5. The slide holder housing. 6. The scanning assy cover. 7. The cooling area on the top cover. b) Rear view: In the fig. 1b are shown: 1. The power switch. 2. The instrument fuses size. 3. The power cord input socket. 4. Supplementary earth terminal. 5. The RS 232 C interface output connector. 6. The instrument label. innit Fin. ab > ara vinec) Scanning system: The IL Densiscan is capable of analyzing a wide variety of electrphoretic separations in micro, semi-micro and macro format on transparent and semi-transparent supports such as cellulose acetate, agargel, agar and plyacrylamides. The scanning length per pherogram is from 17 to 75 mm. The IL Densiscan can analyse up to 8 samples a time, con- tained on one support and mounted in the appropriate holder. The holder support is allocated onto a mechanical scanning system, where it can move in the X and Y directions on the horizontal plane, These movements are obtained by mean of a system composed of stepper motors and screws. In this way the movements has a very high precision with steps in the order of 0,03mm. 4) Optical assembly: The densitometric evaluation is carried out entirely in transmittance and the optical linearity is guaranteed up to an Optical Density of 3,0 with the following accuracy: up to 2,5 0.D. better than 2% up to 3,0 0.D. better than 3% The optical system consists of: - an infrared filter to eliminate direct heat from the support = a focusing slit of 0,2 mm width ~ two filters for wawelength selection together with a free position - a lens system to provide accurate focusing - a detector The automatic zeroing of the instrument takes account of the degree of transparency of the support. FIG. 1c - OPTICAL ASSYThe other parts of the optical assy are shown in fig. 1c: 1) lamp fixing screw 2) halogen lamp socket 3) fitter selector knob 4) halogen lamp connector 5) cover photoresistor e) Printer assy: A thermal line printer is used in the IL Densiscan. It has a line printout of 9,5 em about. On this printer the results are printed out in graphic and alpha numeric forms. . Given the kind of printer used in the IL Densiscan, the operation of the instrument in absence of printer paper must be avoided at all the times since such operation could seriously damage the print head. To guarantee this situation an optical sensor has been fitted which detects the presence of paper (see fig. id). Whenever this sensor detects the absence cf paper, all instrument functions are inhibited and the instrument must be switched OFF, a new roll paper inserted and the instrument switched ON again before normal operations can be resumed. An indicator led on the instrument keyboard advises the operator of the lack of paper. OPERATING CONTROLS AND DATA OUTPUT FORMAT KEYBOARD The dialogue between operator and instrument is accomplished by the keyboard and printer. The parameters selected via the keyboard (see fig. 2a) are displayed on the printer.oO8 i = ~“ > 2 FIG. 2a ~ KEYBOARD SWITCH PANELThe parameters selected via the keyboard are displayed on the printer. o-9 PAPER ADV START STOP ENTER YES/NO PRINT CODE The number keys for compilation of the data to be inserted into the microcomputer. The decimal point. The command key for advancing the printer paper. This key cdvances for as long as it is activated. : The key has a double function: START: the key for initiating the analytical process. STOP: this function is only operative during an analytical cycle. Operating of the key under these conditions stops the analytical process at the end of the sample currently being analysed. The command key for the insertion into the microcomputer of the numerical data and funeticns selected. These keys are used to reply to questions imposed by the microcomputer via the printer. This key has a double function: PRINT: in this case the key activates the generation of copies of the analytical results. An appropriate question displayed on the printer paper informs the ope- rator when copies may be requested. CODE: in this case the key commands access to the special functions of the instrument.CLEAR The command key for cancelling data. a) Cancels the numerical cata or functions selected by the operator for insertion into the microcomputer at any time prior to operating the "ENTER" key. b) Programme modification command which clears the programme data, if it is operated after the number of the line requested. (CLEAR / N@ / ENTER). The instrument will represent the appro- priate line on the printer and await the insertion of new data. c) If operated in sequence with "ENTER", zeroes all functicns and the instrument returns to initial conditions. INDICATOR LEDS Three LED indicators are mounted on the front panel. DATA INPUT This indicator signals the condition of the microcomputer, It may be off or flashing. Elashing: the instrument is requesting the insertion of programme data. off: the instrument is ready for analysis. BUN This indicator signals the condition of the instrument; it may be off, gn or flashing. off: no analytical process is in action. on. an analytical process is in action. Flashing: the instrument is ready to start the analytical process. PAPER LOW This indicator signals the absence of printer paper. AS described in section 1.1.2e this indicator blocks all instrument functions when it is on.15 DATA OUTPUT FORMAT The printer of the analytical results instrument presents the operator with the and provides the interface for the dialogue between operator and instrument carried out via the keyboard. The analytical res is as shown in the _—— TAFE ia aod EPR Pn PDE CEE EEE ult, normalised in a 12,6 x 20,5 cm format, figure 2b. | 2 RE oS a pee COCR ERODE FIG. 2b - DATA OUTPUT FORMATType of electrphoresis - only for serumprotein. Date, as entered by the operator. Space for writing the patient's name. Patient identification number - as entered by the operator. Sample number, relating to the support being analys ed. . Support number; this information is automatically updated by the affermative reply to the corresponding question (see operator's manual section 4.4.). Graphical result. Identification of the minima. Graduated scale for the determination of minima. Values of the graduated scale. Percentage values. Normal values. Identification of the serumprotein fractions. Concentration values in grams/litre. Albumin/Globulin ratio. Total Protein value.INSTRUMENT SPECIFICATIONS PHOTOMETRIC SCANNING SYSTEM Light source Filters Measurement range Zero compensation Scanning length Frames DATA PRESENTATION Throughput Printout format Copies of the results OPERATIONS Data inputing Halogen lamp 525 nm; 620 nm plus a free position Up to 2,5 0.D. linearity better than 2% from 2,5 to 3,0 0.D. linearity better than 3% Automatic From 17 to 75 mm For micro, semi-micro, macro size and polyacrylamides flat or tube. 20 seconds per sample (scanning and documentation) 12,6 x 20,5 cm on the thermal paper. The printout includes: serumprotein fraction identification (with 2), normal values, A/G ratio, date, patient identification, sample identification on the slide. Up to 9 Date, N® of scans, Patient Identifit cation (6 digits), Total Protein value. The scanning length and the center- to-center distance are automatically calculated. LINE VOLTAGE, FREQUENCY AND POWER REQUIREMENTS The instrument may operate on main supplies having nominal characteristics of 115 Vac + 10% 50/60Hz or 220 Vac + 10% 50/60Hz. During normal operation the instrument has a current con- sumption of 1 amp at 220 Vac or 2 amp at 115 Vac.1.3.6 TEMPERATURE RANGES The IL Densiscan will operate safely in the range 10°C to 40°C as per IEC 601-1 regulations. Accuracy and repeatability specifications are guaranteed from the range 15°C to 35°C. HUMIDITY RANGE The IL Densiscan will function correctly in humidities up to 85% non-condensing. NOISE The noise level of the instrument during operation, is maintained at less than 65dB in the normal operating position with the operator 0,5 metres from the front of the instrument. DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHT Width 54,5 om Depth 57,5 em Height 14/27,5 cm Weight 18 KgSECTION TWO MECHANICAL DESCRIPTION MECHANICAL SYSTEM (Refer to drawing n° 19) The scanning system is situated at the front right of the instrument and is protected by a cover which must remain closed during the analysis of pherograms to eliminate the ingress of ambient light which could falsity the results. The scanning assembly consists principally of a “Basement Assy" (figure 2.1 item 2) fixed to the base of the instrument and a mobile"intermediate and top frame" which can be moved in the X and Y directions by two stepper motors with warm gears. The Optical Assembly item 4 (see section 2.2.0), is also fixed to the basement assembly. Mounted to the basement and intermediate assemblies are two hall limit switches which determine the zero, or reset, positions in the longitudinal or transverse axes. Thus, once the slide holder has been mounted into the mobile top frame the holder is moved such that each sample on the slide is passed, in turn, under the light source. The light wnich passes through the slide impinges on a photosensor fixed to the basement (item 10). The signal from the photosensor is sent directly to the interface board (see section 4.3.0). BASEMENT ASSEMBLY With regard to the basement assembly this consists of a solid block in which is mounted the longitudinal worm screw (item 3) connected via a Rotex coupling (item 9) to the longitudinal stepper motor (item 5). This screw rotates inside a female thread that is achieved below the intermediate mobile frame, thus transmitting the longitudinal movement to the intermediate freme itself. The screw parts are accurately machined and lubricants should not be used. The longitudinal motor has a 15° rotaticn per step and therefore a resolution of 0,06 mm length at the screw thread.INTERMEDIATE AND TOP FRAME ASSEMBLY The upper part of the scanning assembly consists of two parts, movable with respect to each other. The lower of these parts is connected to the longitu- inal warm by means of a female thread, when the screw turns the intermediate frame moves in either of the lon gitudinal directions. The movement of this frame with respect to the basement is eased by slides (item 13) fixed to the sides of the fixed and mobile parts. Each of these slides has a "slot". Betwenn the two slots (slides) for each side are a series of roller cages (item 14) which rotate as the slides move maintaining an even movement at fixed distance. These items are not to be lubricated. In the intermediate frame the transverse worm screw is mounted. This screw is coupled to the transverse motor (item 6) by means of a flexible coupling (item 7). This screw rotates inside a female thread fitted to the base of the "top frame" thus transmitting the transverse movement to the top frame itself on which is mounted the slide in its slide holder. The transverse stepper motor has a rotation of 7,5° per step and has therefore a transverse resolution of 0,03 mm width. The free movement between top and intermediate frame is guaranteed by a system of slides identical to that described previously. In the upper part of the top frame there is the housing for the slide holder. On the innermost side (with respect to the instrument) of the top frame there are two retractable pins which are forced towards the inside by means of two coahceled springs. These pins are forced inwards when the slide holder is inserted so that the holder is held firmly in position. The space available for the slide holders is sufficient for the various types of holder (macre, semi-micro, micro, tubolar). PHOTODIODE ASSEMBLY The photodiode (item 10) is fixed to the basement assembly exactly in line with the optical assembly (item 4). This solid state sensor may be of Hamamatsu or Centronic manufacture (see section 4.3.0). The electrical signal from the sensor is sent directly to the interface board (see section 4.3.0).2.2.0 HALL LIMIT SWITCHES As noted in section 2.1.0 two hall limit sensors are used to detect the reset or start position of the scanning as- sembly. One sensor is fitted to the basement to detect the longitudinal movement start position and one sensor to the intermediate frame to detect the transverse start position. Hall limit switches operate when an associated magnetic field strength rises above a predetermined level. To this end cast permanent magnets are fitted to the intermediate and top frames such that when these frames are in their rest positions the magnets create the cor- rect field for operation of the limit switches. During start up the intermediate and top frames are moved until the hall limit switches are activated. The reset, or start, position represents the condition of the instrument during stand-by and the point from which all longitudinal and transverse movement starts. The electrical signals from the two limit switches are passed directly to the interface board (see section 4.3.0). OPTICAL SYSTEM (Refet to drawing 11) The optical system of the IL Densiscan consists of the halogen lamp, slit, filters and lenses and is fixed to the basement assembly exactly opposite the photodiode assembly. In addition to this assembly 4 photoresistor is fitted which detects whether the cover is open or closea. OPTICAL ASSEMBLY Referring to drawing n° 11 we can see that the optical assembly is composed of two parts, the upper and lower (items 2 and 1). a In the upper part there is a container for the halogen lamp (figure 2.2 item 5). Once the lamp has been inserted it is locked in position by tightening the knob (item 7) into the slot in the lamp socket. The lamp is connected electrically by means of the connector (item 10) fitted to one side of the top optical body assy, from which a cable leads directly to the switching power supply (see section 4.2.0). Immediately below the halogen lamp an infrared filter is fitted to minimize heat transmission to the slide. Following the filter a blanking plate with a 0,2 mm wide slit, transforms the light into a well defined beam. The light then passes through a selectable filter before passing into the convex lens system (item 4).FIG. 2.2 OPTICAL ASSY These filter positions may be selected by rotating the filter support (item 3) ty the knob (item 6). Two fixed filters are normally provided in the centre position of the three-way selector, the centre position remaining free. The fixed filter are green (520 nm) for red coloured separations and red (625 nm) for blue or black coloured separation. The lens system provides a well defined fixed focus light beam for illuminating the slides. Yhe different illuminated areas required for the various types of slide are achieved by having holders wnich support the slide or tube at different distances from the light source slit. COVER PHOTORESISTOR In the upper part of the optical assembly (item 2) a small p.c.b. is fitted to which is mounted the photore- sistor, The sensitive surface of this sensor faces the front of the instrument. This photcresistor detects the presence of ambient light, i.e. cover partly or fully open, and signals the single board computer via the interface board. During the start-up self test cycle (see section 3.1.0), should the cover be open, an acoustic signal is given and the request CLOSE THE COVER, PLEASE, is printed out. Should the cover be raised during pherogram analysis the acoustic signal is given to warm the operator and, once the cover has veen reclosed, the scan is process at the time of opening is automatically repeated. 63.1.0 SECTION THREE ~ INSTRUMENT OPERATIONAL CYCLES TURN - ON SELF TEST CYCLE At switch-on, the program carries out a test of all the functions of the instrument, printing out the patterns and messages shown be low: eee TEST PROCEDURE OK PERFORMED 1) SERUMPROTEIN?3.1.1 SELF TEST CYCLE DESCRIPTION In this section a step by step description of the initial test pro- gram is given. a) b) ) 4) e) ‘The three LED's of the keyboard switch panel are switched on in sequence. Activation and control of the Dot Failure circuit (Printer Software Failure - see section 4.3.4). NOTE: If the circuit functions correctly, ‘the program passes to step c)- If on the other hand an error is detected the three keyboard LED's flash and the sonalert "beeps". The program is now blocked and reentry can only be achieved by switching the instrument OFF and ON again. Advances the paper a short distance to verify the presence of paper. NOTE: If paper is present, the program passes to step d), otherwise the Paper Low LED is illuminated and the sonalert "beeps"; in this state it is necessary to switch OFF the instrument, fit paper (or correct a fault) and switch ON again. carries out a dots test of the printer. During this test the printer will print a complete line of 384 dots followed by @ line space. This is followed by 64 lines of alternate dots concluding with another complete line. The correct function of the printer can be easily controlled visually. carries out EPROM menory tests. This test uses "checksum" procedures on each EPROM.f) h) Nor If the test is positive, the program passes immediately to step f). In the case of error the message ERROR n is printed, where n represent the number of the chip which gave erroneous re~ sults as follows: IC on the SBC — After printing the relevant error, the program passes to step f). Carries out RAM memory tests using a WRITE/READ technique. NOrE If the test is positive the program moves to step g). Otherwise the message ERROR 5 is printed after switch the program moves on to g)+ Carries out NON-VOLATILE Memory test (u18). Nor If the test is positive the program noves to step h). Otherwise the message ERROR 6 is printed after which the program moves on to h). Activates the longitudinal and transverse stepper motors and moves the intermediate and top frames into the home position as defined by the hall limit switches. nor! If the HOME POSITION is correctly identified the program will move to point i). If either home position is not identified the message ERROR 10 or ERROR 11 will be printer for the X or Y axes respectively.i) a) n) After testing the Hall limit switches, the top frame is moved to coordinate 1919, 1407 being the maximum movements in both ¥ and Y directions respectively. ‘The frame is then returned to the home position and the pro gran composes the number of steps necessary to move the fra me in each axis to the maximum position with the number of steps required to return. If the difference is greater than 24 steps in either axis the printer will show ERROR 10 or 11 ag appropriate and the program will move to step g)- If there is no error the program moves to step 1. nor! This test checks that the full length of the two worm screws are free of obstructions. ‘The program checks whether the scanning group cover is open by checking the state of the photoresistor mounted on the optical assembly. NOTE If the cover is closed the program moves immediately to step m). If the cover is open the sonaler "beeps" until the cover is closed when the program moves on to step m). ‘The intermediate frame is moved to 3nm from the X home posi- tion. The top frame is moved to 2,5nm from the ¥ home position, After selecting the maximum level of attenuation the instrument reads the signal from the optical sensor to see if the halogen lamp is on. If the reading is greater than 256 points the program moves to step 0). If the reading is less than 256 points the message ERROR 07 is printed and the program moves to point q).0) The top and intermediate frames are returned to the home position. If an error is established during this step the program moves to step q). P) The printer prints the message: IL DENSISCAN: Self-Test procedure 0.K. performed. a” The sequential lighting of the keyboard LED's is stopped, the message: 1) SERUM PROTEIN? is printed and the LAD “DATA INPUT" flashes. ‘The instrument is now ready to proceed with the analysis of pherograms (see Operator's Manual section 4.0).ERROR MESSAGES A series of message are ser ‘ne opersior by way of tue printer in the case of anomalies in the instrumer ‘rors in the setting of th> program. IMPOSSIBLE AUTOMATIC TRACE LENGTH DETERMINATION Although the setting of scannina length is normally an autor «ic process within the instrument, it can be that, because of @ poor quality support, the instrument cannot identify the scanning length. \n this case, and to obviate rejecting the analysis, or generating erroneous results, the scanning length may be inserted manually. When the above conditions have been established the instrument presents the demand: ENTER THE LENGTH OF SCANNING IN MM: The operator replies by entering the value required followed by ENTER.CLOSE THE COVER See description in section 3.1.0 HIGH TRANSMITTANCE The amount of light arriving at the optical sensor is too high. Check the correct setting of the filter. LOW TRANSMITTANCE The amount of light arriving at the optical sensor is too low. Check the correct setting of the filter, the positioning of the slide holder and the correct operation of the halogen lamp. Uf the halogen lamp needs ceplacing see section. 6.3.0 ERROR 1-2-3-4 These error signals indicate defects in EPROM'S 1,2,3 and 4 respectively. Call your IL Service Department.3.4.10 ERROR 5 This message indicates an error in the ready access memory (RAM) Call your IL Service Department. ERROR 6 This message indicates an error in the non-volatile memory which contains the variable parameters of the instrument (normal values etc-). Re-enter the data as described in section 4.6 Of Operator's Manual. If the message continues call your IL Service Department. ERROR ? This signal indicates that no light was detected from the halogen lamp during the self-test procedure. = The lamp may be burnt-out, substitute ~ The optical path may be obstructed, clear = There may be a circuit fault. Call your IL Service Department. ERROR 8 ‘The halagen lamp is not powered. Call your IL Service Department.3.4.42 ROR 9 = Printed circuit board failure = Call your IL Service Department. 3.4.12 This message indicates an error in the x-axis movement of the scanning assembly. = Call your IL Service Department. 3.4.13 =BRORM This message indicates an error in the y-axis movement of the scanning assembly. = Call your IL Service Department. 3.4.14 ERROR 12 This message indicates an error in recognition of the fixed index on the slide holder. ~ Check that the index has not lost its white colour. ~ Check that indeces are correctly placed, or recheck with another holder = If the message continues call your IL Service Department.3.4.15 3.4.16 3.4.47 ERROR 13 This message indicates that the positioning of the indeces does not correspond to the type of slide. ~ Check positioning of slide and indeces. ~ If persistent call your IL Service Deapartment. ERROR 14 This message indicates an error in the recognition of the window length. = Check slide positioning = If persistent call your IL Service Department ERROR: SERUMPROTEINS NOT IDENTIFIED During the Quality Control precision test the various serumprotein fractions have not been identified. The scan is ignored. After 4 ignored scans the program aborts.SECTION FOUR - ELECTRONIC DESCRIPTION SIGNAL PATH The signal path in the IL Densiscan is shown in figure 1a. The light from the halogen lamp is passed through the pherg gram to the photosensitive area of a photodiode. The electrical signal, from the photosensor is sent into the analog circuit of the Interface board. In this circuit the signal is amplified and if necessary attenuated for the ADC input. After this step the signal is sent to the SBC ADC input. The digital signal from the ADC is processed using the programs contained in the memory area. At the end of processing, the results are printed out on a thermal printer in both graphic and alpha numeric form. a M4 mre as. na | FIG. 1a - SIGNAL PATH4.2.0 SWITCHING POWER SUPPLY DESCRIPTION (see drawings 2.0 and 2.1) A switching power supply has been chosen for the IL Densiscan for the following reasons: - the total dimensions of the assy are reduced compared to a traditional supply. - No fan cooling is required. - The ratio between power output and power input is of the order of 70/80%; significantly higher than for a normal supply. - The acceptable voltage range of the main supply is larger, minimizing tap changing for differing nominal supply voltages. 4.2.1 GENERAL The switching power supply may be divided into three fundamental sections as shown in the figure below. 20 KHz ——.. TRASFORMERT2 wuPuT Re PRIMARY | | o—1d.<. SUPPLY. EB | | crReuits | suppry | CIRCUITS i SWITCHING OSselLLATOR = -—— _| aNd Z 7 IcoNTROL, ean FIG.2a - SWITCH POWER SUPPLY BLOCK DIAGRAM Each of the three sections will be described in the fol- lowing sections. The switching power board will work correctly for supply voltages in the range 187 Vac to 276 Vac, i.e. 220 Vac nominal -15% to 240 Vac nominal +15%.1 SAINI? | ' frags ?qIf the jumpers are changed on the board itself, see section 4.2.2 the switch power board works with supply voltages in the range 98 Vac to 132 Vac, i.e. 110 Vac nominal -10% to 120 Vac nominal +10%. PRIMARY CIRCUITS The primary circuits can also be considered as two separate sections: the filter and rectifier section and the switching section which drives the transformer T2. The 220 Volt a.c. (or 110 Volt) supply enters the board vie connector P17 and passes immediately through the filter circuits composed of LI with C13 to C16. This circuit provides filtering both of incoming noise which could affect the switching circiit and at the same time filters out any switching signals at 20 Khz whicn could otherwise be transmitted into the power supply line in contravention of national and international regulations, e.g. CISPR 16. The input supply is fed directly to the service transformer T1 which is used to supply + 15 Vac to the control circuit. In this way the control circuit is always cperative even in the case of failure of the remained of the primary or DC supply circuits. Transformer Tl has two equal primaries linked as shown for 220 Vac operation or connected in parallel for 110 Vac operation. The change is effected by inserting or removing the jumpers of TB1 on the board. The input supply is now passed through the 15 ohm thermistor NTC1 to the full wawe rectifier BR1. The rectified output 45 smoothed in the two capacitor and resistor circuits C17, R50, and C18, R49. The centre point of the filter circuits is connected to the centre tap of transformer Tl for 220 Vac operation on one side of the supply input for 110 Vac operation. Across R49, RSQ or C19, 20, therefore there is a d.c. voltage of 300 Volts with ripple at 50 Hz. The switching circuit itself may be amplified into the circuits shown below where the two switches TR4 and TRS represent the transistors in the full circuit diagram. FIG.2b - SIMPLIFIED SWITCHING CIRCUITSThe common point of C19 and C20 is at half the full voltage of 300V since the two capacitors are identical. When TR4 is closed C19 tends to discharge, via the current passing through the two transformers T2 and T4, towards A. In the same way C20 tends to discharge towards zero when TRS is on. In this’case the current in T2 and T4 is flowing in the opposite direction. The switching of the two transistors TR4 and TRS is not coincident, in fact a period always exist when both tran- sistors are off. For this reason the diodes D19 and D20 allow the capacitors to discharge thereby protecting the transistors. The actual charge/discharge excursion of the capacitors is very small since the time constant of the capacitors (1 UF each) is very long compared to the switching period. ‘The two transistors TR4 and TR5 therefore apply an alternating voltage of about 150V to the primary winding of T2. The switching of transistor TR4 and TR5 is achieved by applying the high frequency switching signal to their bases via transformer 73. The diode and capacitor networks (D24, D23, C21) and (p22, D24, C22) are introduced such that when the transi- stors are switched off the capacitors, which has been charged to a voltage equal to the total diode voltage Drop, draws current from the base of the appropriate transi- stor thereby accellerating the transistor "switch-off" time. In this condition, with both transistors OFF, some residual tension can remain on P1 of T2. This is limited by R51 and C23 which also damp the overshoot during switching. The secondaries of T3 are wound in such a way that the transistors conduct alternately. The winding 7, 8 of transformer T3 is a countereaction winding which depends not only the primary/secondary ratio but also the load. This allows sufficient current to be fed into the switching transistor bases to support the required collector current at saturation ( 10) of 2 Amperes. DC_SUPPLY CIRCUITS All the d.c. supply circuits have exactly the same configu- ration in that they consist of full wawe rectifies followed by LC smoothing circuits. LC filters are prefereable due to the switching nature (20 KHz) of the primary voltage. Through them high frequency spikes and ripple are satesfactorely eliminated.The resistors R52, 53, 59, 60/46 and 61/47 ensure that no supply runs under no load conditions and therefore damping oscillatory tendencies in the filter circuits which can appear in unloaded conditions. The unregulated outputs have a tolerance of + 10% which is determined by the accuracy of the transformer T2 and the action of the control circuits. The printer circuit supply (output P14/2 or P14/1) has alternative secondary taps for 20V and 18V nominal supplies. This 1s to take account of possible different printer modules. The present version of the densitometer printer requires a voltage of 20V. The +6V lamp supply has to be maintained constant in order to guarantee constant light intensity during the analysis of pherograms, This constancy is obtained by sensing the current flowing in R57, (sum of the current in the +6V and +5V digital supplies), in the control circuitry (see section 4.2.4). The +5V digital logic supply is further protected in that, should the voltage rise above 5,6 Volts, zener diode 22 conducts activating the gate of the silicon controlled rec~ tifier SCR1 which shorts the supply. This action causes the current in R57 to increase substantially and the control circuit switches off the switching action (see section 4.2.4). The normal voltage at TP16 with respect to digital common is § Volts due to the voltage drops in D28 and R57. Since the precision required of the + 14,5V analogue supplies is higher than that provided by the basic circuitry, regulators IC4 and ICS are used. The output voltage is determined by R62, R64 for the +14,5 Volts supply and R63, R65 for the ~14,5 Volts supply. Diodes D382, 33, 34, 39, 40 and 41 protect the regulators from inverse voltages caused by short circuits or other failures. CONTROL CIRCUITS a) Compensation and regulation circuits The control circuits of third power supply contain a pulse width modulator, $G3524 (IC1) for the primary switching circuit and a series of sensing circuits which protect the instrument against power failure, over voltage, internal overloads and short circuits.The delicated supply for this circuitry is provided by rectifying the approximately 15 Vac signal from the secondary of T1 in diodes D25 and D26. The diodes are followed by a filter capacitor, C24 and a zener diode network Zi, R3 to maintain the supply voltage at 10 Vdc (+ VBIAS, TP6). This voltage is used as the supply voltage of IC1, 2 and 3 as well as transistors TR1 and TR6. The block schematic of ICi is shown in the figure below. The oscillator timing resistor R16 (connected to IC1 pin 6) and timing capacitor C4 (connected to IC1 pin7) provide a basic oscillator frequency of about 37 KHz. The oscillator output available at pin 3 is not used in this circuitry. : The outputs of the error amplifier, current limiting circuits and shut down circuitry are combined internally in a pulse steering flip-flop which drives the bases of the two incommitted transistors (collector outputs 12 and 13). These collector signals are used to drive transistors TR2 and TR3 in push pull. Their collectors are connected in turns to the primary of T3 and thus the switching signal for the primary circuit is obtained (see this section paragraph 4.2.2).b) During normal functioning, IC2 controls variations in the load currents by monitoring the primary current of transformer T2 via the current in Pl of T4. This current is converted into a voltage and rectified by the bridge networkD3-D6 from which it is passed to pin 3 of Ic2. Pin 2 of IC2 is fixed in value by the internal reference voltage Vref. Variation of the voltage at pin 3 more positive than pin 2 switch the output pin 7 at zero level and therefore through the pin 9 blocks the operations of the internal comparator ICi. . This circuit avoids an overcurrent, higher than the predetermined value. As soon as pin 3 of 1C2 comes hack to a negative value with respect to the voltage of pin 2, the comparator through pin 9 of IC1 resumes the normal operations. Shut_down circuits Pin 9 of the pulse width modulator IC1, is used not only for load current control but also per a.c. compensation since the output filter R21C6 eliminates frequency peak in the range of 200 Hz, which is the peak of the internal uncompensated amplifier. When the value of VBIAS drops below 10 Volts ceases to conduct, TR1 switches off, D1 conducts and VBIAS is applied to pin 3 of Ice. When the voltage on pin 3 rises above 3 Volt output pin 7 goes to 0, and blocks IC1 via pin 3. A further shut down is provided to pin 10 of ICl. This line goes to 5 Volts when the input on pin 8 of ICc3 is less positive than the threeshold on pin 9. Normally TR6 is off and D17 does not conduct. The potential on pin ® of IC3/a is therefore determined by the +5V logic supply and resistor R40, R43 when the +5V is at nominal this voltage is approximately 2,7. Should the potential on the 5V line goes down the voltage at pin 8 of IC3 will fall to a voltage negative with respect to the voltage at pin 9 of IC3 (~ 2,5V), thereby shutting down the pulse width modulator. During the turn ON of the instrument the pin 8 of Ic3/a is maintained positive with respect to the pin 9, and in this way during this time IC1 is not stutted down. This is true because when the voltage on Z1 is less than 10V, Z1 is open and TR6 is ON charging capacitor C11 to held pin 8 of I¢3/a at high level, even of the 5V out has not reached the nominal value.cP) When the level voltage on 21 rises up to 10V, Z1 conducts and the TR6 goes off. With TR6 OFF the voltage on pin 8 of IC3/a depends on the 5V out value. In addition to these two shut down signals the Printer Software Fail signal is connected to pin 8 of IC3 via D15 and R41, Should software fail occur this input wil be at +0 Volt causing pin 8 to be pulled negative above the threeshold on pin 9 and therefore also causing shut down, However this line is not connected. Other circuits : The error amplifier (pins 1 and 2 of IC1) works on tne +6V (lamp) supply comparing on attenuated level of this voltage about 3 Volts dependent on the setting of RV1, applied to pin 1 of the error amplifier with the IC1 internal reference as attenuated by R17, R15 and applied to pin 2. Variations on the 6V supply, positive or negative, are then used to modulate the IC1 osciliater thereby varying the "on" periods of the switching transistors TR4 and TRS to maintain the 6V supply at a fixed level. RVI is the only control on the switching power board and is factory preset. It should not be touched during field servicing. The current limit sensor in IC1 (pins 4 and 5) is essentially connected across R57, the current sensing resistor in the common line of the 6V and 5V digital supplies. As the current in this resistor varies the current limit sensor modulates the internal ICi oscillator such as to compensate for the current variation and maintain the current in these supplies constant. Both the error amplifier and the current limit sensor modulate the switching signals in such a way as to maintain constant voltages and currents in the various secondaries of 12 which have been caused by minor supply or load variations. Signal to SBC Two outputs are provided from this section to the single oard computer. The first signal Missing Lamp/ is generated, "0" level, if the current in R57 falls by an amount equal to the lamp current, i.e. when pin 4 of IC3 becomes positive with respect to pin 5.Thus a signal is produced if the lamp burns out or is removed. The second circuit is for the INIT/ signal, which gene rates a negative pulse (dv) when the instrument is switched ON as follows: when the instrument is switched ON, the reference voltage of IC1 appears at the -ve input (pin 10) of IC3 via the divider chain R37, R38. At this time capacitor C10 is charging up via R35 from the +5V secondary supply. Pin 11 of IC3 is therefore negative with respect to pin 10 and IC3 output pin 13 is at dv. When the 45V supply has fully charged C10 (about 2,7V) pin 11 is in positive with respect to pin 10 and the output of IC3 goes to +5V. Should a short term power failure occur then rapidly through D14 and the circuit is nearby to produce a new reset pulse at switch on.INTERFACE BOARD DESCRIPTION Schematic drawing 62082-00 Dwg n2 7. Assembly drawing 84990-00 Dwg n& 6. GENERAL The function of this board, as its name implies, is to provide the interface between the single board computer and the various mechanical and op- tical sub-units of the instrument. The block diagram is shown in figure 3a and the various sections of the board may be defined as follow: - Address decoder and data bus multiplexer, - Optical scanner driver circuits, - Printer circuits, - Keyboard and sensor circuits, - Optical scanner input circuits. A series of filter capacitors mounted at the d.c. power input to the board decouple noise signals generated on the board to the digital and analogue grounds thereby minimizing the risk of interference effects within the SBC and other circuits. These d.c. power inputs come from the switching power supply on P@ and, are sent from the interface board to the SBC via connector PD1 and PD2. At switch on of the instrument the switching power supply produces the signal INIT/ (Pg pin 1) which resets the printer software failure circuit (see section 4.4.4) and sets the latches U2 to US in tri-state. The generation of this signal is described in the switching power section 4.2.0. ADDRESS DECODER AND DATA BUS MULTIPLEXER The single board computer provides the majority of the data to be interfaced with other units on the data bus D to D9 (connector PD2) . This data may be in the form of instructions, for the operation of the printer or optical scanner, or information to be printed out.\ aan ar we [TosR ss) 7 - ict Dot WW tkde, § 43 Ai Lin? | e+ DA 7 4 spond eh tN | [Tales tony 1 a i} Ave : Pi) YA. > | ae AQono sou esis]: ij awe wat vid) SS Rat e007 | EN SSS | z 7 Lnsmue Ly, sadviaf——F ie datgnt tou fT rece AY v.99 240 Fh JH 3209315 1d aAsi9na7 pr) Set ~ yeiow . Ty [il wsuniug bzIn order to identify the type of data to be im - plemented the SBC also provides on the same input connector a series of address lines Ag to A2 toge ther with signals input select (182/) and memory write (MEMW/) which determine when the data is to be implemented. The address lines, together with MEMW/ and IS2/ are fed to the 1 in 8 decoder Ui (7418138). When the enable signals, MEMW/ and IS2/, are ac ~ tive, i.e. logic "0", the address lines are decoded to energize one of the outputs Yd/ to Y7/. The truth table of the decoder is as follows: 0 a lg t fa Hoe ke ew doa toa a a to at foot kk ke et tt a a fo oo s © 0 9 1 1 ro1roa at 1 0 ° 1 0 Cn tobooat fo 9 9 1 8 4 oy 1 a a af | o 8 toa fonpeerer eres ne etme | egret Of ett fervent fo 0 9 © ys tos 4 a 9 a 2 4] fo 0 1 @ 4 roy o4 o 1 af too 0 o 4 Tener eee ee emer erento g| Foo tt roa 1 1 oo} ! i Not all decoded outputs Y¢/ - Y7/ are used, infact only Y#/ to Y4/ are needed for the correct address- ing of the interface circuit. Y@/ to Y3/ are used to store the data bus information in the latch U2 to US. Each of these decoder outputs is buffered (U9) and fed to the LATCH/ input of a 7418373. As soon as the Y line is activated the latch steres the data bus information and retains it when the Y line returns to the deactive state. The addressing signal Y4/ is used for the printer software fail circuit as will be seen later.4.3, 4.3, OPTICAL SCANNER DRIVER CIRCUITS The latches U2 and U3 contain the necessary infor- mation for the movement of the longitudinal and transverse stepper motors of the optical scanner (see also section 2.1.0). Considering first the longitudinal drive motor, the output signals da, la, 2a and 3a of U2 are fed to inputs INS, 1, 2, and 3 of the stepper motor driver U6, ULN2068B. This driver connects sequentially to ground two of the four motor windings by means of internal switching transistors. The 24V motor supply is used as the switching transis tor supply within the driver chip. In series with each driver output a resistor reduce the L/R tame constant of the motor windings and therefore achieve the required motor speed. The transverse motor circuit is essentially the same as for the longitudinal motor but shares the drivers U7 and U8 with the printer motor. This has been done to reduce the total dissipation in the drivers since the printer motor has a power dissipation which, on its own, would overload a single driver stage. To aid heat dissipation each of the driver stages U6, U7 and U8 is fitted with a heat sink. PRINTER CIRCUITS The printer motor circuit has already been described, in effect, in the preceding paragraph. The various signals required for driving the print head are latched in U4 together with one signal from U3 output 16. The print head dots are divided into two groups which are alternatively powered by the two signals POWER DOT 1 (C1) and POWER DOT 2 (C2). These signals are determined by the states of output lines 4a and 5a of U4 which are buffered in U12, out- put pins 8 and 10, to drive transistors Q1 and Q2. The peak power required by the print head is 5 Amp whilst the mean is of the order of 2 amp. The peak current requirement is satisfied by the 4700 /XF capacitors C1 and C2.The data to be printed is transmittea serially via the lines DATA INI and DATA IN2 under control of the clock signal CP1, CP2 generated from latch U3 pin 16. This data is stored in two 128 bit shift registers mounted in the printer head assembly (see section 4.6.0). The selection of the data in the shift registers to be presented to the print head dot circuits is deter mined by the four strobe signals (STR1 to STR4) pro- vided from latch U4 via the open collector buffer inverter stages U11 (output 2, 4, 6 and 12) and routed via output connector P3 pins 14, 12, 10 and 8. If the printer dots are energized for too long a period of time permanent damage to the printer head can occur. To protect the printer from software errors a printer software failure circuit is provided. This circuit consists of U10, 11, 12, 13 and 14, The normal dot energizing time of about ams is determined by the strobe signals so that failure may be detected by determining the correct functioning of these signals. The four inverting buffer stages (U11 pins 8 and 10, and U1O pins 2 and 6) for a "NOR" function such that whenever an input strobe signal goes to a "1" the combined output goes to "0". This signal, STR ON/, causes the output buffer stage 10 (pins 4 and 12) goes to a "1", thus allowing C3 to charge towards +SY via R17 (R18) and R19. When the strobe signal goes off the capacitor is discharged to OV. During the whole of this period the output (pin 3) of U14 remains at "1", Should the strobe signal remain ON for a period of about 4,5 ms the voltage on C3 will rise the threeshola level on the trigger U14 (555) and its output (pin 3) will go to a "0", This sets the bistable composed of U13 (output pins 6 and 12) and the signal on U10/8, PRINTER SOFTWARE FAIL/, will go to a "Oo",4.3.5 When the software fail line goes to a "0", all four strobe signals STR1 to STR4 are set to "O" by the buffer stages U12 (outputs 2, 4, 6 and 12) and no further energizing of the print head dots takes place. The same software fail signal is routed to the single board computer via PD1 pin 36 (Col 7/). ‘The programme of the computer allows for a second attempt at printing, when the software fail circuit has been activated, To achieve this, the signal Y4/ from the address deco- der is used to reset the software fail bistable (U13) therefore causing the PRINTER SOFTWARE FAIL/ line to return to a "1" removing the inhibit from the strobe signals. A second attempt at printing is then made, but should software fail once more occur the strobe lines are once more inhibited. In this case the single poard computer does not give the command for a third attempt but instead causes the SONALERT to sound by commanding the latch output 1a on US. At this point resetting can only be achieved by switch ing the instrument OFF and then ON, since when the instru ment is switched ON the initial reset signal INIT/ resets the software fail bistable (U13) via input U13 pin 3 (ap 11). This INIT/ signal is aiso used to send the input latches into the tristate condition. KEYBOARD AND SENSOR CIRCUIT For clarity this section will be further sub-divided into the keyboard interface circuit, the hall limit switch sensors and the remaining various sensors. (a) The keyboard interface circuit, with the exception of the keyboard LED's, is contained in the circuits associ ated with the decoder U18 and the encoder Ui7. Four lines SLO to SL3 arrive from the SBC on PD1 pins 45, 46, 48 and 49. The first 3 of these provide the scanning for the 6 rows (ROWS/ to ROWS/) of the keyboard via the 1 in 8 decoder U18 (7415156). ‘The strove input for this decoder is held permanently at "0" so that the Row lines follow exactly the decoded select signals (SL).When a key has been activated and, at the same time the corresponding row is a "0", this "O" is transmitted to the relevant COLUMN line (Col @/, 1/ or 2/). These column signals are routed to U17 where under con trol of the select line SL3 the appropriate column signal is encoded and passed to the SBC (signals Col d/, 1/, 2/ and 3/} via connector PD1 pins 27, 28, 29 and 31. The binary coded select signals SLO to SL3, are clocked at 2 ms intervals and the circuit configuration is such that while SL3 is a "0", i.e. 8 periods of 16 ms, all 6 row lines are sampled and the resulting column signals are passed to the computer. NOTE: for 2 periods, equal to conts of 6 and 7, no action is required as these levels are not used in the 1 in 8 decoder U18. The remaining signals required by the keyboard are the commands to illuminate the LED's PAPER LOW, RUN and DATA input. These commands are piloted directly from the output Lines ga, 2a and 3a of the latch US. (v) The hall limit switch sensors are mounted on the optical scanner and identify the home position or start point in the transverse and longitudinal directions. Their purpose is to prevent, via the single board com- puter, the attempt to move the pherogram carriage beyond the mechanical "end stops" which might cause damage either to the motor or to the delicate mechanism of the optical scanner. When the pherogram carriage arrives at the end of travel in either direction the hall switch is magnetically activated and the transistor conducts drawing the collec- tor potential towards 0 volts. The 0 volt signal on the collectors is transmitted, via this this board, to the SBC on PD1 pins 32 and 33 (Col 4/ and Col 5/). Col 4/ is the transverse direction signal while Col 5/ is the longitudinal signal.(ce) The remaining sensors in this section are those concerned with the cover, the paper low and missing lamp. The signals from these three sensors arrive at the inputs 3, 13 and 10 of v17. The cover and paper low sensors are situated in the body of the instrument and their signals, which require amplification, enter the interface board via connector PS pins 11 and 1 respectively. The missing lamp detection is carried out on the switching power board (see section“4.2.0) and the signal, which requires no further amplification, is fed directly to U17 pin 10 from input connector P9 pin 10. The cover sensor consists of a sensitive photoresistor mounted in the halogen lamp housing on the optical scanner unit (see section 2.2.0). When the optical scanner cover is closed the photore- sistor is in the "dark" state and its resistance is extremely high. The potential at pin 13 of U16 is therefore held at substantially 14,5V via the 1,8 Mohm resistor R26. Pin 12 of U16 is at about 7,5 volts via R27/R30 (150 KOhm) and the output of U16, pin 14, is therefore negative. When the cover is opened, even by a small amount, the incident light falling on the photoresistor causes its resistance to drop rapidally thereby creating a positive potential difference between pins 12 and 13 of U1é. The high gain amplifier U16 therefore conducts generat ing a positive voltage on pin 14. This positive voltage is limited to +5 volts by the dio de CR2, which therefore protects the U17 input pin 3. The paper low sensor is mounted in the paper feed path of the printer prior to the print head (see section 4.6.0). This sensor protects the print head, via the SBC, from damage should no paper be present. Under normal conditions the light from a photodiode is reflected by the paper onto the associated phototransis tor which therefore conducts and takes pin 2 of U16 positive. This causes the output of U16, pin 1, to go negative to a potential of between -4 and -12 volts.This signal is further amplified in a second stage of U16 (output pin 7) whose output lies between 3,5 and 9 volts under these conditions. The output of the final amplifier stage U16 pin 8 is thus held close to zero, If the paper is missing no reflection takes place in the sensor and the phototransistor is "off". No current therefore flows in R34 and the outputs Uis pin 1 and 7 remain at zero volts. A positive potential difference exist therefore between the inputs (pins 9 and 10) of Wis and the output pin 8 moves towards +14,5 volts. : The input (pin 13) of U17 is protected by diode CR3 so that the positive potential does not exceed about 5,5 volts. The final signal missing lamp, which indicates either the absence or failure of the halogen lamp is, as previously stated, fed directly to pin 10 of U17. All three sensor signals are fed onto the relevant column-lines under the action of the SEL input to U17 which was described in the keyboard section. Use is made of the period (counts 8) when the keyboard does not need scanning. OPTICAL SCANNER INPUT CIRCUITS The heart of the measuring circuits in the DENSISCAN is a photosensor which detects the light transmitted through the pherogram slide from the halogen lamp. See also section two. A part of the interface board is dedicated to the input amplifier and range setting circuits associated with this detector. The input signal from the very sensitive detector is routed via a coaxial cable from the optical scanner unit and enters the interface board via a suitable connector fitted to the screening box which protects the high impedance input stages from interference and humidity problems. The input stage, U19, consists of a dual-fet operational amplifier, with an extremely low input bias current. The trimmer RV2 fitted for the offset voltage of this stage is factory preset. The current generated by the photosensor is converted into a voltage at the output of U19.The output of this stage is connected to the rest of the circuit via the computer ccntrolled relay U20. With U20 open the SBC determines the noise and offset levels generated by the two following stages, U21 and U22 avoiding the necessity, therefore, for offset connection of these stages. This electronic "zero" for the system is normally of the order of 200 to 400 mvolts. When the relay is closed the output signal of the input amplifier is passed to the attenuator and electronic switch array composed of U21 (DG 508) and associated components before passing to the final stage U22 which has a gain of about 30 (the ratio of R55 to RS4). The output voltage on pin 6 of U22 is always positive and is passed to the analogue/digital converter on the SBC via connector PD2 pin 17 (AN. IN.). The optical system of the Densiscan can accept an optical density range greater than the normal values exhibit by an average pherogram. The optical density of an average pherogram is never greater than 3. For this reason the attenuator is used to select the optimim range for U22 and the ADC on the single board computer. The actual attenuation selected is determined by the computer via the U21 address lines AO, Al and A2. These address lines which are provided via the data bus and latched into U5 (output pins 15, 16 and 19) is decoded by the switch array U21 (DG 508) as follows: Ag AL _AS__ SWITCH sl 82 $3 84 85 36 ST ° ° ° o au 1 1 a 88 HHooeHao eornoroHo NOTE: Only one level of attenuation is used during the analysis of any one pherogram.4.4.1 SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER DESCRIPTION Refer to block diagram figure 4 and Circuit diagram 17 and 18, the single board computer may be divided into various sub-sections: a) the CPU itself with the oscillator circuit. b) The address and data bus. ©) The menory bank. d) The input/output and peripheral selector circuits. ©) The analogue/digita! converter. £) The sensor scanning circuit. 2) The instrument status signals to CPU, h) Init, reset and software failure circuits. i) The RS232¢ interface output circuit. THE CENTRAL PROCESS UNIT The heart of the single board computer is the CPU type 8031 (U29). This chip addresses or sequences all other memories and circuits on the board and contains the master oscillator circuitry with the exception of the crystal itself. The crystal (8.0 Hz) is connected in parallel with a 1 Mohm resistor, between pins 18 and 19 of 8031, The four ports (PB - P3) are used as follow: Pd (9 - 7) Least significant digits of address plus data bus (output/input). P2 (g ~ 7) Most significant digits of address bus (output). PI (@ = 7) Sensor signals from keyboard, interface and switching power board (col 8/ = Co17/) (Input). P3 (d= 7) Various individual input and output signals. ‘The signal ALE which is present at all times when the oscillator is running and provided there is no reset, has a frequency of one sixth of the master oscillator, and is used for latching the least significant digits of the address bus (P9).The signals P SEN/ and P3.7/ ace used to synchronize the data bus inputs during fetch or reading of the memory (eprom, ram, non-volatile or external memory). The signal in output from P3.6 is used to synchronize the writing in the ram and non-volatile memory. ADDRESS AND DATA BUS ‘The 8031 is capable of addressing. - 64 Kbytes of program menory. ~ 64 Kbytes of external data menory. = 256 bytes of internal data memory and special function registers. The least significant digits of the address bus AJ - A7 are common with the data bus DB to D7, so that the address digits are latched in U2d (7418373) by the signal ALE. Digits AP - A12 of the addresses are used in the addressing of the individual memory bytes, whilst A13 - Al5 are used for chip selection via v2. The group of address digits AB - A1S does not need to be latched and the buffer, U23 (7418245), is used in unidirectional way only. The IL Densiscan does not use all available addresses or menory capa~ bility. The actual configuration is: ~ 32 Kbytes of eprom type 2764 (U3, U6, U11, U16). + 8 Kbytes of ram type 4802 (U2, U7, U12, U17). - 32 bytes of non-volatile type 2210 (U1). The selection of the required address patterns is achieved, by factory presetting the positionsof a series of jumpers connected to each menory chip. In particular JRL is open because there is no any internal ram memory in this type of CPU. Connector P50 provides, for test purposes or further expansion, all address lines, data bus lines and the signals RD/ and WR/. Connector P51 provides, for the same reason, the chip select signals, reset line, IS@/ and Is1/.4.4.8 THE MEMORY BANK The memory bank provides for 8, 28 pin packages for read only or read/write memory chips. THe standard JEDEC pin compatibilityallows for the fitting of 24 or 28 pin chips. When 24 pin chips are fitted in 28 pin, position pin 1 of the chip corresponds to pin 3 of the socket and so on. As described in section 2 a series of jumpers are factory preset for the particular configuration of memory chip used. Anonvolatile memory chip is used (U18), driven and selected by U8 (7418138), which receives the signals WR/, RD/, IS1/ and A8. The data contained in this non volatile chip is described in section 3.2... Even if the actual capability of this memory chip is 32 bytes, the 8 address lines (AQ - A7) are sufficient for total capability of 256 bytes. The definition of the menory addresses used or not used is carried out in the microprocessor itself or by program. THE INPUT/OUSPUT AND PERIPHERAL SELECTOR CIRCUITS A decoder U31 (7418138) generates 8 input/output select signals (ISP/ - 187/) by decoding address lines A@ ~ All, under the control of address lines Al2, 13, 14 and 15. ‘The IS/ signals are used to select the possible peripheral devices from the SBC board. Each I/O select signal covers 512 individual addresses, thus covering in total, the last 4 Keytes of memory. Of the eight select signals, IS#/ and ISI/ are used internally whilst 152/ and 187/ are available for external control. 182/ is used in the interface board, while the others are not used at present. Since the data bus is used both inside and outside the single board computer, a bidirectional driver U32 (7418245) is used to buffer ‘the input and output signals on this bus.4.4.6 The resistor networks RP4 and RPS on the data bus connector provide for noise rejection and protection of the various circuits connected, The bidirectional driver is controlled by the select lines IS@/ and JS1/ and the MEMR Line. Other signals used for input/output devices and routed from the single board computer, are the addresses Ag, Al and A2, the strobes MEMW/ ana NEMR/and the clock signal ALE/ on the connector P2C. These last three are open collector buffered versions of the micro- processor signals WR/, RD/ and ALB respectively. ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTER 28 (AD 574) is a successive approximation analogue to digital converter with a 12 bits output signal configuration. ‘The total conversion time is 36 microseconds and the reference is genera~ ted internally via the 49,9 ohm 1% resistor R7. The input of the converter is the analogue attenuated signal from the analog circuit on the interface board (see section 4.3.6) and may vary from 9 to 10V (positive only), Since the maximim analog input signal is 10V, the resolution is 2,44mV. Jumper JR13 enables the converter to be tested by providing zero and % full scale input voltage. Addressing of the converter is achieved by Af, Al, MEMR (the inverse of RD/ via IC 20/12) and 186/. Since the data bus has only eight lines (Df to D7) the output of the converter is read in two stages under the control of the addresses Ag, Al as follows: ADDRESS 9 - START CONVERSION ADDRESS $1 - READ 8 MOST SIGNIFICATIVE BITS ON DQ TO D7. ADDRESS 11 - READ 4 LEAST SIGNIFICATIVE BITS ON D4 TO D7. THE SENSOR SCANNING CIRCUIT The outputs SUB, SL1, SL2 and SL3 on pins 45, 46, 48 and 49 of Pic constitute the scanning counter.4.4.7 4.4.8 ‘They are incremented every 2 milliseconds at a time determined by 18H/, WR/ (IG 25/11) and under control of the data bus lines DO ~ D3 in U26 (7418175). These signals are decoded on the interface board (see section 4.3.5) to generate the row signals for the keyboard switch panel and the select signals for the other sensors (cover-up, missing lamp, missing paper). INSTRUMENT STATUS SIGNALS TO CPU Every time the SL signal configuration is incremented, the CPU reads the information on the Col/line. These lines are connected to the input port Pl of the microprocessor. The Lines Col B/ to Col 3/ take the information from the keyboard and sensors, while on the Col 7/ lines there is the printer software failure/signal (see section 4.3.4). INIT, RESET AND SOFTWARE FATLURE TRCUITS ‘The initial reset signal INIT/ is generated by the power switching board (see section 4.2.4) and passed, via the interface board, into the single board conputer on the connector P1C pin 21 to reset the micro- processor blocking all its functions. Im addition a protection circuit detects malfuntioning of the software which resets the microprocessor, This circuit takes the output Si9/ (that changes status every 2 ms) from 26 pin 2 and feeds it into the differentiating circuit composed of IC 20/4, IC 19/3, R6 and CS. As long as the computer requests scanning, the differentiated negative going pulse at the output of IC 30/2 is presented every 4 ms. ‘This negative going pulse will discharge capacitor C3 and the signal on pin 2 of Ul4 will not reach the threshold velue. Should scanning cease, i.e. if approximately tvo differentiated pulses are missed, or about 8 ms period, the capacitor C3 has time to charge to the threshold value and the output pin 3 of the 585 goes negative for about 1,1 ms generating a reset pulse. This reset pulse is combined with the INIT/ signal, to provide RESET as for INIT/.4.4.9 The same RESS pulse sets the flip-flop IC 15 which then causes the Led software failure DL1 to be illuminated. This Led is not visible to User although it can normally be seen through the ventilation holes in the top. ‘The Lea and flip-flop are reset by the INIT/ signal which means that the instrument has to be switched OFF and ON again to achieve resetting. RS232C INTERFACE OUTPUT CIRCUIT An interface circuit for an output signal in RS232C configuration is fitted on the single board computer. From the lines P3.0 and P3.1 of the CPU the signals RxD and TxD are sent to the multiplexer US (7418257). This chip, depending on the status of Tl (pin 1) and TxD (pin 6 and 2) drives via output pin 4 the quadruple line driver U10-(DS 1488) that generates the line TX DATA to the connector P40 pin 2. ‘The RX DATA from connector P40 pin 3 is sent into US (DS 1489 quadruple line receivers) pin 1 and from the output pin 11 is routed to U9 pin 14, ‘This signal via the U9 internal circuit and IC 30/4 is sent to the CPU pin 10 (P3.0). Ab present the other signals RTS, DTR for the driver U10 and CTS, DSR, for the receiver US, are not used. Nore detailed information about this output is given in section eight.4.5.0 KEYBOARD DESCRIPTION (Refer to drawing n° 5) The keyboard is situated in the centre of the front of the instrument between the printer and the scanning assembly (see figure 5a). Keyboard FIG. 5a The keyboard assembly consists of a metal support (item 1) to which is fixed the "dead-lite" touch panel. (See figure Sb). FIG. Sb KEYBOARD DEAD LITE SWITCH PANEL6.0 From the touch panel a flat cable connects with the LED board assembly (item 3) which is fixed py four screws te the metal support. The input and output signals from the touch panel pass via the LED beard and the signal harness cable to PS of the interface board (see section 4.3.0). The keyboard is continuously controlled by a software programme which via the interface board scans the six rows (Row @ to Row 5) of the touch keys. This scanning takes place approximately once every two milliseconds. : If one of the keys has been activated the reply signal on the relevant column line is passed back to the single oard computer via, once again, the interface board (see section 4.3.5). on the LED board there are also three LED's which give the indications PAPER LOW, RUN and DATA INPUT. The command signals for these LED's come directly from the interface board via the signal harness cable. THERMAL LINE PRINTER DESCRIPTION (Refer to drawing n° 15) The printer assembly is located on the front left hand side of the instrument pelow a plastic cover (see fig. 6a) which serves both to protect the paper and to channel the printed paper coming from the print head. Printing is achieved by a thermal process, i.e. by raising the temperature of the print head dots electrically and burning selected area of the thermosensitive paper. Printer Module Cover FIG. 6a ~ INSTRUMENT VIEW