Page 1 of 58 - Cover Page Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

Samin Intesar
eee101
Quick Submit

Quick Submit

Government College University, Faisalabad

Document Details

Submission ID

trn:oid:::1:3021439515 56 Pages

Submission Date 10,206 Words

Sep 26, 2024, 9:28 PM GMT+5

59,500 Characters

Download Date

Sep 26, 2024, 9:39 PM GMT+5

File Name

A_technical_report_on_DC_Motors..pdf

File Size

2.0 MB

Page 1 of 58 - Cover Page Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

 Page 2 of 58 - AI Writing Overview Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

52% detected as AI Caution: Review required.

The percentage indicates the combined amount of likely AI-generated text as It is essential to understand the limitations of AI detection before making decisions
well as likely AI-generated text that was also likely AI-paraphrased. about a student’s work. We encourage you to learn more about Turnitin’s AI detection
capabilities before using the tool.

Detection Groups
1 AI-generated only 52%
Likely AI-generated text from a large-language model.

2 AI-generated text that was AI-paraphrased 0%

Likely AI-generated text that was likely revised using an AI-paraphrase tool
or word spinner.

Disclaimer
Our AI writing assessment is designed to help educators identify text that might be prepared by a generative AI tool. Our AI writing assessment may not always be accurate (it may misidentify
writing that is likely AI generated as AI generated and AI paraphrased or likely AI generated and AI paraphrased writing as only AI generated) so it should not be used as the sole basis for
adverse actions against a student. It takes further scrutiny and human judgment in conjunction with an organization's application of its specific academic policies to determine whether any
academic misconduct has occurred.

Frequently Asked Questions

How should I interpret Turnitin's AI writing percentage and false positives?

The percentage shown in the AI writing report is the amount of qualifying text within the submission that Turnitin’s AI writing
detection model determines was either likely AI-generated text from a large-language model or likely AI-generated text that was
likely revised using an AI-paraphrase tool or word spinner.

False positives (incorrectly flagging human-written text as AI-generated) are a possibility in AI models.

AI detection scores under 20%, which we do not surface in new reports, have a higher likelihood of false positives. To reduce the
likelihood of misinterpretation, no score or highlights are attributed and are indicated with an asterisk in the report (*%).

The AI writing percentage should not be the sole basis to determine whether misconduct has occurred. The reviewer/instructor
should use the percentage as a means to start a formative conversation with their student and/or use it to examine the submitted
assignment in accordance with their school's policies.

What does 'qualifying text' mean?

Our model only processes qualifying text in the form of long-form writing. Long-form writing means individual sentences contained in paragraphs that make up a
longer piece of written work, such as an essay, a dissertation, or an article, etc. Qualifying text that has been determined to be likely AI-generated will be
highlighted in cyan in the submission, and likely AI-generated and then likely AI-paraphrased will be highlighted purple.

Non-qualifying text, such as bullet points, annotated bibliographies, etc., will not be processed and can create disparity between the submission highlights and the
percentage shown.

Page 2 of 58 - AI Writing Overview Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

Page 3 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

BRAC University
BSRM School of Engineering
EEE221
Sec: 03

A Technical Report on DC Motors

Submitted by Group 4

Md. Tanvir Ahmed Tonmoy (22221028)

Antara Raida Huq (22221025)
Samin Intesar (22221049)
Maliha Haque Raisa (22221026)

Page 3 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

 Page 4 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

Introduction:
DC motors play a crucial role in various industrial and consumer applications due to their
simplicity, ease of control, and reliable performance. These motors convert electrical energy into
mechanical energy using direct current (DC) and are known for their ability to provide precise
control over speed and torque. The basic operation of a DC motor relies on the interaction
between a magnetic field and current-carrying conductors, producing rotational motion. DC
motors are widely used in applications ranging from small household devices to large industrial
machinery.

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of DC motors, covering their fundamental

principles, types, construction, and control mechanisms. Additionally, it delves into the
performance characteristics of DC motors, highlighting their advantages and limitations in
various applications. Understanding the design and operational aspects of DC motors is essential
for optimizing their performance in practical use cases.

Types of DC Motors:

1. Shunt DC motor
2. Separately Excited DC motor
3. Permanent magnet DC motor
4. Series DC motor
5. Compounded dc motor
● Cumulative compound
● Differentially compound
6. BLDC motor
7. Geared DC motor

Page 4 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

 Page 5 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

Shunt DC Motor

Construction:

Fig.: DC Shunt Motor Construction (Sharma, 2020)

A DC motor consists of several key components that work together to convert electrical energy
into mechanical motion. The armature (rotor) is the rotating part of the motor, made up of coils
of wire through which current flows, generating a magnetic field. This interacts with the
stationary magnetic field produced by the field windings (stator), which are coils of wire
wrapped around the motor's core. The stator provides the necessary magnetic field for torque
generation. The commutator is a rotating switch connected to the armature, ensuring the current's
direction reverses at appropriate intervals to maintain continuous rotation. Together, these
components allow for the smooth operation of the DC motor (GeeksforGeeks, 2024).

Page 5 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

 Page 6 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

Equivalent Circuit:

Fig.: Equivalent Circuit of a DC Shunt Motor (Chapman, 1985)

Working Principle:
The working principle of a DC shunt motor is based on the interaction between the magnetic
fields generated by the armature and the shunt field windings. In a DC shunt motor, the field
windings are connected in parallel (or shunt) with the armature, meaning both receive the same
supply voltage.

When a DC voltage is applied, current flows through both the armature and the field windings,
producing magnetic fields in each. The magnetic field from the shunt windings interacts with the
armature's field, generating a force (Lorentz force) that causes the armature to rotate. The
rotation continues as the commutator switches the direction of current in the armature windings,
maintaining the torque and motion.

Back EMF: Whenever the DC shunt motor’s armature winding rotates within the
magnetic field which is generated by the field winding. Thus an e.m.f can be stimulated within
the armature winding based on the Faradays law (electromagnetic induction). Although,
according to Lenz’s law, the induced e.m.f can act within reverse direction toward the armature
voltage supply.

Page 6 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

 Page 7 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

Thus, this e.m.f is named as the back e.m.f, & it is represented with Eb. Mathematically, this can
be expressed as,

Eb = (PφNZ) / 60A V

Where P = no. of poles

Φ = Flux for each pole within Wb

N = Motor’s speed in revolutions per minute

Z = No. of armature conductors

A = No. of parallel lanes

(Agarwal, 2021)

Torque-Speed Characteristics:

The torque-speed characteristic of a DC shunt motor is typically linear with a negative slope. For
the motor’s speed to vary linearly with torque, other factors in the equation must remain constant
as the load changes. It is assumed that the terminal voltage from the DC power source remains
constant—any variation in voltage would alter the shape of the torque-speed curve.

Another internal factor that can influence the torque-speed curve is armature reaction (AR).
When armature reaction occurs, increasing the motor's load weakens the magnetic flux, which in
turn increases the motor's speed at any given load compared to the speed it would have without
armature reaction. The torque-speed characteristic of a shunt motor experiencing armature
reaction is shown in Figure 3. However, if the motor has compensating windings, there will be
no flux weakening, and the magnetic flux will remain constant.

Page 7 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

 Page 8 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

If a DC shunt motor has compensating windings, keeping the flux constant regardless of load,
and if the motor’s speed and armature current are known for a certain load, then the speed at any
other load can be calculated, provided the armature current for that load is known or can be
determined.

Fig.: Torque speed Characteristics of a Shunt DC Motor (Chapman, 1985)

Applications:
Shunt DC motors are widely used in various applications where maintaining a constant speed is
essential, even under varying loads. These motors are known for their stable speed
characteristics, making them suitable for industrial and commercial applications.

In centrifugal pumps, shunt DC motors provide a steady flow rate, regardless of pressure
changes. In lifts and elevators, they ensure smooth and consistent speed control, providing safe
and reliable movement. Weaving machines and spinning machines benefit from the motor’s
ability to maintain a constant speed, which is critical for producing uniform textiles.

Page 8 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

 Page 9 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

In lathe machines, used for shaping materials, the steady speed of a shunt DC motor helps ensure
precise cutting and machining. Blowers and fans also rely on the motor’s consistent speed for
uniform air distribution. Conveyors utilize shunt DC motors to transport materials at a steady
rate, essential in manufacturing and packaging processes.

Overall, the DC shunt motor’s ability to maintain speed with minimal fluctuations under
changing loads makes it ideal for these types of applications, where precision, safety, and
efficiency are important (Sarella, 2022).

Starting Method:
When starting a DC shunt motor, energizing both the armature and field windings simultaneously
results in a large starting current due to low initial back EMF, causing the torque to build up
gradually as the field flux increases. To enhance torque per ampere, it's advisable to energize the
field first, allowing a strong magnetic flux before powering the armature. To reduce starting
current, methods such as the Ward-Leonard arrangement can be employed, which uses a
motor-generator set to provide variable voltage, effectively controlling the starting current.
Alternatively, adding resistance in series with the armature can limit current but wastes power
and may cause the motor to crawl under load. While an unloaded motor reaches its final speed
quickly, a loaded motor may experience significant speed drops. The starting process for series
and compound motors is similar, but these motors typically offer better starting torque due to
their field configurations (Starting of DC Shunt Motor, 2018).

Speed Control:

The two common ways in which the speed of a shunt dc machine can be controlled are by
1. Adjusting the field resistance RF (and thus the field flux)
2. Adjusting the terminal voltage applied to the armature.

Page 9 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

 Page 10 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

The less common method of speed control is by

3. Inserting a resistor in series with the armature circuit

1. Adjusting the Field Resistance (RF):

This method involves varying the resistance in the field winding circuit. By increasing the field
resistance (RF), the current flowing through the field windings decreases, which reduces the field
flux. A weaker magnetic field results in a higher speed since the back EMF generated by the
armature is inversely proportional to the field flux. As the flux decreases, the motor can rotate
faster to maintain equilibrium with the applied voltage. This method is straightforward and
allows for smooth speed variation, but it can lead to reduced torque output since torque is
directly proportional to the field flux.

Page 10 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

 Page 11 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

Fig. :The effect of field resistance speed control on a shunt motor's torque- speed characteristic:
(a) over the motor's normal operating range; (b) over the entire range from no-load to stall
conditions. (Henry & Henry, 2021)

2. Adjusting the Terminal Voltage:

Another effective way to control the speed of a shunt DC motor is by varying the terminal
voltage supplied to the armature. By increasing the applied voltage, the armature current
increases, leading to a greater torque output. However, as the motor speed increases, the back
EMF also rises, which reduces the net voltage across the armature. This dynamic balance allows
for a stable operating speed at a given load. Reducing the terminal voltage has the opposite
effect: it decreases the speed since the armature receives less power. This method provides a
more direct way to control speed and can maintain torque levels more effectively than adjusting
the field resistance.

Fig: The effect of armature voltage speed control on a shunt motor's torque-speed characteristic
(EEEGUIDE, 2024a)

3. Inserting a Resistor in Series with the Armature Circuit:

This less common method involves placing a resistor in series with the armature circuit. By
doing this, the total voltage across the armature is reduced, which in turn decreases the armature
current and, subsequently, the torque output. While this method can lower the speed of the motor,
it is generally less efficient because it wastes power in the form of heat generated by the resistor.
Additionally, inserting resistance may lead to unstable operation under varying load conditions,

Page 11 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

 Page 12 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

as the torque may not be sufficient for the motor to maintain its normal operational speed,
especially under heavy loads. This method is often used for specific applications where fine
control over low speeds is required but is less favored due to its inefficiency (Chapman, 1985).

Fig.: The effect of armature resistance speed control on a shunt motor's torque-speed
characteristic. (Henry & Henry, 2021b)

Page 12 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

 Page 13 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

Separately Excited DC motor:

Construction:

Fig.: Construction of a Separately Excited DC Motor (Team, 2022).

In a DC shunt motor, the stator houses the field winding, which generates the magnetic field
necessary for motor operation; this winding is energized by a separate external DC power source.
The rotor, or armature, is connected to the armature winding where electromotive force (EMF) is
induced, causing the rotor to rotate. It is equipped with a commutator and brushes that facilitate
the transfer of current to the armature while ensuring the correct direction of current flow by
mechanically switching the polarity of the armature current. Notably, in this motor design, the
field winding and the armature winding are electrically independent, as the field winding is
powered by a separate DC supply.

Page 13 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

 Page 14 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

Equivalent Circuit:

Fig. : Equivalent circuit of a Separately Excited DC Motor (Chapman, 1985).

(Working Principle, Torque-Speed Characteristics, Applications, Starting method and

speed control of Separately excited DC motor are same as Shunt DC motor because when
the supply voltage to a motor is assumed constant, there is no practical difference in
behavior between these two machines.)

Page 14 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

 Page 15 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

Permanent Magnet DC Motor

Fig: Permanent Magnet DC Motor(Bhakti, 2021)

Construction:

A Permanent Magnet DC motor is a type of DC motor that uses a permanent magnet to create the
magnetic field required for the operation of a DC motor. This motor’s poles are made of
permanent magnet. Any kind of external field circuit isn't needed in this motor. No field
windings are required. A PMDC motor mainly consists of two parts: a stator and a rotor. The
stator is the stationary part of the motor that houses the permanent magnets. PMDC motors use
high-strength magnets, which are typically made from ceramic magnetic materials(ferrite). The
use of permanent magnets in the stator makes it more energy-efficient, as no extra power is
needed to excite the magnetic field.The motor's internal parts, such as the rotor and permanent
magnets, are enclosed and shielded by its external casing. To ensure durability, materials like

Page 15 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

 Page 16 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

steel or aluminum are typically used in its construction. The rotor core is made from laminated
steel to reduce eddy current losses and it also minimizes the heating effect. Copper wire
windings are placed in the slots of the rotor core. When current passes through these windings, a
magnetic field is induced, which interacts with the field generated by the permanent magnets,
creating rotational torque.The primary function of the commutator is to reverse the direction of
current flow in the armature windings as the rotor turns. This ensures that the torque generated
always acts in the same direction, keeping the motor in continuous rotation. The brushes in a
PMDC motor are typically made from carbon or graphite and are in contact with the commutator.
The brushes are responsible for delivering electrical current from the power supply to the
rotating armature. The shaft is the central rotating component and with the produced torque it
delivers mechanical power to the load.

Fig.:Construction of Permanent Magnet DC Motor (Agarwal, 2019)

Page 16 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

 Page 17 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

Equivalent CKT:

Fig. Equivalent Circuit of Permanent Magnet DC motor (Widyan,

Mohammad & Harb, Ahmad, 2020)

Working Principle:

The working principle of a Permanent Magnet DC Motor (PMDC) is based on the interaction
between the magnetic field produced by the rotor current and the constant magnetic field
generated by the permanent magnets in the stator. When a DC voltage is applied to the motor,
current flows through the armature windings, creating a magnetic field around the armature. This
field interacts with the magnetic field of the permanent magnets, generating a force that
produces torque, causing the rotor to spin. The commutator and brushes reverse the current
direction in the windings as the rotor turns, ensuring that the generated torque continues to rotate
the armature in the same direction, resulting in continuous rotation. This interaction between the

Page 17 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

 Page 18 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

magnetic fields and the current in the armature forms the core working mechanism of PMDC
motors.

Torque Speed Characteristics:

Fig : Torque speed characteristics of Permanent Magnet DC Motor (Rudnicki, T, 2015)

Applications:

Permanent Magnet DC Motors (PMDC) are widely used in applications requiring compact,
efficient, and reliable operation. They are commonly found in automotive systems, such as

Page 18 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

 Page 19 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

electric windows, windshield wipers, and power seats, due to their ability to provide high torque
at low speeds. In consumer electronics, PMDC motors power devices like electric shavers, toys,
and household appliances. They are also prevalent in robotics and small medical devices, where
precise control and compact size are essential. Additionally, electric bikes, scooters, and mobility
aids often use PMDC motors for propulsion, while industrial automation applications leverage
their efficiency and controllability for various small-scale machines and tools.

Starting Method:

Permanent Magnet DC Motors (PMDC) are widely used in applications requiring compact,
efficient, and reliable operation. They are commonly found in automotive systems, such as
electric windows, windshield wipers, and power seats, due to their ability to provide high torque
at low speeds. In consumer electronics, PMDC motors power devices like electric shavers, toys,
and household appliances. They are also prevalent in robotics and small medical devices, where
precise control and compact size are essential. Additionally, electric bikes, scooters, and mobility
aids often use PMDC motors for propulsion, while industrial automation applications leverage
their efficiency and controllability for various small-scale machines and tools.

Speed Control

The speed control of Permanent Magnet DC Motors (PMDC) is primarily achieved through rotor
voltage control and Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM). By varying the voltage applied to the rotor,
the motor's speed can be adjusted; increasing the voltage increases the speed, while decreasing it
lowers the speed. PWM offers a more efficient and precise method, where the average voltage
supplied to the motor is controlled by switching it on and off rapidly. The motor's speed is

Page 19 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

 Page 20 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

proportional to the duty cycle of the PWM signal. Another method, though less efficient, is
armature resistance control, where adding a variable resistor in series with the armature reduces
current and consequently slows the motor. PWM is the most efficient and widely used method,
providing fine speed control without significant power loss

Series DC motor

Construction:

In series motors stator windings and field windings are connected in series with each other. As a
result the field current and armature current are equal. Heavy currents flow directly from the
supply to the field windings. To carry this huge load, field windings are very thick and have few
turns. Usually copper bars form stator windings. These thick copper bars dissipate heat generated
by the heavy flow of current very effectively.

Fig: Construction of Series DC motor (Engineeringstuff & Engineeringstuff, 2023)

Page 20 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

 Page 21 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

Equivalent CKT:

Fig: Equivalent Circuit of Series DC motor (Chapman, 1985)

Working Principle:

In a series motor electric power is supplied between one end of the series field windings and one
end of the armature. When voltage is applied, current flows from power supply terminals through
the series winding and armature winding. The large conductors present in the armature and field
windings provide the only resistance to the flow of this current. Since these conductors are so
large, their resistance is very low. This causes the motor to draw a large amount of current from
the power supply. When the large current begins to flow through the field and armature
windings, the coils reach saturation that results in the production of the strongest magnetic field
possible.

Page 21 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

 Page 22 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

Torque-Speed Characteristics:

Fig: Torque Speed characteristics of Series DC motor (EEEGUIDE, 2024)

Series DC motors exhibit a nonlinear torque-speed characteristic. At low speeds (and high
current), the field flux is strong, resulting in very high torque. As the motor speed increases, the
current and field flux decrease, leading to a reduction in torque. This makes the motor suitable
for applications that require high starting torque, like cranes and hoists. However, at no load, the
motor speed can increase dramatically, leading to potential overspeeding and damage. Therefore,
series DC motors should never be run without load.

Applications:

Series Motors can generate a huge turning force, the torque, from its idle state. This
characteristic makes series motors suitable for small electrical appliances, mobile electric
equipment, hoists, winches etc. Series motors are not suitable when a constant speed is required.
The reason is that the speed of series motors varies greatly with varying load. Regulating the
speed of series motors is also not an easy process to implement.

Page 22 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

 Page 23 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

Starting Method:

Starting methods for Series DC Motors are crucial to managing the high inrush current that
occurs at startup. One common method is resistor starting, where a variable resistor is connected
in series with the motor to limit the initial current; as the motor accelerates, the resistor is
gradually removed from the circuit. Another approach is soft starters, which utilize electronic
control to gradually increase the voltage supplied to the motor, ensuring a smooth and controlled
start. Autotransformer starting is also employed, where an autotransformer reduces the voltage
during startup to limit current draw. These methods help prevent mechanical stress and potential
damage to the motor, allowing for reliable operation in demanding applications.

Speed Control:

Motor speed control is achieved by controlling the voltage applied to the motor. This essentially
controls the torque developed by the motor. To increase the speed of a series DC motor a low
resistance is placed in parallel with the series field. This shunt resistance lowers the field current,
which produces a drop in magnetic flux and an increase in speed. To lower the speed an external
resistance is connected in series with the field and the armature. This results in armature voltage
reduction and a fall in speed.

When the armature speed increases the field current reduces, reducing the induced back emf.
This results in further increase in speed and virtually there is no upper speed limit. So running a
series wound motor with no load is very risky, as it can accelerate to destruction.

Page 23 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

 Page 24 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

Compounded DC Motor

Fig: Compounded DC Motor (Soni, 2020)

A compound DC motor integrates shunt and series field windings, allowing it to leverage the
benefits of both configurations for balanced performance. The shunt field winding is connected
in parallel with the armature, while the series field winding is connected in series with the
armature. The magnetic fields generated by the current flowing through these windings interact
to produce the necessary torque for the motor’s operation. The interaction of these windings,
marked by dots similar to those on transformers, plays a crucial role in the motor’s functionality.
Depending on how the current flows into the windings, a compound DC motor can be divided
into two types:

Page 24 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

 Page 25 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

1. Cumulatively Compounded DC Motor:

A Cumulatively Compounded DC Motor combines the features of both series and shunt motors
by connecting their field windings in such a way that their magnetomotive forces add up. In this
motor, the currents flow into the dot in both field coils, which is a phenomenon called
cumulative compounding. This configuration allows the motor to provide high starting torque
from the series winding and stable operation from the shunt winding.

Construction

The cumulatively compounded DC motor comprises a stator that houses both shunt and series
windings, effectively combining features from shunt and series motors. The shunt winding, made
of fine wire and connected in parallel with the armature, provides a stable magnetic field
independent of the armature current. In contrast, the series winding consists of thicker wire with
fewer turns, connected in series with the armature, generating a magnetic field that varies with
the load. The armature, which is the rotating part of the motor, consists of a copper-wound rotor
that generates electromagnetic torque when current flows through it. A commutator, a segmented
copper ring, reverses the current direction in the armature winding, while carbon brushes
maintain contact with the commutator. The entire assembly is enclosed in a laminated steel
magnetic frame to support the stator and concentrate the magnetic field, with ventilation
mechanisms incorporated to prevent overheating.

The cumulatively compounded DC motor can be categorized into short shunt and long shunt
configurations, which differ primarily in how the shunt winding is connected to the armature
(Chapman, 1985). In a short shunt configuration, the shunt winding is connected directly across
the armature terminals. This design allows the shunt field to receive the full armature voltage,
resulting in a stronger and more consistent magnetic field. As a result, short shunt motors tend to
have better starting torque, making them suitable for applications that require significant initial
power. However, this direct connection can lead to fluctuations in performance under varying
load conditions, as the interaction between the opposing magnetic fields can create instability.

Page 25 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

 Page 26 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

In contrast, the long shunt configuration connects the shunt winding across the supply voltage
rather than the armature. This setup means that the shunt field experiences a lower voltage,
resulting in a weaker magnetic field. While this design may reduce the starting torque compared
to the short shunt configuration, it enhances stability during operation, as the shunt field's
strength remains more constant despite changes in the load. The long shunt motor's
characteristics make it well-suited for applications requiring steady operation and efficiency,
particularly in scenarios where load conditions fluctuate. Understanding the differences between
these configurations is crucial for selecting the appropriate motor for specific operational
demands.

Equivalent Circuit:

Fig: Equivalent circuit of a cumulatively compounded DC motor with long-shunt connection

(Chapman, 1985)

Page 26 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

 Page 27 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

Fig: Equivalent circuit of a cumulatively compounded DC motor with short-shunt connection

(Chapman, 1985)

Working Principle

The cumulatively compounded DC motor operates by utilizing both the shunt and series
windings to produce a combined magnetic field. When voltage is applied, current flows through
the shunt winding, creating a constant magnetic field that provides stability. Simultaneously, the
series winding carries the full armature current, generating an additional magnetic field that
varies according to the load. As the armature rotates within this combined magnetic field,
electromagnetic torque is produced, causing the rotor to turn. The commutator ensures that the
direction of current in the armature winding is reversed at the appropriate intervals, maintaining
consistent torque in one direction. This design allows the motor to deliver high starting torque
and maintain stable speed under varying load conditions, making it effective for applications
requiring robust performance.

Torque Speed Characteristics:

The torque-speed characteristic of a cumulatively compounded DC motor exhibits behaviors

akin to both series and shunt motors, which enhances its versatility. Initially, the motor provides

Page 27 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

 Page 28 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

a high starting torque due to the series winding, which generates a magnetic field proportional to
the armature current. This strong initial torque is crucial for overcoming inertia when starting
under heavy loads. As the load increases, the armature current rises, causing a gradual decrease
in speed similar to that of a series motor. However, unlike pure series motors, the cumulatively
compounded motor maintains stability because the shunt winding produces a constant magnetic
field, preventing dangerous overspeeding under no load. At low loads, the motor operates
similarly to a shunt motor, benefiting from stable speed regulation. This unique combination
allows the motor to perform effectively across a wide range of applications, making it suitable
for scenarios that require both high starting torque and consistent operation under varying loads.

Fig: Torque Speed Characteristics of Cumulatively Compounded DC motors (Characteristics of

DC Motors – Shunt, Series and Compound Motors, n.d.)

Page 28 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

 Page 29 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

Fig: The Torque Speed Characteristics of Cumulatively Compounded DC Motor compared to

Series and Shunt DC motors at the same full-load rating (Chapman, 1985).

Fig: The Torque Speed Characteristics of a Cumulatively Compounded DC Motor compared to a

Shunt Motor with the same no-load speed (Chapman, 1985)

Page 29 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

 Page 30 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

Applications:

Cumulatively compounded DC motors are integral to a wide range of industrial and commercial
applications due to their distinctive combination of high starting torque and excellent speed
regulation. By incorporating both series and shunt winding characteristics, these motors are able
to provide strong torque during startup while maintaining a consistent speed, even under varying
load conditions. This makes them ideal for tasks that involve frequent load changes and require
reliable operation.

In heavy industries, such as steel rolling mills, these motors are essential for driving large
mechanical systems that demand both power and precision. Their ability to maintain
performance under fluctuating loads ensures smooth operation in such high-stress environments.
Similarly, in elevators, cumulatively compounded DC motors are favored for their ability to
handle significant load variations while ensuring safety and control, allowing for efficient
transportation of heavy loads.

In manufacturing, these motors play a crucial role in machines like shears, punches, and
stamping presses, where the need for strong initial force is paramount. Their high starting torque
allows these machines to engage with tough materials and execute their operations with
precision. In printing presses and cutting machines, where speed regulation and load stability are
equally important, the motors’ capability to adapt to load changes ensures consistent production
quality.

Beyond heavy industry, cumulatively compounded DC motors are used in applications such as
mixers and large conveyors, where their ability to provide both controlled motion and power
under varying conditions is highly valued. Their versatility, reliability, and adaptability make
them indispensable in environments where both heavy loads and precise operational control are
required. This unique balance of torque and speed regulation is what sets cumulatively
compounded DC motors apart as a crucial component in many sectors of industry and
infrastructure.

Page 30 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

 Page 31 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

Starting Method:

According to Shrivastava and Pawar (2016), both the 3-point and 4-point starters are essential
devices used for the safe and efficient operation of cumulative compounded motors, designed to
manage high starting currents and provide necessary protection during operation. The 3-point
starter features three main terminals: the line terminal (L), which connects to the positive supply;
the armature terminal (A), linked to the armature winding; and the field terminal (F), which
connects to the field winding. This setup effectively limits the starting current by incorporating a
variable resistance in series with the armature, allowing for smooth acceleration as the handle is
moved through various positions, ultimately reaching the RUN position where all starting
resistance is eliminated. The starter also includes an overload relay (OLR) for protection against
excessive current, ensuring the motor's safety during demanding operations.

In contrast, the 4-point starter includes an additional terminal (N) connected to the
electromagnet, enhancing its functionality. While it shares similarities with the 3-point starter,
the inclusion of terminal N is crucial for maintaining the electromagnet's effectiveness,
especially at higher motor speeds. As the motor accelerates, the field current through terminal F
decreases, which may not provide enough magnetic force to hold the handle in the RUN position
against the spring's force. The 4-point starter addresses this by allowing the electromagnet to
draw current through a fixed resistance (R) connected in series with the terminal N. This
arrangement ensures that the electromagnetic pull remains sufficiently strong to keep the handle
in the RUN position, independent of changes in the shunt field. In the 4-point starter, the current
is divided into three paths: one flows through the starting resistance and armature, another
through the field winding, and the third through the electromagnet with the protective resistance.
This independence of circuits allows for more reliable operation, as fluctuations in the shunt field
do not affect the electromagnet's performance. Ultimately, both starters effectively limit starting
current and protect DC shunt and cumulatively compounded motors, but the 4-point starter
provides enhanced stability and performance under varying operational conditions. IGBT starters
can be helpful to start the cumulative compounded DC motors.

Page 31 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

 Page 32 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

Speed Control

The techniques for controlling the speed of a cumulatively compounded DC motor closely
resemble those used for shunt motors. Three primary methods are commonly employed:
changing the field resistance (RF), altering the armature voltage, and adjusting the armature
resistance. By changing the field resistance, the strength of the magnetic field can be modified;
increasing resistance decreases field current, leading to a higher speed, while decreasing
resistance strengthens the field and reduces speed. Similarly, altering the armature voltage
directly affects speed—an increase raises the current and torque, accelerating the motor, while a
decrease lowers both. Lastly, adjusting armature resistance impacts the voltage drop across the
armature, with higher resistance reducing effective voltage and speed, and lower resistance
facilitating higher speeds (Chapman, 1985). These methods allow for effective speed control and
optimization of motor performance under varying load conditions.

2. Differentially Compounded DC Motor:

A Differentially Compounded DC Motor also integrates both shunt and series field windings, but
in a configuration where their magnetomotive forces oppose each other. In this motor, the current
flows into the dot on the shunt winding while flowing out of the dot on the series winding,
leading to a phenomenon known as differential compounding. This unique arrangement results in
a variable magnetic field that decreases as the load increases, making the motor prone to
instability.

Construction

The differentially compounded DC motor consists of a stator that houses both shunt and series
windings, but with a configuration that causes their magnetomotive forces to oppose each other.
The shunt winding, made of fine wire and connected in parallel with the armature, generates a

Page 32 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

 Page 33 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

constant magnetic field regardless of the armature current. In contrast, the series winding,
constructed with thicker wire and fewer turns, is connected in series with the armature,
producing a magnetic field that decreases as the load increases. The armature, which is the
rotating component of the motor, features a copper-wound rotor that generates electromagnetic
torque when current flows through it. The commutator, a segmented copper ring, reverses the
current direction in the armature winding, while carbon brushes maintain contact with the
commutator. This assembly is typically enclosed in a magnetic frame, which supports the stator
and helps to manage the magnetic field, although this configuration leads to potential instability
in operation.

The differentially compounded DC motor can be classified into short shunt and long shunt
configurations, which differ in the connection of the shunt winding relative to the
armature(Chapman, 1985). The shunt winding is connected directly across the armature
terminals in a short shunt configuration, allowing it to experience the full armature voltage. This
setup provides a stable magnetic field, enhancing the motor's starting torque by contributing to
the total magnetic field. However, the direct interaction of the opposing fields from the series and
shunt windings can lead to operational instability under varying load conditions.

Conversely, the long shunt configuration connects the shunt winding across the supply voltage,
resulting in a weaker magnetic field due to the reduced voltage across the shunt winding. This
design typically enhances operational stability, as the stronger series field, which decreases with
increased load, is counterbalanced by the relatively stable shunt field. However, the long shunt
motor may exhibit lower starting torque, making it less suitable for applications that require high
initial power. Understanding these distinctions is essential for selecting the appropriate motor
type for specific operational requirements.

Page 33 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

 Page 34 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

Equivalent Circuit:

Fig: Equivalent circuit of a Differentially Compounded DC motor with long-shunt connection

(Chapman, 1985)

Fig: Equivalent circuit of a Differentially Compounded DC motor with short-shunt connection

(Chapman, 1985)

Working Principle:
The differentially compounded DC motor operates by leveraging the opposing effects of the
shunt and series windings to produce a variable magnetic field. When voltage is applied, current

Page 34 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

 Page 35 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

flows through the shunt winding, establishing a constant magnetic field. At the same time, the
series winding carries the full armature current, generating a magnetic field that diminishes as
the load increases. This interaction can lead to a scenario where the armature experiences an
increase in speed as the load rises, creating a feedback loop that can cause instability. The
commutator plays a critical role in reversing the current in the armature winding at the
appropriate intervals, but the opposing fields may result in excessive speeds under certain
conditions (Chapman,1985). Consequently, while the motor can theoretically provide high torque
at low loads, its design makes it unsuitable for most applications due to its tendency to run away
at higher loads, leading to operational challenges.

Torque Speed Characteristics

This motor's torque-speed characteristic is highly unstable. As the load increases, the armature
current increases, which in turn reduces the net flux due to the subtractive effect of the series
field. This reduction in flux causes the motor speed to rise uncontrollably, resulting in what is
known as "runaway." This behavior makes the differentially compounded motor impractical for
most applications, as it is prone to instability and potential damages.

Fig: The Torque-Speed Characteristics of Differentially Compounded DC Motor (Chapman,

1985)

Page 35 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

 Page 36 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

Fig: The Torque-Speed Characteristics of Differentially Compounded DC Motor compared to

Cumulatively Compounded, Shunt, and Series DC motors (Soni, 2020)

Application:

Due to its inherent instability, this motor is rarely used intentionally in practical applications. Its
main relevance arises in scenarios where a reverse power flow in a generator could lead to its
unintended use as a differentially compounded motor. Such situations are typically avoided using
protective circuits like reverse-power trips. In general, differential compounding is more of a
theoretical concept rather than a practical one (Chapman, 2024).

Starting Method:

The starting methods are similar to the cumulative compounded DC motor. When it comes to
starting differentially compounded DC motors, the 4-point starter is the most suitable choice due
to its ability to manage the unique operational characteristics of these motors effectively.
Differentially compounded DC motors have opposing series and shunt field windings, which can

Page 36 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

 Page 37 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

lead to significant changes in magnetic flux with varying load conditions. This characteristic
makes it crucial for the starter to maintain stability during operation.

The 4-point starter includes an additional terminal connected to the electromagnet, allowing for a
constant supply of current to the electromagnet independent of the shunt field current. This
ensures that the electromagnetic pull remains strong enough to hold the starter handle in the
RUN position, even as the load fluctuates and the field current decreases. This stability is
essential for preventing the handle from returning to the OFF position during operation, which
could disrupt the motor's performance. While a 3-point starter can also be used, it lacks this
independent connection to the electromagnet, making it less reliable in maintaining the handle's
position under varying operational conditions. Therefore, for differentially compounded DC
motors, the 4-point starter is the optimal choice, ensuring safe and consistent performance while
managing high starting torque and load fluctuations (Shrivastava & Pawar, 2016)

Speed Control

While it is theoretically possible to control the speed of a differentially compounded DC motor

using similar techniques as those for cumulatively compounded motors, such methods are rarely
applied in practice. The opposing interactions between the shunt and series windings lead to
unpredictable behavior, particularly under varying load conditions, resulting in significant
instability. As a consequence, the differentially compounded motor is seldom used in modern
applications, and the conventional control methods lose relevance (Chapman, 1985). The
inherent risks associated with its design, such as the tendency for the motor to run away at higher
loads, render it unsuitable for reliable speed control, making the exploration of these techniques
somewhat unnecessary.

Brushless DC Motor (BLDC)

Page 37 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

 Page 38 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

Construction:

Fig: A simple brushless dc motor and its associated control unit. The inputs to the control unit
consist of a dc power source and a signal proportional to the current rotor position.

The construction of a brushless DC (BLDC) motor is designed for high efficiency and reliability.
The rotor is made of permanent magnets, which interact with the stator that houses
multiple-phase windings, typically three or more. These windings are energized in sequence to
generate a rotating magnetic field. A key feature is the position sensors (like Hall effect sensors)
that detect the rotor's position, ensuring the controller can precisely switch the current in the
windings for optimal performance. The electronic controller handles this switching, replacing the
mechanical commutator and brushes found in traditional motors, reducing wear and
maintenance. Additionally, cooling mechanisms are often integrated to manage heat, contributing
to the motor’s durability and efficiency. This smart, brushless design is what makes BLDC
motors ideal for applications requiring precision and longevity.

Page 38 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

 Page 39 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

Equivalent Circuit:

Fig : Equivalent circuit of a Brushless DC motor

Working Principle:

The working principle of a brushless DC (BLDC) motor is based on the interaction between the
magnetic fields of the stator and rotor. The stator generates a rotating magnetic field that interacts
with the permanent magnets on the rotor, producing torque to facilitate rotation. A Hall Effect
Sensor plays a crucial role by detecting the rotor's position and sending signals to the controller,
which adjusts the current flow to the motor windings to maintain proper alignment between the
magnetic fields. This ensures efficient and smooth operation with minimal power loss and
vibration. Additionally, different types of controllers, such as trapezoidal and sinusoidal, can be
used to optimize performance, while the back electromotive force (EMF) generated during
rotation helps regulate current and speed. BLDC motors are known for their high efficiency and
reliability, as they have no brushes that require maintenance. Speed control is often achieved
through pulse-width modulation (PWM), and some applications may necessitate additional
cooling mechanisms to handle higher power levels. Overall, BLDC motors are favored in various

Page 39 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

 Page 40 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

applications for their efficiency, compact design, and reduced maintenance needs (Working
Principle of BLDC Motor - Campus, n.d.).

Torque-Speed Characteristics:

Fig : Torque-Speed Characteristics of a BLDC motor

A brushless DC (BLDC) motor is defined by two key torque parameters: peak torque and rated
torque. During continuous operation, the motor can sustain loads up to its rated torque. However,
during brief periods—especially at startup and during acceleration—additional torque is needed
to overcome the inertia of both the load and the rotor. The motor is capable of delivering higher
torque, up to its maximum peak torque, as long as it adheres to the speed-torque curve. As the
speed increases to the motor's maximum torque value, the continuous torque zone is maintained
until the rated speed is reached; beyond this point, the torque begins to decrease. Stall torque is
the maximum torque value at which the motor is not rotating, while no-load speed refers to the
maximum output speed the motor can achieve. The motor's speed is primarily controlled by the

Page 40 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

 Page 41 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

voltage, which can be adjusted by varying the supply voltage—typically managed through
pulse-width modulation (PWM). This results in a range of torque-speed characteristics that fall
within the limits of continuous and intermittent operation. The continuous limit is usually
governed by heat transfer and temperature rise, while the intermittent limit may be constrained
by the maximum ratings of the semiconductor devices in the controller or temperature
considerations(Gupta & Varshney, 2020).

Application:
Brushless DC (BLDC) motors are widely used in various industries and applications due to their
efficiency, precise control, and versatility. They are suited for tasks requiring varying loads,
constant loads, and positioning applications across many fields such as industrial control,
automotive, aviation, automation systems, and healthcare equipment. Here's an elaboration of
some common applications:

1. Computer Hard Drives and DVD/CD Players

BLDC motors are integral components in computer hard drives and optical drives like DVD and
CD players. Their smooth and precise operation is essential for ensuring that the discs spin at a
constant speed and that data can be read or written accurately. The low noise levels and longevity
of these motors make them ideal for these applications, where reliability and precision are
crucial.

2. Electric Vehicles (EVs), Hybrid Vehicles, and Electric Bicycles

In the automotive industry, BLDC motors are widely used in electric and hybrid vehicles. Their
high efficiency, high torque-to-weight ratio, and ability to function over a wide speed range make
them ideal for powering the propulsion systems of electric vehicles. They are also popular in
electric bicycles and scooters, where the motor's lightweight design helps improve battery
efficiency, giving the vehicle longer ranges. Additionally, BLDC motors provide smooth
acceleration and regenerative braking, which enhances energy efficiency in EVs.

Page 41 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

 Page 42 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

3. Industrial Robots, CNC Machine Tools, and Belt-Driven Systems

In industrial automation, BLDC motors are used in robots, CNC (Computer Numerical Control)
machines, and belt-driven systems. These motors offer precise control, which is essential for
positioning tasks in robotic arms, allowing them to perform delicate and intricate tasks with high
precision. CNC machine tools benefit from the BLDC motor's ability to deliver constant torque
at varying speeds, making them suitable for tasks like milling, drilling, and cutting. Belt-driven
systems, such as conveyor belts, use BLDC motors for their ability to maintain steady operation
under varying load conditions and for their energy efficiency.

4. Washing Machines, Compressors, and Dryers

In household appliances such as washing machines, compressors, and dryers, BLDC motors are
increasingly preferred due to their energy efficiency and durability. They enable variable speed
control, which is essential for washing machines to adjust the speed for different washing cycles
(e.g., gentle washing or high-speed spin). In compressors and dryers, the high torque and low
noise of BLDC motors provide smooth and quiet operation while reducing energy consumption,
leading to lower electricity bills.

5. Fans, Pumps, and Blowers

BLDC motors are widely used in HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) systems,
especially in fans, pumps, and blowers. These applications require motors that can operate
continuously and efficiently for extended periods, often in varying environmental conditions.
BLDC motors are ideal here because they provide variable speed control, allowing the fan or
blower to adjust its speed according to the system's requirements. This adaptability leads to
better energy efficiency and reduced power consumption. Additionally, in pumps, BLDC motors
offer reliable and precise control for applications such as water circulation, air conditioning
systems, and fluid handling.

6. Healthcare Equipment
In the healthcare field, BLDC motors are used in a variety of devices, including ventilators,
surgical tools, and diagnostic equipment like MRI machines. Their smooth, reliable operation
and low noise output are essential in medical environments where precision and patient comfort

Page 42 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

 Page 43 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

are priorities. In ventilators, for example, BLDC motors ensure precise airflow control, while in
surgical tools, their high precision allows for delicate and accurate movements during
procedures.

7. Aviation and Aerospace

In aviation and aerospace, BLDC motors are used in various applications, such as controlling
actuators for aircraft control surfaces (flaps and ailerons), unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and
satellite systems. Their lightweight construction, high efficiency, and reliability make them ideal
for such mission-critical applications where failure is not an option. Additionally, their ability to
operate in extreme environmental conditions, such as high altitudes and temperature variations,
makes them suitable for use in aircraft and space exploration.

8. Automation Systems
In automated systems, particularly in manufacturing and industrial processes, BLDC motors are
commonly used for tasks that require precise control of speed and position. These motors are
frequently employed in material handling systems, pick-and-place machines, and packaging
equipment. Their quick response time and accuracy allow for efficient automation, reducing
human intervention and increasing production rates (Brushless DC Motor Working Principle and
Applications, 2020).

Starting Method:

Sensor-Based Starting: This technique utilizes position sensors, such as Hall effect sensors, to
detect the rotor's position. The controller then activates the appropriate stator coils to produce
torque and initiate the motor.

Sensorless Starting: In this method, the motor controller estimates the rotor's position without
using physical sensors. It typically relies on feedback from back electromotive force (EMF) to
gauge the rotor's position, facilitating a smooth start.

Page 43 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

 Page 44 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

Direct Start: Some BLDC motors can start from a stationary position directly, particularly if
they are designed with minimal cogging torque or if the controller applies a predetermined
voltage to initiate movement.

Soft Start: A soft starter is an electronic system that slowly increases the voltage supplied to the
motor, enabling a smooth acceleration of speed over time (Chapman, 1985).

Speed Control:

External analog signal speed regulation:

BLDC motors are controlled by adjusting the voltage or current in the motor driver using
external analog signals. Changing the voltage or current can alter the motor’s motion state, thus
control over the motor’s speed and torque.

The driver receives commands from the controller or PLC , and then outputs the corresponding
voltage and current to control the motor. The controller converts external analog signals (e.g.,
voltage, current) into digital signals, generates control signals through calculations and logical
control, and sends them to the driver. While PLC achieves motor control through programming.
Below chart shows the relationship between analog signal voltage and motor speed .

As analog signal control can more accurately control the motor’s speed and torque, ensuring
stability at high speed and high load, and respond quickly to different environments. This control
method is typically used in applications that require higher precision and faster response speed,
such as robotics, aerospace, and automotive industries.

Pulse frequency speed regulation:

By adjusting the frequency of the pulse signal that drives the BLDC motor, the motor speed will
be changed. This type of speed control is usually achieved through specific electronic speed
controllers or inverters. These devices are installed in the motor control system and connected to

Page 44 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

 Page 45 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

the motor windings. Then set the pulse frequency through the control panel of the electronic
speed controller or inverter to required speed. Once the pulse frequency is set, the motor speed
can be changed by using buttons or knobs on the controller.

The advantages of BLDC pulse frequency control include high control accuracy, fast response
speed, and stable speed. It can also achieve multiple operating modes, such as forward, reverse,
and constant speed. Due to its efficient energy utilization and precise motor control, it has been
widely used in many applications, such as wind power generation, aerospace, and other fields.

PWM speed regulation:

PWM speed regulation is to modulate the constant DC voltage into a pulse voltage with constant
frequency and variable pulse width. So that the average output voltage can be changed to adjust
the motor speed. Actually, it is to adjust the time duty ratio of the high level and low level of the
square wave. For example, a 20% duty ratio is 20% of the high level time and 80% of the low
level time. PWM speed regulation uses digital signals, so it has the advantages of strong
anti-noise ability and longer communication distance (行政人员 & 行政人员, 2023).

Page 45 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

 Page 46 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

Geared DC Motor

A DC gear motor, also referred to as a DC geared motor or speed reduction motor, integrates a
DC motor with a gearbox. This combination is designed to operate on direct current power,
primarily serving to reduce the speed of the motor shaft while simultaneously enhancing its
output torque. Due to their versatility, DC gear motors find applications in a variety of small to
medium-sized vehicles, ranging from robots to automobiles. The construction of a DC motor
requires the establishment of a magnetic field, which can be generated using either
electromagnets or permanent magnets.

Construction:

The construction of a DC geared motor features an external structure that extends from a
standard DC motor, prominently displaying a gear head. A mounting nut near the shaft aids in
securing the motor to other components, while an internally threaded hole allows for the

Page 46 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

 Page 47 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

attachment of accessories. The outer body is typically made of high-density plastic, fastened with
screws for easy access and maintenance. Inside, the gear assemblies—lubricated with grease to
reduce friction—are arranged at both the top and bottom of the gear head. The top assembly
connects to the rotating shaft, while the bottom assembly consists of three gears mounted on
metallic cylinders, resembling axles. This design enables the smaller gear driven by the motor to
rotate the larger gear in the gear head, effectively balancing speed and torque for efficient
operation (Singh, 2024b)

Equivalent circuit:

Fig: Equivalent Circuit of a Gerard DC Motor (Park et al., 2022)

Page 47 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

 Page 48 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

Working Principle:

A DC gear motor operates based on the principles of electromagnetic induction, combining the
functionality of a DC motor with a gearbox to deliver enhanced torque at reduced speeds. When
direct current (DC) is supplied to the motor, it generates a magnetic field around the armature.
This magnetic field interacts with the stator’s magnetic field, causing the armature to rotate. The
rotational motion produced by the motor is transferred to the gearbox, a series of interconnected
gears, commonly referred to as reduction gears (Venturemfgco, 2024).

The purpose of the gearbox is to adjust the motor’s output, significantly lowering the rotational
speed while simultaneously increasing torque. By reducing the RPM, the DC motor, through the
gearbox, becomes a high-torque unit capable of exerting greater force on the output shaft or the
object being rotated. The gearbox regulates the speed and torque, enabling the motor to perform
mechanical work with precise control over these two key parameters.

In the case of a Permanent Magnet DC (PMDC) gear motor, the working principle remains
similar to that of a general DC motor (Zhaowei Machinery & Electronics Co., Ltd., 2021). The
permanent magnets create the necessary magnetic field, while the gear system ensures the
desired output speed and torque, making it ideal for applications requiring high force at
controlled, lower speeds.

Page 48 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

 Page 49 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

Torque-Speed Characteristics:

Fig: Torque Speed characteristics of Geared DC motors (How to Read DC Motor & Gear Motor
Performance Curves, n.d.)

The torque-speed characteristics of a geared DC motor demonstrate a fundamental trade-off

between torque and speed, influenced by the gear ratio. At startup, the motor generates
maximum torque, known as stall torque, while drawing high current. As the load increases, the
motor’s speed decreases, and torque declines along a characteristic curve. The relationship is
𝑁𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟
defined by the equations Toutput = Tmotor* Gear Ratio and Noutput = 𝐺𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 , highlighting that

gearing increases output torque but reduces speed. This behavior makes geared DC motors ideal
for applications requiring high torque at low speeds, such as robotics, conveyor systems, and
electric vehicles, while also emphasizing the importance of considering efficiency due to
mechanical losses introduced by the gearing.

Page 49 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

 Page 50 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

Application:

DC gear motors are celebrated for their remarkable efficiency, compact size, and versatility,
making them ideal for a diverse range of applications. According to Singh (2024b), DC gear
motors are versatile components widely adopted across different sectors, known for their ability
to offer precise control over both speed and torque. Below are several prominent applications of
DC gear motors:

Robotic Systems and Automation Technologies

In the realm of robotics, DC gear motors are crucial for powering components like robotic arms
and grippers, which require highly accurate speed control for effective operation. They are also
extensively used in automated production lines, pick-and-place machinery, and systems designed
for material handling, ensuring efficiency and precision in various tasks.

Automotive Sector Utilization

Within the automotive industry, DC gear motors are integral to the functionality of features such
as power windows, sunroofs, and other electronic accessories that necessitate controlled
movement. They also serve essential roles in numerous vehicle systems, including windshield
wipers and power seat adjustments, enhancing convenience and comfort for drivers and
passengers alike.

Application in RVs

In the world of recreational vehicles (RVs), DC gear motors are essential for driving systems
such as slide-outs, leveling mechanisms, and awning controls. Their capacity to deliver accurate
control and sufficient torque enables the seamless functioning of these RV components, greatly
improving the comfort and convenience of the camping experience for users.

Page 50 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

 Page 51 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

Medical Device Applications

DC gear motors find significant use in the medical field, particularly in equipment like hospital
beds, wheelchairs, and rehabilitation devices, where they facilitate the positioning and
adjustment of patients. Their reliability and precision are vital for ensuring patient safety and
comfort in various medical scenarios.

Industrial Automation Equipment

These motors are pivotal in the operation of automated systems for doors, gates, and window
mechanisms, allowing for seamless opening and closing functions. Additionally, they are widely
implemented in industrial automation applications, such as conveyor belts, packaging machines,
and sorting systems, where they contribute to streamlined processes and enhanced productivity.

Household Appliance Integration

In residential settings, DC gear motors are embedded in numerous home appliances, including
washing machines, dishwashers, and vacuum cleaners, driving the internal mechanisms that
enable these devices to perform their functions efficiently. Their presence enhances the
functionality and effectiveness of everyday household tasks.

Starting Method:

Starting a geared DC motor can be effectively managed using several methods such as series
resistance starters, three-point starters, four-point starters, soft starters, and automatic starters.
These methods are particularly suitable for geared DC motors because they help control the high

Page 51 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

 Page 52 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

initial inrush current and torque, which can otherwise cause mechanical stress and potential
damage to the motor and its gears. Series resistance starters limit the initial current, while
three-point and four-point starters provide a controlled increase in voltage, ensuring a smooth
start. Soft starters gradually ramp up the voltage, reducing mechanical stress, and automatic
starters adjust resistance or voltage based on the motor’s speed and load conditions, ensuring
efficient and safe operation (Faizan, 2023). These features make these starters ideal for
maintaining the longevity and performance of geared DC motors.

Speed Control:

Speed control of DC gear motors can be effectively achieved through several methods, with
pulse width modulation (PWM) being one of the most widely used techniques. By varying the
width of the voltage pulses supplied to the motor, PWM allows for precise control of the motor's
speed without significant power loss. This method works by switching the motor on and off
rapidly, thereby adjusting the average voltage and current that the motor receives. Additionally,
changing the supply voltage directly can also control speed; lower voltages reduce speed, while
higher voltages increase it (Mughees, 2024). For applications requiring fine control, feedback
mechanisms such as encoders can be employed, providing real-time speed data to adjust the
input signal dynamically. Overall, these methods enhance the versatility and functionality of DC
gear motors across various applications.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, this report worked to provide a comprehensive overview of various types of DC

motors, each distinguished by their unique construction, equivalent circuits, working principles,
starting methods, torque-speed characteristics, and applications. Separately excited DC motors
are characterized by their ability to maintain a constant field current independent of the armature
current, enabling precise speed control. This feature is complemented by their equivalent circuit,

Page 52 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

 Page 53 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

which illustrates the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in the armature circuit,
thus offering insights into their operational efficiency. Shunt DC motors, with field windings
connected in parallel with the armature, are known for their stable speed under varying load
conditions, providing moderate starting torque and good regulation, making them ideal for
applications requiring steady performance. Permanent magnet DC motors leverage the magnetic
field generated by permanent magnets, simplifying their construction and enhancing their
efficiency, making them particularly valuable in compact applications. Conversely, series DC
motors, with their field windings connected in series with the armature, provide high starting
torque, making them suitable for applications requiring significant initial force, such as in
electric traction. The compounded DC motors, which include cumulatively compounded and
differentially compounded configurations, combine the characteristics of shunt and series
motors. Cumulatively compounded motors enhance both starting torque and speed regulation,
while differentially compounded motors offer unique advantages in applications requiring
variable speed control, although they may face challenges under certain load conditions. Geared
DC motors integrate a gearbox with a DC motor to optimize torque and speed output, allowing
for precise control in applications that demand high torque at lower speeds. Finally, brushless DC
(BLDC) motors utilize electronic commutation instead of brushes, resulting in increased
efficiency, longevity, and reduced maintenance requirements. Their operational characteristics,
along with their ability to provide smooth, controlled motion, make them suitable for advanced
applications across various industries. Collectively, these DC motor types exhibit a diverse range
of operational characteristics, enabling engineers to select the appropriate motor for specific
applications based on factors such as torque requirements, speed control, efficiency, and design
constraints. Understanding the fundamental principles governing each motor type is crucial for
optimizing their performance and integrating them effectively into modern systems. This
knowledge empowers engineers and designers to leverage the strengths of each motor type,
enhancing productivity and efficiency across a multitude of engineering applications.

Page 53 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

 Page 54 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

References

Sharma, S. (2020, January 21). Dc shunt motors; construction and working [Slide show].
SlideShare.
https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/dc-shunt-motors-construction-and-working/222442796

GeeksforGeeks. (2024, February 2). DC shunt motor. GeeksforGeeks.

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/dc-shunt-motor/

Chapman, S. J. (1985). Electric Machinery Fundamentals.

https://www.m5zn.com/newuploads/2014/09/13/pdf/6489ad501a3b6b0.pdf

Agarwal, T. (2021, December 20). DC Shunt Motor : Construction, circuit diagram, and its
applications. ElProCus - Electronic Projects for Engineering Students.
https://www.elprocus.com/dc-shunt-motor-construction-working-principle-circuit-diagram/

Sarella, S. K. (2022, February 28). Working applications of Direct Current (DC) shunt motor.
https://www.globalscienceresearchjournals.org/articles/working-applications-of-direct-current-dc
-shunt-motor-86973.html#:~:text=Applications%20for%20DC%20Shunt%20Motors,a%20DC%
20shunt%20motor%20overview.

Starting of DC shunt motor. (2018, June 1). Industrial Automation, PLC Programming, Scada &
Pid Control System. https://forumautomation.com/t/starting-of-dc-shunt-motor/3755

Page 54 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

 Page 55 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

Henry, & Henry. (2021, January 29). Speed control of shunt DC motors - the engineering

knowledge. The Engineering Knowledge.

https://www.theengineeringknowledge.com/speed-control-of-shunt-dc-motors/

Team, L. (2022, June 27). Separately Excited DC Motor: Example & Problem (PDF & PPT).
Industrial Manufacturing Blog | linquip.
https://www.linquip.com/blog/separately-excited-dc-motor/
Working principle of BLDC Motor - Campus. (n.d.).
https://www.campuscomponent.com/blogs/post/working-principle-of-bldc-motor#:~:text=Worki
ng%20Principle%20of%20BLDC%20Motor%3A%20The%20working%20principle%20of%20
BLDC,causes%20the%20rotor%20to%20rotate.

Gupta, I., & Varshney, A. (2020). Speed-Torque Characteristics of BLDC Motor with Load
Variations. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD),
4(4), 811–814. https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31197.pdf

Brushless DC Motor Working Principle and Applications. (2020, April). https://robu.in/.

https://robu.in/brushless-dc-motor-working-principle-construction-applications/

行政人员, & 行政人员. (2023, March 28). What are basic ways of BLDC speed control? |
ICAN. ICAN. https://ican-motor.com/what-are-basic-ways-of-bldc-speed-control/

Shrivastava, K., & Pawar, M. D. (2016). Starters for the DC Shunt Wound and Compound

Wound Motors. IJIREEICE, 4(6). https://doi.org/10.17148/IJIREEICE.2016.4658

Page 55 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

 Page 56 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

Testbook. (2024, September 20). Starting methods of DC motor: Know the different types of

starter. Testbook.

https://testbook.com/electrical-engineering/starting-methods-of-dc-motor#:~:text=Three

%2Dpoint%20and%20four%2Dpoint,load%20release%20coil%20is%20employed.

Soni, V. A. P. B. P. (2020, August 23). Compound wound DC motor or DC compound motor.

Power of Engineers.

https://powerofengineers.wordpress.com/2020/08/23/compound-wound-dc-motor-or-dc-c

ompound-motor/

electricaleasy.com: Characteristics of DC motors. (n.d.).

https://www.electricaleasy.com/2014/07/characteristics-of-dc-motors.html

Ltd, L. (n.d.). Series DC Motor. �2002 L.M.Photonics Ltd.

https://www.lmphotonics.com/DCSpeed/series_dc.htm

Rudnicki, T. & Czerwinski, Robert & Polok, Dariusz & Sikora, Andrzej. (2015). Performance

analysis of a PMSM drive with torque and speed control. 562-566.

10.1109/MIXDES.2015.7208586.

Page 56 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

 Page 57 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

Singh, U. (2024b, June 14). What is a DC Gear Motor. MECHTEX.

https://mechtex.com/blog/what-is-a-dc-gear-motor#:~:text=DC%20gear%20motors%20a

re%20used%20in%20robotics%20systems%20for%20driving,machines%2C%20and%20

material%20handling%20equipment.

EEEGUIDE. (2024, July 15). Speed torque characteristics of series motor. EEEGUIDE.COM.

https://www.eeeguide.com/speed-torque-characteristics-of-series-motor/

Faizan, A. (2023, June 2). DC motor starting Methods. Electrical A2Z.

https://electricala2z.com/dc-machines/dc-motor-starting-methods/

Venturemfgco. (2024, September 13). Understanding DC Gear Motors: working principles,

selection, and applications. Venture Mfg. Co.

https://www.venturemfgco.com/blog/dc-gear-motors-working-principles-selection-applic

ations/

Zhaowei Machinery & Electronics Co., Ltd. (2021, September 21). What are DC Gear Motors,

and How Do They Work? ZHAOWEI.

https://www.zwgearbox.com/blog/what-is-dc-gear-motor-and-how-does-it-work

Page 57 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

 Page 58 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515

How to read DC Motor & Gear Motor Performance Curves. (n.d.). ISL Products International.

https://islproducts.com/design-note/how-to-read-dc-motor-gear-motor-performance-curve

s/

Park, M., Ventikos, Y., & Abolfathi, A. (2022). Should friction losses be included in an

electromechanical model of a bioinspired flapping-wing micro aerial vehicle to estimate

the flight energetic requirements? ResearchGate.

https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-3190/ac59c4

Mughees, N. (2024, March 27). Speed control techniques for DC motors. Electronics360.

Retrieved September 25, 2024, from

https://electronics360.globalspec.com/article/20779/speed-control-techniques-for-dc-mot

ors

Bhakti. (2021, February 8). Permanent Magnet DC Motor. Circuit Globe.

https://circuitglobe.com/permanent-magnet-dc-motor.html

Agarwal, T. (2019, May 6). PMDC Motor : Construction, Circuit Diagram, Characteristics &

Applications. ElProCus - Electronic Projects for Engineering Students.

https://www.elprocus.com/pmdc-permanent-magnetic-dc-motor-construction-working/

Page 58 of 58 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:3021439515