Health and Physical

Education.
BY:
Twisha Mistry.
Shivangi Jha.
Harleen Kaur.

Table Of Contents:
Unit I: Changing Trends and Careers in
Physical Education.
Unit II: Olympism.
Unit III: Yoga.
Unit IV: Physical Education and Sports for
CWSN.
Unit V: Physical Fitness, Health and Wellness.
Unit VI: Test, Measurement and Evaluation.
Unit VII: Fundamentals of Anatomy and
Physiology in Sports.
Unit VIII: Physical Activity and Leadership
Training.
Unit IX: Psychology and Sports.
Unit X: Training and Doping in Sports.

i
 Unit I:

Changing Trends
and Careers in
Physical Education.
Objective Type Questions
Give one-word answers.
1. In which year, the first Asian Games were
organised in India? 1951
2. After how many years, the Asian Games
are organised? 4 years
3. Jesse Owens Trophy is related to which
sports? Athletics
4. In which year, the first National Basketball
Championships was held? 1934
5. Thomas cup is related to which game?
Badminton
6. Name the historical cricket test series
which is played between England and
Australia? Ashes Cup
7. Aga Khan Cup is related to which game?
Hockey
8. FIFA Cup is related to which game? football
9. In which year, the IPL related to cricket was
started? 2008
10. Wimbledon Cup is related to which game?
Tennis
11. In which year Khelo India programme was
launched? 2017-18

Fill in the blanks:

1.The aim of physical education is harmonious
development of an individual.
2. Coaching career is a traditional career in
the field of physical education.
3 Nowadays, people have become more
health conscious.
4. Career opportunities are widely available in
book writing in the field of physical education
and sports.
5. The World Cup of Hockey for men and
women was started in 1971 and 1974,
respectively
6. Khelo India programme has been
introduced to revive the sports culture in
India.
Choose the correct option:
Competitions are helpful for the development
of
(a) Social qualities
(b)Selection of players
(c)Sports skills
(d)All of the Above-Correct option
2. Uber Cup is related to
(a) Table Tennis
(b) Lawn Tennis
(c) Badminton-Correct option
(d) None of these
3. Which one of the following components is
not included in Khelo India Programme?
(a) Playfield development
(b)Sports for women
(c) Talent search and development
 d) To organise Cricket Competitions-Correct
option
4 Which one of the following objectives is not
the objective of physical education mentioned
by H Clarke (a)Physical fitness
(b)Worthy use of leisure Time-Correct option
(c)Social efficiency
(d)Culture
5.” Physical education is the sum of changes
in the individual caused by experience
centring motor activity.” Whose definition, is
it?
(a)C. A Bucher
(b)D. Oberteuffer
(c)Cassidy-Correct option
(d)C.C Cowell
6.” Physical education is the sum of those
experiences which come to the individual
through movements.” Whose definition, is it?
(a) C.A Bucher
(b)D. Oberteuffer-Correct option
(c)J. B Nash
(d)C.C Cowell
7.How many objectives of physical education
are given by H. Clarke?
(a)2
(b)3-Correct option
(c)4
(d)5
8.Which one of the following objectives is not
the objective of physical education mentioned
by Leslie? a) Organic aspect of development
b) Neuromuscular aspect of development
c) social aspect of development
d)Economic aspect of development -Correct
option
9.What is the aim of physical education
a) Physical development
b) Mental development
c)Harmonious development -Correct option
d) social development
10. Thomas Cup is related to which game?
a) Hockey
b) Judo
c)Badminton-Correct option
d)Football
11. Where were the first Khelo-India School
Games held?
a) Delhi-Correct option
b) Bhopal
c)Kolkata
d)Mumbai
12. In which year the first Asian Games were
organised in India?
a)1947 b)1950 c)1951-Correct option d)1952
13.Jesse Owens Trophy is related to which
sports?
a) Badminton
b) Athletics-Correct option
c)Cricket
d)Hockey
14. Thomas Cup is related to which gem?
a) Badminton-Correct option
b) Tennis
c)Table Tennis
d)Squash
15. In which year, the IPL related to cricket
was started?
a)2000 b)2004 c)2006 d)2008-Correct option
16.In which year “Khelo India Programme”
was launched?
a)2016-17
b)2017-18-Correct option
c)2018-19
d)2019-20.
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
1. Briefly discuss the coaching career in
physical education.
• Coaches are responsible for training
athletes, scheduling
practices and managing equipment.
• Most coaches work non-traditional hours,
including evenings
and weekends.
• Physical education teachers and coaches
can combine their
interest in being active in their daily lives with
a career helping
others to do
• the same.
2. Discuss the career opportunities in sports
journalism in brief.
Ans- A sports journalists may get
opportunities to work with
newspapers and in sports magazines they
may also write live events
and feature articles about sportspersons or on
various topics about
sports.
3. Enlist any ten competitions in athletics at
national and international levels.
• National Athletic championships
• World athletic championship
• Asian games
• Olympic games
• National school games
• State athletic championship
• European cup
• Charmer trophy
• Interstate athletic championship
4. Discuss about any four components of
khelo India
programme in brief.
• Playfield development
• State level Khelo India centres
• Sports for women
• Support to national/ regional/ state sports
academic
5. How can physical education help in moral
and character building?
• Physical education help in moral and
character building.
• Essentially, character development is about
helping students to
become better human beings, as it
emphasises moral traits such
as kindness, respect and fairness.
• Physical education has been recognized as
“probably the most
significant physical activity context for
developing moral
character”.
6. How does participation in the programmes
of physical education lead to better emotional
development?
Ans- Research evidence suggests that quality
physical education
contributes positively to the development of
social-emotional skills
of the students and that physical education
classes develop socialemotional skills in the
affective Domain.
7. What do you mean by health related
careers?
Ans- Health-related careers related to Physical
Education are those
careers which are connected with Physical
Education, directly or
indirectly.
Someone who is interested in Physical
Education has several careers
related to the field to choose from. Some
important careers are as
Trainers, Physiotherapists, Medical Therapists,
Massage Experts,
Fitness and Nutrition Expert, Coach and
Sports Consultant.
8. Write a note on your career in book
writing?
Ans- Career opportunities are widely available
in book writing in
the field of physical education and sports,
especially in India.
As a matter of fact, there is a shortage of
books on physical
education and its allied subjects in India.
Some physical educators, who have deep
knowledge of various subdisciplines of
physical education, such as sports
biomechanics,
sports sociology, sports medicine, exercise
physiology, research
methods, sports psychology, sports
philosophy, sports pedagogy,
sports management and various sports, may
write textbooks as a
part-time career.
9. ‘National sports day’ is celebrated in the
memory of the Indian player who was
considered to be one of the greatest players
of that time. Answer the following questions
related to this day:
(a) Name that greatest player who used to
play one of these games.
Ans- Dhyan Chand
(b) On which day the national sports day is
celebrated each year.
Ans- August 29th

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Enlist the objectives of physical education
and explain any one of them.
Ans- The objectives of physical education are:
• Physical Development
• Mental Development
• Social Development
• Emotional Development
• Neuromuscular coordination
• 6. Development of health
Social development is related to the
development of many social traits, which is
essential for the betterment of life. It helps to
attain the qualities like tolerance, sympathy,
cooperation, sportsmanship, fair play and so
on.
2. Discuss about teaching careers in physical
education in brief.
Ans- Physical education has traditionally been
declared as a professional field.
Appropriate career offers many rewards to the
teachers whether they are engaged in
elementary school, middle schools, high
schools, senior secondary schools, colleges or
universities. This career is usually considered
to have many benefits. The teacher, in the
field of physical education, has deep respect
among the students because he makes a
good contribution to society.
3. Enumerate the objectives of physical
education in brief.
• Physical development:- Development of
organ systems such as circulatory system,
nervous system, muscular system, digestive
system etc.
• Mental development:- Physical activities
require alertness of mind, deep concentration
and calculated movement. This objective is
related to the mental development of an
individual.
• Social development:- This objective is
related to the
development of social traits, which are
essential for better adjustment in life. It is a
better source for attaining the qualities like.
Co-operation, fair play, sportsmanship,
tolerance and sympathy.
• Neuromuscular Coordination:- This objective
is centred with a better relationship between
nervous systems. Education provide ample
opportunities of physical neuromuscular
coordination.
• Emotional Development:- The emotional
development of an individual is also the major
objectives of physical education every
individual has various types of emotions viz.
Pleasure, hope, jealousy, hatred, fear,
depression, anger, wonder, lust,
loneliness etc.
• Development of Health: This develops
health related habits through health
education. This also provides education about
the prevention of communicable disease.
4. Briefly discuss about any three
international competitions of athletics.
• Asian Games -
The Asian Games is a multi-disciplinary sports
event held once in every 4 years. Athletes
from all Asian Countries Participate in this
event. It is recognized by the International
Olympic Committee (IOC).
• Commonwealth Games -
They are an International multi – sport event
involving athletes from the Commonwealth of
Nations. It is held every 4 years. The event
was first held in 1930 and the last edition of
Commonwealth. Games were held in Gold
Coast, Australia.
• Olympics -
Olympic Games involves summer and winter
sports competitions in which thousands of
athletes from around the world participate. It
is considered the world’s foremost sports
competition with more than 200 nations
participated. It is held every 4 years. First
Modern Olympic Games were held in 1896 at
Athens.
5. Discuss the three national competitions of
cricket in brief.
Ans- The three national competitions of
cricket:
Ranji Trophy, Duleep Trophy, Vijay Hazare
Trophy, Deodhar Trophy, Irani Trophy, and
NKP Salve Challenger Trophy are among the
domestic competitions. The BCCI also
organises the Indian Premier League, a
Twenty20 Tournament that is one of the
world’s most popular sports leagues and the
largest cricket league. Under M.S. Dhoni’s
captaincy, the Indian cricket team also holds
the world record of winning all ICC events.
6. Write down any nine tournaments of
football.
Ans- Nine tournaments of football are:-
• FIFA World Cup
• UEFA European Championship
• Copa America
• Copa Libertadores
• Federation Cup
• Indian Super Cup
• Santosh trophy
• IFA Shield
• Durand Cup
7. Write down a brief note on Khelo India
programme.
• The Khelo India Games were introduced to
develop the sports culture in India at the
grass root level.
• This clearly states to establish India as a
great sporting nation.
• Playing sports inculcates team spirit,
develops strategic and analytical thinking,
leadership skills, goal setting and risk taking.
• It’s time we inspire young talent, give them
top notch infrastructure and training of the
highest level.
• We need to inculcate a strong spirit of
participation in sports that enables players to
demonstrate their true potential.
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
1. Define Physical education and explain its
aim and objectives in detail.
Ans- Physical Education aims to develop
students physical competence and knowledge
of movement and safety, and their ability to
use these to perform in a wide range of
activities associated with the development of
an active and healthy lifestyle.
The aims and objectives of physical education
are to help individuals become physically fit,
develop character, learn skills and become
knowledgeable about sport. Physical
education creates well rounded people.
Aims of Physical Education (PE).
• Health: generally keeping the body healthy.
• Cardiovascular: keeping the heart and blood
vessels in good condition.
• Respiratory: regular exercise promotes a
healthy heart and lungs.
• Muscle growth: getting the limbs of the
body strong.
• Longevity: regular exercise helps to
promote longer life.
• Education: physical education teaches
students about the body and how itworks.
• Sports: physical education teaches students
how to play a variety of sports.
• Relaxing: it’s a rest from regular studies.
• Development: all round development, not
just academic.
Objectives of Physical Education (PE).
• Healthy citizens: reducing strain on health
services.
• General wellbeing: physical education
enhances feelings of happiness.
• Good habits: physical education early on
ensures that adults continue exercising for
many years to come.
• Team players: PE makes participants into
good team players.
• Discovering athletes: PE helps us to discover
the athletes of the future.
• A break from work: freshening the mind.
• Tradition: physical education is a great
tradition to keep up.
• Friends: it helps participants to make friends
2. What are various career options in physical
education? Discuss the teaching career in
detail.
Ans- Various career options in physical
education are:
• Athletic Coach: Organise, instruct, and teach
amateur and professional athletes.
• Corporate Fitness Instructor: Help clients to
assess their level of physical fitness and help
them to set and reach fitness goals.
• Cardiovascular Fitness Instructor: Conduct
group exercise sessions that involve aerobic
exercise, stretching and muscle conditioning.
• Sport Media careers: Journalism,
Photography, Writing, Art and Broadcasting.
Reader in Physical Education: There is scope
to grow from a Lecturer to a Professor and
then to a Reader.
• Nutrition Specialist: Plan food and nutrition
programs andm supervise the preparation
and serving of meals. Advise Sports Nutrition.
Teaching career in physical education -
Physical education has traditionally been
declared as a professional field. Appropriate
career offers many rewards to the teachers
whether they are engaged in elementary
school, middle schools, high schools, senior
secondary schools, colleges or universities.
This career is usually considered to have
many benefits. The teacher, in the field of
physical education, has deep respect among
the students because he makes a good
contribution to society.
This career provides internal satisfaction:
1. Elementary School
2. Middle School
3. High Secondary School
4. College and University
These are teaching opportunities in the field
of physical education at different levels.
3. Elucidate the coaching career in detail.
• The career in coaching have multiple
opportunities like the teaching profession.
• There are people who want to pursue both
coaching along with teaching.
There is also option available to work in an
academic or in a non-academic environment
such as sports organisation, clubs, institutes
etc.
• This career comes with a set of advantages
as well as disadvantages to compare to.
• Soft skills such as speaking and interacting
are required for this profession.
4. Discuss the health related and
administration related careers in detail.
• The health related career has been
increasing rapidly in the last twenty years as
people are getting more aware and conscious
about health.
• They want to be safe from the multiple
diseases, like hypertension, heart diseases
and disorders such as obesity, diabetes
mellitus, etc.
• Everyone want to follow a healthy lifestyle
as they are realising the value of health. This
is one of the reason that health-related career
opportunities in physical education have
increased.
• Physical educators might find multiple
employment jobs in such clubs. The activities
and services available in these clubs might
differ but fitness activities are the same. The
clubs provide various games, like squash,
tennis, swimming,etc, are mostly available in
these clubs.
• Few other facilities such as whirlpool,
saunas, steam rooms and massage are also
available. Instructions due to diet and
nutrition are also provided to the clients. As
these interest in being healthy, multiple job
opportunities also appear.
Administration-related Careers
Due to the increased participation in sports
and sports-related business, there is a need
for trained individuals in sports management.
Hence the administration-related career
opportunities are available in multiple fields,
like sports administration, sports marketing
and promotion, management of sports clubs
and facilities, etc. Colleges and universities
provide undergraduate and postgraduate
degrees in sports management in western
countries but in India it is still in the budding
stage. The careers associated to
administration in physical education are as
follows:
• Department of Physical Education
• Sports Department
• Industrial Recreation
• Sports Facilities Management
5. Write a short note on any two of the
following:
a) Career in book writing
b) Career in sports photography
Ans- a) Career in book writing: To become a
book writer, a person should have talent,
training and experience. There are different
types of writers, such as copywriters,
journalists, novelists, web writers and editors.
Writing professionals are broadly employed in
different industries, ranging from academia to
business, journalism to entertainment. A
majority of writers are self-employed.
b) Career in Sports Photography: Career in
sports photography is both interesting,
adventurous and challenging. A sports
photographer has option to cover sporting
events like football, baseball or basketball
games, track and field or swimming meets
and golf tournaments. A photographer may
also provide a photo reporting service on the
event for newspapers, magazines or sports
websites. He can either work for a publisher in
a full-time or parttime position or complete
assignments on a freelancer.
6. Explain in detail the sports media related
careers in the field of physical education.
Ans- With the increased coverage of sports in
media the career opportunities in The field is
increasing. The education in physical
education will be of immense help in pursuing
these careers. The job opportunities include:
1. Sports Journalism - Physical educators with
a flare for writing might choose a career as a
sports journalist.
2. Book Writing Career - Especially in India, in
the field of physical education the
opportunities are available in book writing due
to the less number of books on this subject.
3. Sports Photography - Sports photography is
a career option that can be taken up by
physical educators but is applicable only to
those who have an interest in photography
and to communicate to the public the
situation of sports.
4. Sports Broadcasting - Career opportunities
in sports broadcasting may be found with
radio and television stations.
5. Marketing Public - The developed interest in
sports and games, health, fitness and physical
activities has increased the sales of sports
goods and hence the job opportunities in
marketing and selling sports equipment are
on a rise.
7. Elaborate the “Khelo India programme” in
detail
• Khelo India Programme is a national
yojana/scheme for the development of sports
in India. It was launched in the year 2018 by
the then Sports Minister Col. Rajyavardhan
Singh Rathore in Delhi. This program has
been launched to improve the sports culture
in India.
• Aimed at mainstreaming sports as a tool for
national development, economic
development, community development and
individual development, the Union
• Cabinet approved the execution of the
revamped ‘Khelo India’ program by
consolidating the ‘Rajiv Gandhi Khel Abhiyan’
(formerly called the ‘Yuva Krida Khel
Abhiyan’), the ‘Urban Sports Infrastructure
Scheme’ and the National Sports.
 Unit II:
Olympism.
SHORT ANSWERS
1. Write a short note on the Olympic flag.
Ans- The Olympic flag has a white
background, with five interlaced rings in the
centre: blue, yellow, black, green and red.
This design is symbolic; it represents the five
continents of the world, united by Olympism.
2. Briefly explain about International Olympic
Committee.
Ans- The IOC is the supreme authority of the
worldwide modern Olympic Movement. The
IOC organises the modern Olympic Games
and Youth Olympic Games (YOG), held in
summer and winter, every four years.
3. Briefly elucidate about the awards of
Ancient Olympic Games.
Ans- Ancient Olympic victors were awarded an
olive branch twisted into a circle to form a
crown. The wild olive, called kotinos, had
deep religious significance for the ancient
Greeks
4. Briefly describe the Olympic Oath?
Ans- The athlete then takes the following
oath: “We promise to take part in these
Olympic Games, respecting and abiding by
the rules and in the spirit of fair play, inclusion
and equality. Together we stand in solidarity
and commit ourselves to sport without
doping, without cheating, without any form of
discrimination
5. Describe the closing ceremony of the
modern Olympics.
Ans- The Closing Ceremony includes a parade
of flags representing all participating nations,
starting with the founding country of Greece
and ending with the host nation. Remaining
Olympians march in a parade of athletes, but
unlike the Opening Ceremony, there is no
order as the athletes walk en masse.
6. Discuss about the opening ceremony of the
modern Olympics.
The Olympic torch or flame is lit through Sun
Rays in the Olympic village (Greece) and it is
brought to that city where the Olympic game
is going to be held. Then, the President or
Prime Minister of the nation declares the
game open
7. Mention the rules of ancient Olympic
games.
Ans- Women are not allowed to join the
games.
Only free men who can speak Greek were
allowed to compete.
Competitor is not allowed to leave once
entered.
If anyone disobeyed the rules they were fined
or they would get whipped.
8. Discuss the main functions of the IOC?
Ans- The Olympic Games are the exclusive
property of the IOC, which is the supreme
authority for all matters concerning the
Games. Its role is to supervise, support and
monitor the organisation of the Games;
ensure that they run smoothly; and make sure
that the rules of the Olympic Charter are
respected.
9. Explain the roles played by Coubertin in the
origin of Modern Olympic Games.
Ans- A man who devoted his life to education,
history and sociology, in 1894 he founded the
International Olympic Committee (IOC) to help
build a peaceful and better world by
educating young people through sport.
10. ”Are the Olympics games free from
discrimination today?” Give your views.
Ans- Yes today Olympics are free from
discrimination as every community represent
itself in the Olympics without any racial
discrimination all the people play together as
playing is a good platform for people of
different communities to unite and play
together as a team.

LONG ANSWERS
1. Explain the origin of Ancient Olympic
Games
Ans- The sport was by no means a Greek
invention. Despite severe conditions of life at
the dawn of history men found time to enjoy a
variety of sports. According to available
history the first ancient Olympic games were
started in Olympia Valley in 776 B. C. At that
time the games were held in honour of God
Zeus, later on Hercules the son of Zeus
started the games and sports in the honour of
his father. Although there were a lot of stories
about the origin of the ancient Olympic
games. According to some other learned
persons there was a wrestling competition
between God Zeus and God Koronos in which
God Zeus became the winner. To celebrate
the victory the organisation of games and
sports was started. Whatever the reason
behind the beginning of the Olympic Games
was, it is certain that these games were
organised for the first time in beautiful valley
names ‘Olympia’ due to this fact these games
were called Olympic Games. During the
games period or month any war or dispute
might be taking place would be stopped at
once and a truce would be declared. The
games were conducted in following way:-
1. Opening ceremony
2. Assembly
3. Oath
4. Events
5. Awards
The Ancient Olympic Games continued and
were held for approximately a thousand
years. In 394 A. D. Theodosius the King of
Rome stopped the organisation of games,
stadiums were destroyed and revived after
many decades that Called Modern Olympic
games.
2. Explain the origin of Modern Olympic
Games
Ans- The modern Olympic Games are leading
international sporting events featuring
summer and winter sports competitions in
which thousands of athletes from around the
world participate in a variety of competitions.
The Olympic Games are considered the
world's foremost sports competition with
more than 200 nations participating. The
Olympic Games are held every four years,
with the Summer and Winter Games
alternating by occurring every four years but
two years apart. Their creation was inspired
by the ancient Olympic Games, which were
held in Olympia, Greece, from the 8th century
BC to the 4th century AD. Baron Pierre de
Coubertin founded the International Olympic
Committee (IOC) in 1894, leading to the first
modern Games in Athens in 1896. The IOC is
the governing body of the Olympic Movement,
with the Olympic Charter defining its structure
and authority.
3. Elucidate about the development of values
through Olympism.
Ans- The following values be development
through Olympic:-
1) FRIENDSHIP
The Olympic provides many opportunities to
develop friendship not only among the
participants but among the nations also.
When the Olympics are held, the participants
get closer to each other and become friends.
2) SOLIDARITY
Olympism also provides ample opportunities
to enhance solidarity. It gives a feeling of
brotherhood and unity among various nations.
It creates cohesion among the participants as
nations.
3) FAIR PLAY
Up to some extent, it can be said Olympic
Games enhance the chances of fair play. Fair
play is based on justice.
4) FREE FROM DISCRIMINATION
In the last objective of modern Olympic
Games, it is said that there will be no
discrimination on the basis of cast, race and
religion.
4.Write a detailed note on ancient olympic
games.
Ans- The ancient Olympic Games were a
sporting event held every four years at the
sacred site of Olympia, in the western
Peloponnese, in honour of Zeus, the supreme
god of the Greek religion. The games, held
from 776 BCE to 393 CE, involved participants
and spectators from all over Greece and even
beyond.
The Olympic Games were the most important
cultural event in ancient Greece and they ran
for 293 consecutive Olympiads. So important
were the Games in the ancient world that
they were even used as a basis for the
calendar.
The first Olympics were held from 776 BCE at
the first full moon after the summer solstice
(around the middle of July) in honour of Zeus.
The winner of the first and only event, the
stadion foot-race was Koroibos of Elis and
from then on every victor was recorded and
each Olympiad named after them, thus giving
us the first accurate chronology of the ancient
Greek world.
An Olympiad was not only the name of the
event itself but also of the period between
games. During a three-month pan-Hellenic
truce, athletes and as many as 40,000
spectators came from all over Greece to
participate in the Games at Olympia. Later,
other games would be organised at other
sacred sites such as Delphi, Isthmia and
Nemea but the Olympian Games would
remain the most prestigious.
5. Write short notes in brief on the following:-
1. Olympic Motto:- The Olympic motto “Citius,
Altius, Fortius” (“Faster, Higher, Stronger”)
was coined by Father Henri Didon, who was a
close friend of Baron Pierre de Coubertin. It
was adopted by the IOC in 1894.
2. Olympic Flag:- The Olympic flag has a white
background, with five interlaced rings in the
centre: blue, yellow, black, green and red.
This design is symbolic; it represents the five
continents of the world, united by Olympism.
3. Olympic Flame:- The Olympic flame is a
manifestation of the positive values that Man
has always associated with the symbolism of
fire and thus makes the link between the
ancient and the modern Games. A few months
before the opening of the Olympic Games, a
flame is lit at Olympia, in Greece.
4. Olympic Awards:- An Olympic medal is
awarded to successful competitors at one of
the Olympic Games. There are three classes
of medals to be won: gold, silver, and bronze,
awarded to first, second, and third place,
respectively. The granting of awards is laid
out in detail in the Olympic protocols.
5. Olympic Oath:- The athlete then takes the
following oath: “We promise to take part in
these Olympic Games, respecting and abiding
by the rules and in the spirit of fair play,
inclusion and equality. Together we stand in
solidarity and commit ourselves to sport
without doping, without cheating, without any
form of discrimination.
6. Elucidate in detail about International
Olympic Committee
Ans- The International Olympic is a non-
governmental sports organisation based in
Lausanne, Switzerland. It is constituted in the
form of an association under the Swiss Civil
Code (articles 60–79). Founded by Pierre de
Coubertin and Demetrios Vikelas in 1894, it is
the authority responsible for organising the
modern (Summer, Winter, and Youth) Olympic
Games. The IOC is the governing body of the
National Olympic Committees (NOCs) and of
the worldwide "Olympic Movement", the IOC's
term for all entities and individuals involved in
the Olympic Games. As of 2020, there are 206
NOCs officially recognised by the IOC. The
current president of the IOC is Thomas Bach.
The stated mission of the IOC is to promote
the Olympics throughout the world and to
lead the Olympic Movement.
To encourage and support the organisation,
development, and coordination of sport and
sports competitions; To ensure the regular
celebration of the Olympic Games; To
cooperate with the competent public or
private organisations and authorities in the
endeavour to place sport at the service of
humanity and thereby to promote peace. To
act against any form of discrimination
affecting the Olympic Movement; To
encourage and support the promotion of
women in sport at all levels and in all
structures with a view to implementing the
principle of equality of men and women
7. Write a detailed note on Indian Olympic
Association
Ans- The Indian Olympic Association (IOA) or
Indian Olympic Committee (IOC) is the body
responsible for selecting athletes to represent
India at the Olympic Games, Asian Games and
other international athletic meets and for
managing the Indian teams at these events. It
plays under the name of Team India. It also
acts as the Indian Commonwealth Games
Association, responsible for selecting athletes
to represent India at the Commonwealth
Games.
8. Does appropriate development of values
take place through the Olympic Games? Give
your views
Ans- The value of friendship is steeped in the
tradition of the ancient Olympics. The athletes
express this value by forming lifelong bonds
with their teammates as well as their
opponents. The Olympic movement is
committed to developing programmes that,
together create a meaningful and
comprehensive social response. Excellence,
Respect and Friendship are the three core
values of Olympism and are a central focus at
the Olympic Games and Youth Olympic
Games. Excellence means doing the best we
can, on the field of play or in our professional
life.
9. Discuss Special Olympics on detail
Ans- Special Olympics is a global organisation
that changes lives by promoting
understanding, acceptance and inclusion
among people with and without intellectual
disabilities. We unleash the power of the
human spirit through the transformative
power and joy of sports, every day around the
world.
Through year-round sports, health, education
and community building, we change the lives
of people with intellectual disabilities in 193
countries. We are providing opportunities and
helping fight the intolerance, injustice,
inactivity and social isolation faced by our 5.5
million athletes. Founded in 1968 by Eunice
Kennedy Shriver, Special Olympics provides
people with intellectual disabilities continuing
opportunities to realise their potential,
develop physical fitness, demonstrate
courage and experience joy and friendship.
Everyone involved in the Special Olympics—
including over 1.1 million coaches and
volunteers—also benefits as we strive
together for excellence and appreciation of all
different abilities.
10. Write a detailed note on Paralympics
Ans- The Paralympic Games or Paralympics
are a periodic series of international multi-
sport events involving athletes with a range of
disabilities, including impaired muscle power,
impaired passive range of movement, limb
deficiency, leg length difference, short
stature, hypertonia, ataxia, athetosis, vision
impairment and intellectual impairment.
There are winter and summer Paralympic
Games, which since the 1988 Summer
Olympics in Seoul, South Korea, are held
almost immediately following the respective
Olympic Games. All Paralympic Games are
governed by the International Paralympic
Committee.

Unit III: Yoga.

 Unit III:
Yoga.

2 markers
Q1- What do you mean by the term
‘Shatkarmas’? Enlist the various shatkarmas.
Ans- Shatkarma is a set of yogic purifications
of the body. It is a part of yoga sadhanas /
practice. Their purpose is to remove
impurities/ toxins accumulated in the body
and are clinical in nature. It cures diseases
and prepares the body for asanas and
pranayama.
1. Neti .
2. Dhauti.
3. Basti.
4. Trataka.
5. Nauli.
6. Kapalabhati.
Q2- Discuss the re-laxative and corrective
asanas
AnsRelaxative Asanas: Makerasana and
Savasana are the main relaxative asanas.
These are good for removing physical and
mental fatigue. An individual get fully relaxed
after performing these asanas.
Corrective Asanas: These asanas regulate and
systematise the activities of the body and
make a way to perform pranayam. Pratyahara
and Dharana etc. Are called cultural or
corrective asanas.
Q3. Discuss about Pranayama.
Ans- Pranayama is a system of techniques
used to harness and manipulate universal
energy known as prana. It is an integral
aspect of yoga, often incorporated into asana
practice or used as a preliminary step for
meditation. The term is derived from several
Sanskrit roots; prana meaning “vital life
force,” yama meaning “control'' and ayama
meaning “extension” or “expansion.” The
breath is symbolic of prana, and pranayama
can be understood as methods to extend and
expand vital life force energy through the
deliberate control of respiration.
Q4- Enlist the elements of yoga and discuss
the last step of yoga in brief
Ans-
· 1. YAMA – Restraints, moral disciplines or
moral vows
· 2. NIYAMA – Positive duties or observances
· 3. ASANA – Posture
· 4. PRANAYAMA – Breathing Techniques
· 5. PRATYAHARA – Sense withdrawal
· 6. DHARANA – Focused Concentration
· 7. DHYANA – Meditative Absorption
· 8. SAMADHI – Bliss or Enlightenment

3 markers
Q1- Briefly mention the Importance of yoga
The importance of yoga are:
• Yoga attempts to stimulate the 'Kundalini'
life energy at the base of the spine.
• This will be accomplished through a
combination of physical and mental activity.
• The approaches include a variety of yoga
stances called 'asanas,' which are meant to
keep the body in good form.
• To regulate the mind, practitioners practice
breathing exercises ('pranayama') and
meditation ('dhyana').
• Yoga, on the other hand, aims to assist the
individual in transcending the self and
achieving enlightenment.
• Yoga is a method of harmonising the mind,
body, and soul.
• It combines physical and mental disciplines
to create a peaceful body and mind, releasing
stress and anxiety while keeping you relaxed.
• It also improves body tone, flexibility, and
physical strength. It boosts vigour, vitality,
and breathing.
• Although yoga appears to be only
stretching, it has numerous health benefits for
your body, including how you feel, look, and
move.
Q2- Define yoga in detail
- The term ‘yoga’ is derived from a Sanskrit
word ‘Yuj’ which meansjoin or union. In fact,
joining the individual self with the divine or
universalspirit is called yoga.
Patanjali: ‘Checking the impulses of mind is
Yoga.’
Maharishi Ved Vyas: ‘Yoga is attaining
trance.’In Bhagwat Gita, Lord Krishna says,
“Skill in actions or efficiency alone is yoga.”
Q3- What do you mean by asanas? Discuss
the type of asanas.
Ans- Asana is the physical practice of yoga
poses. In addition to referring broadly to the
physical aspect of yoga, asana can also be
used to describe a single pose, as in, "The
handstand is an asana that is really hard for
me." What most people call yoga could more
specifically be called asana. Yoga has eight
limbs. Besides asana, yoga also encompasses
pranayama (breathing exercises), dhyana
(meditation), yamas (codes of social conduct),
niyamas (self-observances), pratyahara
(withdrawal of the senses), dharana
(concentration), and samadhi (bliss).
Examples are:-
1. Vinyasa Yoga
2. Ashtanga Yoga
Q4- What do you mean by pranayama?
Mention the types of pranayama
Ans- The power that provides strength to the
mind and body, and keeps us alive is Prana.
So our ‘life’ refers to our life force and
regularisation with ‘dimension’. Therefore
Pranayama means regularising one’s own life
force. Thus, Pranayama secures a special
place in the eight limbs of Yoga. Pranayam is
obtained from two words Pran and Dimension.
Moreover, Pranayama simply implies the
prolonging of Prana. It is the amplitude or
expansion of the breath done as a major part
of Ashtanga Yoga Practices. There are various
types of Pranayama Practices.
• Bhastrika Pranayama
• NadishodhanPranayam
• Kapalbhati pranayama
• Ujjayi pranayama
• Sheetkari pranayama
• Sheetali Pranayama
• Surya bhedana pranayama
• Bhramari pranayama
• Plavini pranayama
Q5- Explain Pranayama in detail
Ans- The power that provides strength to the
mind and body, and keeps us alive is Prana.
So our ‘life’ refers to our life force and
regularization with ‘dimension’. Therefore
Pranayama means regularizing one’s own life
force. Thus, Pranayama secures a special
place in the eight limbs of Yoga. Pranayam is
obtained from two words Pran and Dimension.
Moreover, Pranayama simply implies the
prolonging of Prana. It is the amplitude or
expansion of the breath done as a major part
of Ashtanga Yoga Practices. There are various
types of Pranayama Practices. Health Benefits
of Pranayama
· Beneficial for Lungs
· Helpful in Weight Loss
· Improvement in heart health
· Improve mental concentration
· Detoxification
· Treat depression
· Ease of digestion
· Cleaning of Nostrils
· Strengthen the immune system
Q5- Explain asanas in detail
Ans- The position or posture of the body is
known as asanas. It also refers to sitting in an
easy posture. Asana is one of the steps
towards performing yoga. They help in
keeping the body flexible, agile, and young. It
also promotes the fitness of the body. Asanas
are of various types. They are:
1. Corrective asanas- Corrective asanas like
Shirsasana, Sarvangasana, Matsyasana,
Halasana, etc. helps to improve and
systematize the different functions performed
by the body. It generates the energy needed
to perform pranayama, pratyahara, dharana,
etc.
2. Relaxative asanas- Relaxative asanas like
Shavasana and Makarasana helps in removing
fatigue and provides mental and physical
relaxation to individuals.
3. Meditative asanas- Meditative asanas like
Padmasana, Siddhasana, Samasana
enhances the meditative power of an
individual. They are performed before
meditation is resumed. Being constant with
meditative asanas helps to perform mediation
well. They are often performed in a peaceful
environment.
Q6- Explain any three elements of yoga
Ans- There are three basic elements in yoga:
Asanas, Pranayama and Concentration
1. Asanas are poses which exercise the front,
back and side of the body equally. A full range
of movements such as horizontal and vertical
expansion are created while performing
asanas. Both the asana and the sequence of
asanas are important for creating a response
such as stimulating, energizing or calming the
body. The asanas also improve muscle
strength, mobility of the joints, circulation,
and balance as well as body awareness.
2. Pranayama means control of the breath,
which leads to deeper breathing thereby
providing the body with more oxygen. This
intensive breathing technique creates a
feeling of serenity and inner peace.
3. Concentration is fundamental in yoga. The
focus on the specifics of the pose and control
of the breath will improve concentration.
Q7- Write a short note on meditation
Ans- Meditation is considered a type of mind-
body complementary medicine. Meditation
can produce a deep state of relaxation and a
tranquil mind. During meditation, you focus
your attention and eliminate the stream of
jumbled thoughts that may be crowding your
mind and causing stress. This process may
result in enhanced physical and emotional
well-being.
Q8- What do you mean by yoga nidra? Enlist
the stages of yoga nidra.
Ans- Yoga Nidra is the borderline state
between Wakefulness and Sleep. It is a state
of tremendous potential as we are able to
make contact with our Subconscious and
Unconscious mind spontaneously. The major
benefits include Relaxation, Transformation,
Learning, Creativity and Self-Discovery.
1. INTERNALISATION
Yoga Nidra state occurs once our awareness
is withdrawn from the sensory inputs of the
external environment. This Internalisation is
brought about by asking the practitioner to
listen to the external sounds. This might seem
the opposite of what we want, yet it works.
Our mind is like an errant child – it will hanker
to do the opposite of what we try to force it to
do. If we force ourselves to look within, our
mind will run amok to every external
experience. Therefore by suggesting to listen
to the external sounds, the mind quickly gets
tired and becomes ‘internalised’.
 Unit IV:
Physical
Education
 and Sports
for CWSN.
2 markers
Q1- Discuss about any two objectives of
adaptive physical education in detail.
Ans: There are following objectives of
adaptive physical education.
1) Ensure Services to meet special needs :
The main as well as foremost objective of
adaptive physical Education is to ensure that
a differently abled student is provided with
physical education services that meet His/ her
unique or special need appropriately.
2) Develop motor skills : Another significant
objective of adaptive physical education is to
develop motor Skills with disabilities. Motor
skills are essential for performing not only
specific task but daily routine activities also
Q2- describe the opening and closing
ceremony of Paralympic games
Ans1) Opening ceremony- The ceremony
typically starts with the hoisting of the host
country's flag and a performance of its
national anthem. Unlike the Olympic Games,
immediately after the national anthem the
athletes parade into the stadium grouped by
nation. Speeches are given, formally opening
the games. Finally, the Paralympic flame is
brought into the stadium and passed on until
it reaches the final torch carrier—often a
Paralympic athlete from the host nation—who
lights the Paralympic flame in the stadium's
cauldron.
2) Closing ceremony- The closing ceremony of
the Paralympic Games takes place after all
sporting events have concluded. Flag-bearers
from each participating country enter,
followed by the athletes who enter together,
without any national distinction. The
Paralympic flag is taken down.
Q3- Briefly discuss about Deaflympics.
The Deaflympics also known as Deaflympiad
(previously called World Games for the Deaf,
and International Games for the Deaf) are a
periodic series of multi-sport events
sanctioned by the International Olympic
Committee (IOC) at which Deaf athletes
compete at an elite level. Unlike the athletes
in other IOC-sanctioned events (the Olympics,
the Paralympics, and the Special Olympics),
athletes cannot be guided by sounds (such as
starting pistols, bullhorn commands or referee
whistles). The games have been organized by
the Comité International des Sports des
Sourds (CISS, "The International Committee of
Sports for the Deaf") since the first event in
1924.
Q4- Discuss the roles of a physical education
teacher in a school for students with special
needs
Ans- The physical educator is to provide
maximum physical activity time within the
class period, teach skills and activities that
transfer into physical activity outside of
physical education class, motivate children to
be physically active, and take the role of
physical activity director for the school.
Q5- Describe any two measures for effective
implementation of inclusive education in India
Ans- India should emphasise on the following
measures for effective implementation of
inclusive education.
1. Ensuring effective implementation of the
Right to Education in all states so that no child
is left out of the ambit of education so that we
are able to take care of the needs of CWSN.
2. Equipping teachers, especially in rural
areas, through appropriate training and in-
service workshops to teach CWSN in an
inclusive classroom.

3 markers
Q1- Describe some organizations promoting
adaptive sports.
Ans- Some organization promoting adaptive
sports are- Special Olympic Bharat,
Paralympics, Deaflympics.
1. Special Olympic Bharat- Special Olympic
Bharat is a movement that uses sports as a
catalyst to change The lives of children and
adults with intellectual disabilities or mentally
Challenged persons.
2. Paralympic games – Paralympic games are
a major international multisport event for
athletes With Various disabilities such as
athletes with mobility disability; amputation,
blindness And Cerebral palsy.
3. Deaflympics- The deaf Olympics are held
once in 4 years. The first games, held in Paris
( France ) in 1924, were also the first ever
international sporting event for athletes with
a disability Since 1924 , these games have
been held persistently after every 4 years.
Q2-What do you mean inclusion?
Ans- The term 'Inclusion' is used in the field of
education that is why it is called as Inclusive
education. In fact, It is an approach to
educate both normal and students with this
disabilities or with special educational Needs
together. Inclusive education mean normal
students and special needs students learn
while Sharing the same physical space and
interacting socially and academically
Q3- Briefly discuss about special Olympics
bharat.
Ans- This organisation was established in
2001. Its aim is to increase the participation
of disable people in games and sports. It’s
another objectives was to develop leadership
quality social quality and health. This
organisation organises sports competition at
state and national level. It also serve talented
players and train them for international
games. After 2002 about 23 750 participants
have participated in national games. Between
1987 and 2013 a total of 671 Indian athletes
participated in seven summer and five winter
special Olympics. They won 246 gold medals
265 silver medals an 27 brown medals and
they raised the glory of the country in the
world. Today around 1 million athletes are the
member of this organisation and 84950
coaches train these athletes. This
organisation does the all round development
of the players through games and sports.
Q4-Briefly discuss Paralympic games
Ans- 1.This organisation was established in
2001. It’s aim is to increase the participation
of disable people in games and sports. Its
another objectives was to develop leadership
quality social quality and health.This
organisation organises sports competition at
state and national level. It also serve talented
players and train them for international
games. After 2002 about 23 750 participants
have participated in national games. Between
1987 and 2013 a total of 671 Indian athletes
participated in seven summer and five winter
special Olympics. They won 246 gold medals
265 silver medals an 27 brown medals and
they raised the glory of the country in the
world.Today around 1 million athletes are the
member of this organisation and 84950
coaches train these athletes. This
organisation does the all round development
of the players through games and sports.
2. This organisation was established in 2001.
It’s aim is to increase the participation of
disable people in games and sports. Its
another objectives was to develop leadership
quality social quality and health.This
organisation organises sports competition at
state and national level. It also serve talented
players and train them for international
games. After 2002 about 23 750 participants
have participated in national games. Between
1987 and 2013 a total of 671 Indian athletes
participated in seven summer and five winter
special Olympics. They won 246 gold medals
265 silver medals an 27 brown medals and
they raised the glory of the country in the
world.Today around 1 million athletes are the
member of this organisation and 84950
coaches train these athletes. This
organisation does the all round development
of the players through games and sports.
Q5- Briefly discuss about deaflympics
Ans- The Deaflympics are an International
Olympic Committee-sanctioned event at
which deaf athletes compete at an elite level.
Unlike the athletes in other IOC-sanctioned
events, the Deaflympians cannot be guided
by sounds. The Deaflympics (previously called
World Games for the Deaf, and International
Games for the Deaf) are an International
Olympic Committee (IOC)-sanctioned event at
which deaf athletes compete at an elite level.
Unlike the athletes in other IOC-sanctioned
events (the Olympics, the Paralympics, and
the Special Olympics), the Deaflympians
cannot be guided by sounds (e.g., the
starter's guns, bullhorn commands or referee
whistles). The games have been organized by
the Comité International des Sports des
Sourds (CISS, "The International Committee of
Sports for the Deaf") since the first event in
1924.
Q6- Briefly discuss implementation of
inclusive education in India
Ans- The number of people with disabilities in
India is huge and they have difficulty getting
education in inclusive education. Hence it is
necessary to implement inclusive education in
India so that its benefit is enjoyed by the
individuals. There are multiple benefits that
could be achieved by educating children with
special attention along with children without
disabilities in inclusive education. The
government of India should provide
suggestions that can help build an effective
education in system. They should stress on
the following measures for an effective
implementation of inclusive education
• The Right to Education to be made effective
• Teachers to be trained well for them to be
well equipped with knowledge to teach
children
• Material to be provided in schools for
children with special needs A suitable
examination system and periodic evaluation
of children with special needs
• Efforts should be made to improve relations
between families of children with and without
disabilities
• Inclusive education should be flexible
Q7- Discuss the role of physiotherapist for
students with special needs
Ans1. This study is focused on the role of the
physiotherapist in special schools.
... The aim of the study was to design,
implement and evaluate an intervention
aimed at improving the knowledge, skills and
attitudes of physiotherapists in providing
indirect support in the education system.
2. The physiotherapist is concerned with the
gross motor skills and mobility of a child. In
cases where there has been an obvious
physical difficulty the child will have been
receiving support well before starting school.
3. The physiotherapist is often involved with
children who have dyspraxia, are blind or
have cerebral palsy, hydrocephalus,
congenital syndromes, such as Downs
Syndrome, spina bifida, and progressive
muscular conditions such as muscular
dystrophy. He/she may also be involved post-
operatively where a child has a temporary
physical difficulty, e.g. after an accident.
Q8- Elucidate the role of occupational
therapist for students with special needs.
Ans1. Self-care: An occupational therapist will
help a child to perform and be independent in
self-care skills like eating, dressing, toileting,
bathing, and grooming.
2. Play: An occupational therapist helps
children to participate and interact with
others in play. They may suggest
modifications in the position, mobility aids or
modify toys to help a child to play.
3. School: Occupational therapists help
children to participate in and adapt to regular
school. They may suggest aids for writing and
other classroom activities to help them
participate equally with other children.
Children with special needs may also require
special furniture to help them sit and write
better.
Q9- What is the role of school counsellor for
students with special needs? Discuss in brief
Ans- In support of students with special
needs, the school counselor plays an
important role of advocacy to help them
achieve and succeed on a level comparative
to other students. Because of expanding
legislation, the number of students classified
as special needs grows each school year.
School counselors should be and stay aware
in their efforts to understand specialneeds
students, and services they have at their
disposal to serve these students specifically,
the legislation that mandates these services,
and the manner in which they are provided.
The American School Counselor Association
(ASCA) provides the top five activities
performed by school counselors for special-
needs students:
• Providing individual counselling
• Meeting with administrators about programs
and services
• Using problem-solving and conflict
resolution with special-needs students when
appropriate
• Scheduling classes and programs
• Offering career preparation and education
5 Markers-----
Q1- Describe in detail about the role of
various profesionals for children with special
needs.
Ans- The role of numerous professional
individuals such as school counsellor,
occupational therapist, physiotherapist, etc.,
for children with special needs is very
important. They assist and guide and support
such children in realizing their full potential,
working and improving on their motor skills,
enhancing their ability to communicate
effectively and aiding their mental as well as
physical health. The details of the role of
various professionals for children with special
needs are as follows:
1. School Counselor: They are specialists that
work with children with special needs. They
provide extremely valuable assistance to
students with
special needs. They assist them with their
academic obligations and targets, their
personal, social and career development.
They also assist teaching staff with inputs as
to how to support and help such students.
2. Physiotherapist: They are associated with
gross motor skills and mobility of the children
with special needs. Their role consists of
assessing and managing children with motor
disorders and disabilities. They intervene by
providing physical intervention, care, advice
and support.
3. Occupational Therapist: An occupational
therapist guides children with special needs in
enhancing their self care skills like bathing,
grooming, dressing and eating, They help
children with special needs to improve their
fine motor skills and handwriting.
4. Physical Education Teacher: Physical
education teachers determine the skillset and
the abilities of students with special needs.
They also evaluate measures that can be
implemented to help them to participate in
sports and fitness. They help in improving
hand-eye coordination, flexibility, endurance
etc.
5. Speech Therapist: A speech therapist
provides treatment, care and support for
students with special needs who have
problems or shortcomings in communication.
They enable students with special needs to
gain ability to communicate through speech
and language.
6. Special Educator: A special educator more
often than not has students with varying
learning, mental, physical and emotional
abilities. They aid and help such students in
areas of physical skills, learning through play,
communication etc. Their primary
responsibility is to assess cognitive abilities.
Unit V:

Physical
Fitness,
 Health and
Wellness.
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
1.)Discuss any two components of wellness.
A.)There are five main aspects of personal
health: physical, emotional, social, spiritual,
and intellectual. In order to be considered
"well," it is imperative for none of these areas
to be neglected.
2.)Write a short note on health related fitness.
A.)Health-related fitness (HRF) is theoretically
defined as a multidimensional construct
containing the components cardiorespiratory
endurance, muscular strength, muscular
endurance, flexibility and body composition.
3.)What do you understand by the following
terms:
1. Health Related Fitness:-Health-related
fitness (HRF) is theoretically defined as a
multidimensional construct containing the
components cardiorespiratory endurance,
muscular strength, muscular endurance,
flexibility and body composition.
2. Lifestyle:-The way of living your life on a
daily basis is a person’s lifestyle
4.)What do you mean by muscular strength.
A.)Muscular strength is the amount of force
you can put out or the amount of weight you
can lift. Muscular endurance is how many
times you can move that weight without
getting exhausted
5.)Discuss “Body Composition” as a
component of health related fitness.
A.)Body composition is the amount of fat
mass compared to lean muscle mass, bone
and organs. This can be measured using
underwater weighing, Skinfold readings, and
bioelectrical impedance.
6.)Clarify the meaning of speed. Discuss the
types of fibres in brief.
the capacity of an individual to perform
successive movements of the same pattern at
a fast rate is called speed. The three types of
muscle fibre are slow oxidative (SO), fast
oxidative (FO) and fast glycolytic (FG). SO
fibres use aerobic metabolism to produce low
power contractions over long periods and are
slow to fatigue. FO fibres use aerobic
metabolism to produce ATP but produce
higher tension contractions than SO fibres.
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
1.)Define physical fitness and wellness.
Elaborate the importance of physical fitness
and wellness in detail.
A.)Physical fitness : It is the ability of an
individual to carry out his daily routine
without getting tired and having extra amount
of energy to meet any kind of unforeseen
emergency.
Wellness : It is the ability to live life fully, with
vitality and meaning. It is dynamic and multi-
dimensional. Wellness incorporates have
derived, to their full benefit. They may need
to modify their habits and lifestyle for better
hygiene.
• Health Education is of great importance for
everyone, since it provides knowledge about
personal and environmental hygiene. People
learn to keep their body and surroundings
clean and clear from dust and germs. This
helps in preventing any communicable
diseases.
• Health education provides awareness about
communicable diseases, their prevention and
cure. This helps in controlling the spread of
diseases like Malaria, AIDS, Swine flu,
Tuberculosis and more.
• Health education helps us to become aware
of the dietary requirements of our body, and
what one needs to intake in appropriate
quantities. The caloric intake depends on age,
sex, and nature of work of a person. School
children are given nutritious diet under the
scheme ‘mid day meal’ to meet the required
balanced diet.
2.)Define wellness and explain the
components of wellness in details
A.)Wellness is the state of an individual in
which the mental as well as physical and also
the emotional health is in good condition. The
following are some components of wellness -
1. Emotions of an individual.
2. The environment or the situation prevailing
in the surroundings of an individual.
3. Condition of finances of a person.
4. Satisfaction in one's own occupation or
work.
5. Social connection and support.
3.)What do you mean by physical fitness and
wellness? Expound the importance of physical
fitness and wellness
A.)Physical fitness : It is the ability of an
individual to carry out his daily routine
without getting tired and having extra amount
of energy to meet any kind of unforeseen
emergency.
Wellness : It is the ability to live life fully, with
vitality and meaning. It is dynamic and multi-
dimensional. Wellness incorporates have
derived, to their full benefit. They may need
to modify their habits and lifestyle for better
hygiene.
• Health Education is of great importance for
everyone, since it provides knowledge about
personal and environmental hygiene. People
learn to keep their body and surroundings
clean and clear from dust and germs. This
helps in preventing any communicable
diseases.
• Health education provides awareness about
communicable diseases, their prevention and
cure. This helps in controlling the spread of
diseases like Malaria, AIDS, Swine flu,
Tuberculosis and more.
• Health education helps us to become aware
of the dietary requirements of our body, and
what one needs to intake in appropriate
quantities. The caloric intake depends on age,
sex, and nature of work of a person. School
children are given nutritious diet under the
scheme ‘mid day meal’ to meet the required
balanced diet.
4.)What do you mean by the term ‘lifestyle’?
Elucidate the importance of positive/healthy
lifestyle in detail
A.)A way of living of individuals, families
(households), and societies, which they
manifest in coping with their physical,
psychological, social, and economic
environments on a day-to-day basis. Lifestyle
is expressed in both work and leisure
behaviour patterns and (on an individual
basis) in activities, attitudes, interests,
opinions, values, and allocation of income. It
also reflects people's self image or self
concept; the way they see themselves and
believe they are seen by others. Lifestyle is a
composite of motivations, needs, and wants
and is influenced by factors such as culture,
family, reference groups, and social class.
5.)What do you mean by physical fitness?
Elucidate any two components of physical
fitness
A.)Physical fitness is the total functional
capacity of an individual to perform a given
task. It means that it is the body’s ability to
function efficiently, to enjoy leisure time, to
be healthy, to resist hypokinetic diseases and
to meet unforeseen situations. It consists of
health related fitness and skill related
physical fitness. Physical fitness and exercise
habits developed in early years provide a
foundation for life time. Since activity is the
basis of life and the human body cannot
remain in normal condition without activity
therefore optimal physical fitness is not
possible without regular exercise. There are
five physical fitness components. These are
Speed, Strength, Endurance, Flexibility,
Coordination
Speed : It is the ability to perform movement
at faster rate or. It is the ability to perform
movement in a short period of time and
sports e.g. practising with faster rhythm,
speed endurance repetition method,
acceleration runs etc.
Strength : It is an ability of muscles to
overcome or to act against resistance e.g.
exercise with medicine ball, Isometric
exercises, push ups etc.
Endurance : It is the ability to sustain or
continue activity or it the ability to resist
fatigue. It is one of the important components
for middle and long distance races and it is
required for almost all major games like
football, hockey and basketball.
Flexibility : It is the capacity of a muscle to
extend without any damage. Flexibility is
measured by range of motion around a joint.
It is affected by muscle length, joint structure
and other factors. It is measured through a
flexometer.
Coordinate ability : It is the ability of the body
to perform movement with perfection and
efficiency. In other words it is the ability to
change movement or direction in the shortest
time without getting unbalanced.
6.)Discuss the components of health related
physical fitness in brief
A.) Speed : It is the ability to perform
movement at faster rate or. It is the ability to
perform movement in a short period of time
and sports e.g. practising with faster rhythm,
speed endurance repetition method,
acceleration runs etc. Strength : It is an ability
of muscles to overcome or to act against
resistance e.g. exercise with medicine ball,
Isometric exercises, push ups etc.
Endurance : It is the ability to sustain or
continue activity or it the ability to resist
fatigue. It is one of the important components
for middle and long distance races and it is
required for almost all major games like
football, hockey and basketball.
Flexibility : It is the capacity of a muscle to
extend without any damage. Flexibility is
measured by range of motion around a joint.
It is affected by muscle length, joint structure
and other factors. It is measured through a
flexometer.
Coordinate ability : It is the ability of the body
to perform movement with perfection and
efficiency. In other words it is the ability to
change movement or direction in the shortest
time without getting unbalanced.

Unit VI:
 Test,
Measuremen
tand
Evaluation.

Short Answer Questions-

Q1) Discuss the classification of individuals by
Hippocrates in brief.

A1) Hippocrates was a famous physician of Greece. He

classified individuals in 4 main groups listed below-
• Phlegmatic: These type of individuals are usually weak. [Text
Wrapping Break]They are idle, passive, lethargic and spiritless.
These individuals perform work very slowly. [Text Wrapping Break]
• Sanguine: These individuals are physically fit and
powerful. They lead a healthy life and always remain
elated and happy. They remain active and perform any
work quickly. [Text Wrapping Break]
• Choleric: These individuals have a very aggressive
behaviour. They are physically strong but mentally weak.
They have high aspirations and are hard workers. They
get worked up over small matters. [Text Wrapping Break]
• Melancholic: The persons are physically and mentally
weak. Their point of view towards life us pensive and
pessimistic. Such people are analytic and practice
contemplation.

Q2) Discuss the procedure of Partial Curl up Test. [Text

Wrapping Break]

A2) The procedure for partial curl up test is as follows- [Text

Wrapping Break]

1. The subject lies in supine position on cushioned surface.

Knees should [Text Wrapping Break]be flexed and feet should be 12
inches from buttocks. [Text Wrapping Break]
2. The subject curls up with a slow controlled movement
until his/her [Text Wrapping Break]shoulders come off the cushioned
surface 2 inches then go down again. [Text Wrapping Break]
3. One complete curl up is completed in 3 seconds. [Text
Wrapping Break]
Q3) Discuss the procedure of modified push ups test
for girls.

A3) The procedure for modified push ups test for girls is as
follows-[Text Wrapping Break]1. Initial position for push up begins with
the hands and knees touching
the floor, the body and legs in a straight line, feet slightly
apart, the arms at shoulder width apart, extended and at a
right angle to the body.
2. Push-up is executed by keeping the back and knees
straight, the participant lowers the body to a
predetermined point or until there is a 90-degree angle at
the elbows, then returns back to the starting position with
the arms extended. [Text Wrapping Break]
4. Repeat the sets to the maximal numbers till exhausted.
[Text Wrapping Break]

Q4) Raj Kumar is a student of class 11. His bodyweight

is 60kg and height is 1.60m. Calculate his BMI. Also
state the category in which he falls.[Text Wrapping Break]
A4) BMI stands for body mass index. It is used to measure
body composition. It is calculate by dividing the weight(W) in
kg with the square of the height(H) in metres.
Raj Kumar’s Weight = 60 kg[Text Wrapping Break]Raj Kumar’s Height =
1.60 m[Text Wrapping Break]Raj Kumar’s BMI = 60/1.6*1.6 = 23.4[Text
Wrapping Break]Since Raj Kumar’s BMI comes out to be 23.4, he falls
under the category of normal weight (18.5-24.9)
Q5) Calculate the hip waist ratio of Raju whose waist
circumference is 30 inches and hip circumference is 40
inches. State whether he is having a healthy hip waist
ratio or not? Also state the healthy WHR for men and
women according to WHO.

A5) Waist hip ratio is defined as the measurement of waist

circumference divided by hip circumference.[Text Wrapping
Break]Raju’s waist circumference = 30 inches [Text Wrapping Break]Raju’s
hip circumference = 40 inches
WHR = Waist/Hip =30/40
=0.75[Text Wrapping Break]Raju has a healthy WHR.
The ideal WHR for men is under 1 and for women it is under
0.85 according to WHO.

Q6) Calculate the WHR of a female whose waist

measurement is 38 inches and hip measurement is 40
inches. State if she is at health risk.

A6) Waist hip ratio is defined as the measurement of waist

circumference divided by hip circumference.
Waist Circumference = 38 inches Hip Circumference = 40
inches WHR = Waist/Hip
=38/40]=0.9]The female is at health risk because her WHR is
higher than the ideal WHR which is 0.85.

Q7) What do you mean by test, measurement and

evaluation?
A7) A test is a specific tool, procedure or technique used to
elicit a response from a sportsperson in order to gain
information to be used as a basis for appraisal of the
education, testing is a very significant task for the purpose of
good planning of the programme.
Measurement is the process through which our level of
performance, fitness level, ability, knowledge, personality
traits and skills are measured with the help of various
standard tests.
Evaluation is a means of organized assessment done to
appraise the value of something. The most important aspect
of evaluation is to determine the applicability, capability and
achievement of the said objectives, its efficiency,
effectiveness, impact and sustainability.

Q8) Define test, measurement and evaluation.

A8) Test - A test is a tool to evaluate the skill, knowledge,

capability or aptitudes of an individual or a group.
Measurement - Measurement refers to the process of
administering a test to obtain quantitative data.
Evaluation - It is the process of education that involves
collection of data from the products which can be used for
comparison with preconceived criteria make judgement.
Q9) What do you mean by Body Mass Index? Explain
the categories of BMI.
A9) The full form of BMI is Body Mass Index. It is a method of
measuring through which individuals are classified into the
following categories: obese, overweight, normal weight and
underweight. It’s the proportion of your weight in kg
(kilogram) to the square of your height in m (meters).
One must have two parameters to measure the BMI: the
height of a person in meter and his weight in kg. The formula
given below is used to calculate the BMI of an individual -
BMI = Weight (kg)/Height (m)^2

Q10) What do you mean by Waist Hip Ratio?

A10)
• The Waist-to-Hip Ratio (WHR) is a calculation of how
much fat is distributed around the waist and hips. It’s
an easy but effective fat distribution calculation.
• Since the hips are the widest portion of your buttocks, the
Waist Hip Ratio is determined by dividing your waist
measurement by your hip measurement.
• For instance, if a person’s (male) waist measurement is 33
inches and his hip measurement is 44 inches, the waist-
hip ratio is 0.75.
 • It implies that the person (male) is not in danger of
becoming ill. If a man’s waist-hip ratio is greater than
1.00, he is at risk for health problems.
If a woman’s waist-hip ratio is greater than 0.85, she is at risk
for health issues. They would be at very high risk if their
waist-hip ratios surpass these ratios.
Q11) What are the traits of endomorphs?
A11) Traits of endomorphs are as follows -
• Soft body with minimal natural muscle definition.
• Tends towards a round body shape.
• Prone to gaining fat.
• Usually, have a larger bone structure.
• Slower metabolism.
• Finds it more difficult than the other body types to lose
fat.
Q12) Explain in brief the traits of mesomorphs.
A12) Traits of mesomorphs are as follows - [Text Wrapping Break]

• Mesomorphs are described as muscular. [Text Wrapping Break]

• They have athletic physique and balanced body
composition. [Text Wrapping Break]
• They have the ability to increase muscle size quickly and
easily. [Text Wrapping Break]
• They have rectangular shaped body. [Text Wrapping Break]
• Their shoulder and chest are broader in comparison to
their waist. [Text Wrapping Break]
• They store fat evenly all over their body.
Q13) Discuss the traits of ectomorphs.

A13) The traits of ectomorph are as follows -

 • They are skinny. [Text Wrapping Break]
• Arms and legs are long. [Text Wrapping Break]
• Characteristics of a linear physique [Text Wrapping Break]
• Small shoulders [Text Wrapping Break]
• Muscled lightly [Text Wrapping Break]
• Chest and buttocks are thin. [Text Wrapping Break]
• Body fat is minimal (without exercising or following low [Text
Wrapping Break]calorie diets) [Text Wrapping Break]

Q14) How will you measure the somatotypes? Explain

the procedure in brief.[Text Wrapping Break]
The Heath-Carter measurement method is most widely used
to assess somatotype, in which scores for endomorphy,
mesomorphy, and ectomorphy are measured using different
anthropometrical measurements and, in some cases,
standardized images (photoscopic method). [Text Wrapping Break]

Someone is usually rated on a scale of 1 to 7 in each of the

three categories (though higher ratings are possible), though
you cannot score highly in all three. The endomorphy score
comes first, followed by mesomorphy, and finally
ectomorphy, to yield a somatotype number (e.g. 1-5-2). The
somatotype can also be depicted on a two-dimensional scale
using a shield diagram or somatograph.

Q15) Discuss the procedure of measurement of Body

Mass Index.

A15) The full form of BMI is Body Mass Index. It is a method

of measuring through which individuals are classified into the
following categories: obese, overweight, normal weight and
underweight. It’s the proportion of your weight in kg
(kilogram) to the square of your height in m (meters).
One must have two parameters to measure the BMI: the
height of a person in meter and his weight in kg. The formula
given below is used to calculate the BMI of an individual -
BMI = Weight (kg)/Height (m)^2
The categories of BMI are as follows-
Underweight Normal Weight Overweight Obesity Class I
Obesity class II Obesity Class III
18.5 18.5-24.9 25-29.9
30-34.9 35-39.9
40

Q16) Briefly discuss about partial curl up.

A16) PURPOSE- To test the strength and endurance of

abdominal muscles.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED - A flat clean cushioned surface,
recording sheet and pen.
PROCEDURE - The athlete lies in supine position on cushioned
surface. Knees should be flexed and feet should be 12 inches
from buttocks. The athlete curls up with a slow controlled
movement until his/her shoulders come off the cushioned
surface 2 inches then go down again. One complete curl up is
completed in 3 seconds.
SCORING- The curl ups should not be counted if the shoulders
are not lifted by 2 inches
ADVANTAGES-[Text Wrapping Break]1. The test is simple and quick to
perform[Text Wrapping Break]2. It requires minimum equipment.[Text
Wrapping Break]3. A number of students may be tested at a time.

Long Answer Questions

Q1) What do you mean by test, measurement and

evaluation? Elucidate the importance of test
measurement and evaluation in the field of sports.

A1) A test is a specific tool, procedure or technique used to

elicit a response from a sportsperson in order to gain
information to be used as a basis for appraisal of the
education, testing is a very significant task for the purpose of
good planning of the programme.
Measurement is the process through which our level of
performance, fitness level, ability, knowledge, personality
traits and skills are measured with the help of various
standard tests.
Evaluation is a means of organized assessment done to
appraise the value of something. The most important aspect
of evaluation is to determine the applicability, capability and
achievement of the said objectives, its efficiency,
effectiveness, impact and sustainability.
The following points indicate the importance of Test and
Measurement in the field of sports-
1. To frame the objectives - Test and Measurement helps in
setting the target or goal according to the need and
requirement. By adopting the Test and Measurement
techniques the physical education teachers gets an
accurate idea about the progress made by the students.
[Text Wrapping Break]
2. To evaluate the learners - In the field of physical
education and sports Test and Measurement helps in
collection of data which further helps in evaluating the
learner’s ability separately. lt also helps the sports person
in enhancing his sports performance. [Text Wrapping Break]
3. To evaluate teaching programme - Test and
Measurement is a scientific tool which helps the teacher
to adopt correct methodology upon the sportsman so that
desired results may be achieved. [Text Wrapping Break]
4. To know capacities and capabilities - Through Test and
Measurement the teachers get aware of the ability and
capacities of the students which provides a platform in
preparation of fitness programme. [Text Wrapping Break]
5. To discover the needs and requirements of the
participants - Needs of the participants are correctly
assessed by the scientific approach of Test and
Measurement. lt helps in knowing where more emphasis is
needed so that target may be achieved. [Text Wrapping Break]
Q2) What do you mean by Body Mass Index? Explain
the procedure of calculation of BMI.[Text Wrapping Break]
A2) The full form of BMI is Body Mass Index. It is a method of
measuring through which individuals are classified into the
following categories: obese, overweight, normal weight and
underweight. It’s the proportion of your weight in kg
(kilogram) to the square of your height in m (meters).
One must have two parameters to measure the BMI: the
height of a person in meter and his weight in kg. The formula
given below is used to calculate the BMI of an individual -
BMI = Weight (kg)/Height (m)^2

Q3) Explain in detail the somatotypes.

A3) Somatotypes means human body shape and physique

types. Somatotypes helps the physical education and sports
teaches to classify the students for particular sports and
games on the basis of physical, mental and practical aspects.
The procedure of measuring somatotypes is based on the
classification by W.H. SHELDON. The body types are stated
below –[Text Wrapping Break]1) Endomorphs -
• Soft body with minimal natural muscle definition. [Text Wrapping
Break]
 • Tends towards a round body shape. [Text Wrapping Break]
• Prone to gaining fat. [Text Wrapping Break]
• Usually, have a larger bone structure. [Text Wrapping Break]
• Slower metabolism. [Text Wrapping Break]
• Finds it more difficult than the other body types to lose
fat, 2) Mesomorphs - [Text Wrapping Break]
• Mesomorphs are described as muscular. [Text Wrapping Break]
• They have athletic physique and balanced body
composition. [Text Wrapping Break]
• They have the ability to increase muscle size quickly and
easily. [Text Wrapping Break]
• They have rectangular shaped body. [Text Wrapping Break]
• Their shoulder and chest are broader in comparison to
their waist. [Text Wrapping Break]
• They store fat evenly all over their body.
3) Ectomorph -
• They are skinny. [Text Wrapping Break]
• Arms and legs are long. [Text Wrapping Break]
• Characteristics of a linear physique [Text Wrapping Break]
• Small shoulders [Text Wrapping Break]
• Muscled lightly [Text Wrapping Break]
• Chest and buttocks are thin. [Text Wrapping Break]
• Body fat is minimal (without exercising or following low
calorie diets) [Text Wrapping Break]
Q4) Elucidate the Harvard Step Test to measure the
cardio vascular fitness.[Text Wrapping Break]
A4) Cardiovascular fitness is the ability of the heart and lungs
to supply oxygen-rich blood to the working muscle tissues
and the ability of the muscles to use oxygen to produce
energy for movements. Harvard Step Test is a cardiovascular
fitness test. It is also called aerobic fitness test. [Text Wrapping
Break]Purpose:[Text Wrapping Break]To measure the general capacity of
the heart and circulatory system for measurement of
cardiovascular efficiency. [Text Wrapping Break]Equipment:[Text Wrapping
Break]A gym bench (20 inches for male and 16 inches for
female), a stopwatch and cadence tape [Text Wrapping
Break]Procedure: [Text Wrapping Break]

• The athlete stands in front of the bench or box. On the

command ‘Go’
the athlete steps up and down on the bench or box at a rate
of 30 steps per minute (one second up one second down) for
5 minutes (150 steps).
• Stopwatch is also started simultaneously at the start of
the stepping. After that the athlete sits down immediately
after completion of the test i.e. after 5 minutes. [Text Wrapping
Break]
• The total number of heartbeats are counted between 1 to
1.5 minutes after completion of the last step. The
heartbeats are counted for 30 seconds period. [Text Wrapping
Break]
• Again the heartbeats are noted for 30 seconds after the
finishing of the test. After that third time the heartbeats
are noted after 3 minutes of completion of the test for 30
seconds period. [Text Wrapping Break]
• The same foot must start the step up each time, and an
erect posture must be assumed on the bench. [Text Wrapping
Break]Calculation of the Score:[Text Wrapping Break]The athlete’s
fitness index score is calculated with the help of following
formula: Fitness index score = [Text Wrapping Break]
Q5) To measure the upper body strength and
endurance of boys and girls, discuss push ups and
modified push ups respectively.[Text Wrapping Break]
A5) Push ups are not only a great way to build upper body
strength and endurance, but they are a good way to test your
upper body muscular strength and endurance. [Text Wrapping
Break]The push-up test is a basic fitness test used by coaches,
trainers, and athletes to assess upper body fitness and to
monitor progress during strength and fitness training. This
simple test helps you compare your own upper body
muscular endurance to others of your age and gender and
track your fitness program over time.
To test or measure the upper body strength and endurance.
Equipment Required:[Text Wrapping Break]A floor mat and a paper to
record basic information such as age, gender and total
number of push ups performed.
Procedure:[Text Wrapping Break]After proper warming up, ask the
subject to take position. In a push up position hands and toes
should touch the mat or floor. Hands should be shoulder-
width a part. The upper body and legs should be in a straight
line.
Modified Push ups –
Purpose:[Text Wrapping Break]To measure the upper body strength and
endurance.
Equipment Required:[Text Wrapping Break]A mat and paper to record
the basic information such as age, gender and a total number
of push ups performed.
Procedure:[Text Wrapping Break]After proper warming up, the subject
to take starting position for modified push ups. In a modified
push up position, hands and knees should touch the mat /
floor. Both the hands should be shoulder- width a part and
elbows fully extended. The body from the knees, to the hips
and to the shoulders should be in a straight line
 Unit VII:
Fundamenta
ls of
Anatomy
and
 Physiology
in Sports.
1. In which discipline the functions of all the
systems of human body and their mutual
relationships are studied?
Human psychology

2. In which discipline the structure, shape, size,

weight and location of the organs of human body
are studied?
Human anatomy

3. Which discipline provides the knowledge about

functions of various organs?
Physiology

4. How many bones are there in upper limbs of

human body?
64
5. Which is the smallest bone in human body?
stapes

6. Which is the longest bone in human body?

Femur

7. How many ribs are there in human body?

24

8. How many bones are there in an adult person?

206
9. What is the approximate weight of heart?
300 g

10. Which bones act as shield for soft and delicate

organs?
Flat bones

Fill in the blanks.

1. There are two types of circulation of blood i.e., systemic circulation
and……………….

Pulmonary circulation
2. __________ is the group of organs that transport
the blood and other substances to and
from all parts of the body.
Circulatory system
3. The length of trachea is
approximately................... . .
11.2

4. There are ........................ bones in human skull.

28

State True or False.

1. Anatomy provides the knowledge of structures of various organs. (True/False)

2. Bony or skeletal system serves for the attachment of muscles. (True/False)

3. Flat bones act as shield for delicate organs. (True/False)

1. How many bones are there in our lower limbs?

(A) 60
(B) (b) 62
(C) (c) 64
(D) (d) None of these

2. What is the approximate weight of the human heart?

(A) 200 g
(B) (b) 300 g
(C) (c) 400 g
(D) (d) None of these

3. Which one of the following joints is not a freely movable joint?

(A) Hinge joints

(E) (b) Saddle joints
(F) (c) Pivot joints
(G) (d) Symphysis joint

4. For preventing sports injuries, the knowledge of which of the

following subjects is essential

(a) Physiology

(b) Anatomy

(c) Kinesiology

(d) All of the above

5. How many chambers are there in human heart?

(a) 2

(b) 3

(c) 4

(d) None of these

6. Which types of bones provide protection to the delicate

organs?
(A) Long bones
(H) (b) Flat bones
(I) (c) Short bones

(d) Irregular bones

7. Which one of the following bones is the smallest bone in human

body?

(a) Carpus

(b) Phalanges

(c) Stapes

(d) None of these

8. What is the volume of blood pumped out by the heart in one

beat?

(a) Stroke volume

(b) Cardiac output

(c) Tidal volume

(d) Residual volume

9. Which one of the following bones is not an example of long

bones?

(a) Humerus

(b) Radius

(c) Femur

(d) Carpal
10. What is the approximate length of trachea?

(a) 10 cm

(b) 11.2 cm

(c) 10.2 cm

(d) 12.2 cm

11. Hinge joint is found in which joint?

(a) Pivot joint

(c) Knee joint

(b) Saddle joint

(d) Hip joint

12. Which one of the following is the function bones?

(a) Production of RBCS

(c) Support

(b) Protection

(d) All of the above

13. Which one of the following is not the type of synovial joints?

(a) Hinge joints

(c) Symphysis joints

(b)Condyloid joints
(d) Saddle joints

14.Which one of the following arteries maintain the blood

pressure of the body in general?

(A) Elastic arteries

(E) (b) Arterioles

(c) Muscular arteries

(d) None of the above

15. Which one of the following bones is a sesamoid bone?

(a) Vertebra

(c) Femur

(b] Patella

(d] Sternum

16. The volume of blood pumped out by the heart in one beat is
called:

(a) Cardiac Volume

(c) Tidal volume

(b) Stroke volume

[d) Residual volume

17.Which system does provide the protection to delicate organs

of our body?

(a) Circulatory system

(c) Muscular system

(b] Skeleton system

(d) Respiratory system

18. Assertion (A): Given below are the two statements labelled
Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Skeleton system is a combination of
various bones, which differ in shape

and size.

Reason (R):There are two fast twitch fibres. types of skeletal

muscle fibres, i.e., slow twitch fibres and In the context of the
above two statements, which one of the following is correct?

(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of
(A).

(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation
of (A).

(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.

(d) (A)
is false, but (R) is true

20. Muscles are connected to bones by:

(a) Cartilage
(b) Ligaments

(c] Tendons

(d) None of these

21. The scientific study that deals with structure of human body is
called:

(a) Anatomy

(b) Physiology

(c) Kinesiology

(d) Biology

22. The scientific study that deals with function of human body is
known 35:

(a) Anatomy

(b) Physiology

(c) Kinesiology

(d) Ice Skating

Short Answer Questions I -[Text Wrapping Break]

Q1) What do you mean by anatomy, physiology and
kinesiology?[Text Wrapping Break]
A1) Anatomy -[Text Wrapping Break]Anatomy is a branch of biology
that studies human structure. Anatomy provides us with the
details of human structure, its shape and interrelationships
with various parts of the body. It includes all your body parts,
starting with your head to your toes. It teaches you about
how every part of your body works together.

Physiology -[Text Wrapping Break]Physiology is the science that studies

the functions of various organs and systems, their
relationship with other organs and their effects. Physiology is
the science of the mechanical, physical and biomechanical
functions of human organs and cells. It encompasses
everything from how your muscles contract to your liver’s
production of bile. It is the study of heart rate, respiratory
rate, blood pressure and more.

Kinesiology -[Text Wrapping Break]Kinesiology is the study of human

movements and functions by applying the science of
biomechanics, anatomy, physiology and neuroscience. [Text
Wrapping Break]It is used to examine, diagnose and manage injuries
of muscles, joints and bones. Kinesiology is also used in the
evaluation of sports performance for purposes of injury
prevention or improvement.

Q2) Elucidate the meaning of human anatomy and

human[Text Wrapping Break]Physiology.[Text Wrapping Break]
A2) The two basic concepts and fields of research in the life
sciences are anatomy and physiology. Anatomy refers to the
body’s internal and exterior systems and its physical
interrelations. The study of the functions of these structures
refers to physiology.
The study of all human processes and their mutual
Interactions are living thing biology. In reality, we think about
the reciprocal roles of all the bodies of our bodies through the
human anatomy. For one, we get to know the functions of the
human heart through human physiology. The research
concerned with the study of human physiology may be
described as science.
The study of structure, form, height, weight, and position of
all human body organs are anatomy for the human being. [Text
Wrapping Break]Human anatomy contains an extensive
understanding of the arrangement of different structures of
the human body.
In the Human Anatomy sector, for example, form, weight,
arrangement, and positioning of all the excretory systems
bodies, including the lungs, kidneys, big intestines, liver, skin,
etc.

Q3) State the function of bones.

• Bones provide shape to the body. [Text Wrapping Break]
• Bones act as a protection to internal organs like brain,
heart, lungs etc. [Text Wrapping Break]
• Provides support to the body and anchors muscles. [Text
Wrapping Break]
• Bones serve as storage space for minerals like calcium
and phosphate [Text Wrapping Break]
• Bones help in facilitating body movements. [Text Wrapping Break]
• Bones serve as the birthplace for red blood cells. [Text Wrapping
Break]

Q4) What do you mean by long bones? [Text Wrapping Break]

A4) Long bones are found mainly in upper and lower limbs.
These bones act as levers in our body and help in the making
movement possible. Long bones such as humerus and femur
consist of shaft and two extremities each. Only due to their
length they are called long bones. [Text Wrapping Break]
Q5) Mention briefly about freely movable joints. [Text
Wrapping Break]

A5) These joints are also called synovial joints. These joints
include most of the joints of the body. The adjacent ends of
the bones are covered with hyaline cartilage and are
surrounded by a fibrous articular capsule, which is [Text Wrapping
Break]

strengthened by ligaments. Tendons of muscles pass over

these joints and play a vital role in stabilising the joint. The
hyaline cartilage provides a smooth surface for the opposing
bones, lubricated by synovial fluid.

Q6) Enlist the organs of respiratory system and

explain about one organ.

A6) The organs of the respiratory system are –

1. Nose[Text Wrapping Break]2. Pharynx[Text Wrapping Break]3. Larynx[Text Wrapping
Break]4. Trachea[Text Wrapping Break]5. Bronchi[Text Wrapping Break]6. Diaphragm
7. Lungs
Larynx - After pharynx the air passes through the larynx or
voice box. It is mainly composed of cartilage. It consists of
two pairs of membranes. Air causes the vocal cords to
vibrate, thus producing sound.

Q7) What do you know about the skeletal system?

Q7) It is a mixture of multiple bones. Children have 213

bones, and adults have 206. The structure and scale of these
bones vary. The bones are linked by ligaments. Bones
provide the fragile organs of our body care and protection.
Some of the bones function in our body like levers. The
skeletal muscles also provide a surface attachment for the
bones.
Every bone is a diverse living organ composed of a vast
number of cells, protein fibres, and minerals. The skeleton
functions as a scaffold, supplying the soft tissues that make
up the bulk of the body with stability and protection.

Q8) Elucidate the classification of bones.

A8) According to shape and formation of bones, they are

classified as follows -
1. Long bones - Long bones are found mainly in upper and
lower limbs. These bones act as levers in our body and
help in the making movement possible. Long bones such
as humerus and the femur consists of a shaft and two
extremities each. Only due to their length is called long
bones. [Text Wrapping Break]
2. Short bones - These bones are short in length. These
bones are light but strong. They are made up of
cancellous bone tissues. These bones are covered with
compact tissues. [Text Wrapping Break]
3. Flat bones - Usually these bones are found where
protection is required, such as the bones of skull, scapula
and ribs. There is always a large surface on flat bones for
the attachment of muscles. [Text Wrapping Break]
4. Irregular bones - These bones have a peculiar shape. So,
these bones cannot be grouped under any preceding
heads. A vertebrae is a good example. [Text Wrapping Break]
5. Sesamoid bones - The word sesamoid is derived from the
Greek word ‘sesamon’, a ‘seed of the sesamum’, and
 ‘eidos’, ‘form’, or ‘resemblance’. Example is the knee. [Text
Wrapping Break]

Q9) What is a joint? Mention about the major types of

joints.

Q9) A joint is a structural arrangement where two bones

articulate. The joints are essential for the movement of
different skeletal structures. The movability in joints varies.
On the basis of movability, joints are divided into three
groups, namely, fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints and
synovial joints.
1. Immovable joints: They do not allow any movement
because the bones are firmly fixed together by strong
collagen fibres. Example: skull bones and attachment of
tooth with the socket in jaws. [Text Wrapping Break]
6. Slightly movable joints: The two bones are joined
together with the help of a disc or pad of white fibrous
cartilage. They show only slight movement because the
disc restricts the movement. Example: vertebral column,
sternum, ribs, etc. [Text Wrapping Break]
3. Freely movable joints: These are freely movable joints
which allow movement in one or more directions. The bones
are covered by synovial membrane and cavity is filled with
synovial fluid.

Q10) Elaborate freely movable joints in detail.

Q10) Freely movable joints are also known as synovial joints.

These joints include most of the joints in the human body.
The adjacent ends of the bones are covered with hyaline
cartilage and are surrounded by a fibrous articular capsule,
which is strengthened by ligaments. Tendons of muscles pass
over these joints and play a vital role in stabilising the joint.
They are of 6 types -
1. Gliding joints: Permit gliding movement only. Eg. Joints
between the carpal bones of the wrist. [Text Wrapping Break]
7. Hinge joints: These joints permit angular movement in 1
direction. Eg. Knee, elbows, humerus. [Text Wrapping Break]
8. Condyloid joints: Allow angular movement in two
directions. Eg. Wrist joint. [Text Wrapping Break]
9. Saddle joints: Permit great freedom of motion. Eg. Joint
of thumb. [Text Wrapping Break]
10.Ball and Socket joints: These joints have an angular
movement is all [Text Wrapping Break]directions and pivot
movement. Eg. Shoulder, hip. [Text Wrapping Break]
11.Pivot joint: These are joints with rotary movement in one
axis. Eg. [Text Wrapping Break]Atlas and axis bones at the top of the
neck. [Text Wrapping Break]

Q11) Discuss the functions of muscle.

A11) Functions of Muscles are as follows -

1. Muscle contractions normally do one of the two – they
hold a stance or [Text Wrapping Break]trigger motion. [Text Wrapping Break]
12.Skeletal muscles have the skeletal systems movement
power. [Text Wrapping Break]
13.These muscles move at our own discretion. [Text Wrapping Break]
14.The hearts beating activity is done by cardiac muscles.
[Text Wrapping Break]
15.The motions of the inner organs such as the liver,
intestines, viscera, [Text Wrapping Break]and blood vessels are the
focus of smooth muscles. [Text Wrapping Break]
 16.Muscles form the human body as well. [Text Wrapping Break]

7. Certain muscles help the range of motions to increase. The

bones are covered by large muscles.

Q12) Explain organs of the respiratory system in

detail.

A12) Respiration is the biochemical process in which the cells

of an organism obtain energy by combining oxygen and
glucose, resulting in the release of carbon dioxide, water, and
ATP. The main organs involved in human respiration are:
1. Nose: Main external opening for the respiratory system
and its function is to warm, moisturise, and filter air
entering the body before it reaches the lungs. [Text Wrapping Break]
17.Pharynx: It is also known as the throat. There is a flap of
elastic cartilage that acts as a switch between the trachea
and the oesophagus and prevent food from going into the
lungs. [Text Wrapping Break]
18.Larynx: It is also known as the voice box. It contains
special structures known as vocal folds, which allow the
body to produce the sounds of speech and singing. The
vocal folds are folds of mucous membrane that vibrate to
produce vocal sounds. [Text Wrapping Break]
19.Trachea: It connects the larynx to the bronchi. The main
function of the trachea is to provide a clear airway for air
to enter and exit the lungs. [Text Wrapping Break]
20.Bronchi: The two bronchi which trachea divides, differ
slightly. These enter both the lungs respectively and
break up into bronchioles. [Text Wrapping Break]
21.Diaphragm: It is sheet of internal skeletal muscle that
extends across the bottom of the ribcage. The diaphragm
separated the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
 and performs an important function in respiration. [Text
Wrapping Break]
22.Lungs: They are cone shaped organs with the apex
above. They are vital organs of respiration. The lungs are
divided into lobes or fissures. Each of these lobes divide
and subdivide, its walls become thinner and finally, these
end in the air sacs of the lungs. [Text Wrapping Break]
Q13) Discuss about the structure, location and
function of the heart.

A13) Structure –[Text Wrapping Break]The heart is divided by a septum

into two sides. Each side is further divided into 2 chambers.
The upper chambers are called auricles and the lower are
called ventricles. The walls of auricle are thinner than the
ventricle.
Location –[Text Wrapping Break]The heart is located in the thorax
between the lungs and above the central depression of the
diaphragm. It weighs 300 grams and its size is approximately
equal to a closed fist.
Functions –
1. It circulates pure blood to all parts of the body. This is
called systemic [Text Wrapping Break]circulation. [Text Wrapping Break]
23.It carries blood from all parts of the body back to the
lungs for [Text Wrapping Break]purification. This is called pulmonary
circulation. [Text Wrapping Break]
24.It regulates blood pressure. [Text Wrapping Break]
25.It regulates heart rate. [Text Wrapping Break]
Q14) Elaborate the properties of muscles.

A14) The properties of muscles are as follows –

 1. Excitability - It is the ability to respond to a stimulus,
which is [Text Wrapping Break]delivered from a motor neuron or
hormone. [Text Wrapping Break]
26.Contractility - Every single movement of the body is a
result of a [Text Wrapping Break]muscle contraction, where muscle
gets shortened. Muscles can only [Text Wrapping Break]pull, not
push. [Text Wrapping Break]
27.Elasticity - The ability to bounce back to the muscle’s
original length [Text Wrapping Break]after being stretched. [Text Wrapping
Break]
28.Extensibility - The ability of muscles to be stretched. [Text
Wrapping Break]

Q15) Discuss the meaning and types of equilibrium.

A15) Equilibrium is defined as a state of balance or a stable

situation, where opposite forces cancel each other out and
where no changes are occurring. The types of equilibrium are
-
1. Dynamic equilibrium: dynamic stability is a balance of
body during movement
2. Static equilibrium is the balance of the body during its rest
or stationary position.

Q16) Briefly discuss the principles of stability.

A16) The principles of stability are -

1. Broad base of support: for greater stability increase the
area of the base [Text Wrapping Break]and lower the centre of
gravity as much as is consistent with the [Text Wrapping
Break]activity involved. [Text Wrapping Break]
 29.Stability is directly proportional to the weight of the
body: the object or [Text Wrapping Break]a person with heavy
weight will have greater stability as compared to a [Text
Wrapping Break]person with less weight. [Text Wrapping Break]
30.Direction of an acting force: to start quickly in one
direction, keep the [Text Wrapping Break]centre of gravity as high
as possible and as near as possible to the edge of the
base nearest to the direction of intended motion. [Text Wrapping
Break]

Q17) What is the centre of gravity? How is it applied in

sports and games?[Text Wrapping Break]
A17) Centre of gravity is that point in a body or system
around which it’s mass or weight is evenly distributed or
balanced and through which the force of gravity acts. The
Centre of gravity is fixed, provided the size and shape of the
body do not change.
Application of centre of gravity in sports -
• Helps to move [Text Wrapping Break]
• Stops the moving object [Text Wrapping Break]
• Helps to accelerate [Text Wrapping Break]
• Helps in throwing objects. [Text Wrapping Break]
• Helps to lift the object. [Text Wrapping Break]
• Helps to pull the object.

Long Answer Questions -

Q1) What do you mean by anatomy, physiology and

kinesiology?
Elucidate the importance of anatomy, physiology and
kinesiology in the field of physical education and
sports.[Text Wrapping Break]
A1) Anatomy -[Text Wrapping Break]Anatomy is a branch of biology
that studies human structure. Anatomy provides us with the
details of human structure, its shape and interrelationships
with various parts of the body. It includes all your body parts,
starting with your head to your toes. It teaches you about
how every part of your body works together.
Physiology -[Text Wrapping Break]Physiology is the science that studies
the functions of various organs and systems, their
relationship with other organs and their effects. Physiology is
the science of the mechanical, physical and biomechanical
functions of human organs and cells. It encompasses
everything from how your muscles contract to your liver’s
production of bile. It is the study of heart rate, respiratory
rate, blood pressure and more.[Text Wrapping Break]Kinesiology -[Text
Wrapping Break]Kinesiology is the study of human movements and
functions by applying the science of biomechanics, anatomy,
physiology and neuroscience.[Text Wrapping Break]It is used to
examine, diagnose and manage injuries of muscles, joints
and bones. Kinesiology is also used in the evaluation of sports
performance for purposes of injury prevention or
improvement.
Study of anatomy and physiology plays very important role in
the field of sports because of following reasons -
1. Anatomy provides the knowledge of structures of various
organs.
2. Physiology provides knowledge about functioning of
various organs. [Text Wrapping Break]
3. Useful in the prevention of sports injuries. [Text Wrapping Break]
4. Servers in the process of rehabilitation. [Text Wrapping Break]
5. Useful in selection of sports [Text Wrapping Break]
6. Facilitate preparation of training programmes. [Text Wrapping
Break]
7. Helps to know about chemical changes during exercise.
[Text Wrapping Break]
 8. Serves to understand the anatomical and physiological
difference [Text Wrapping Break]amongst men and women [Text Wrapping
Break]
9. Helpful in providing first aid to sportspersons.
1. Useful in developing physical education administration.
[Text Wrapping Break]
2. Aids in sports massage. [Text Wrapping Break]
3. Facilitates understanding of the environmental effects
on [Text Wrapping Break]
sportspersons.

Q2) What do you mean by skeletal system? Elaborate

the freely movable joints in detail.[Text Wrapping Break]
A2) This system consists of a large number of bones that
form a structure called skeleton. The skeleton serves the
purpose of a strong framework for the attachment of various
muscles of our body and also serves as a source of protection
of important organs of our body, such as the brain, heart,
lungs, liver, kidneys, etc. It gives shape to the body. Its bones
serve as levers in doing work and the bone marrow found
inside the bones manufactures some of the cells of the blood.
Freely movable joints - They are also known as synovial
joints. These joints include most of the joints in the human
body. The adjacent ends of the bones are covered with
hyaline cartilage and are surrounded by a fibrous articular
capsule, which is strengthened by ligaments. Tendons of
muscles pass over these joints and play a vital role in
stabilising the joint. They are of 6 types -
1. Gliding joints: Permit gliding movement only. Eg. Joints
between the carpal bones of the wrist.
2. Hinge joints: These joints permit angular movement in 1
direction. Eg. Knee, elbows, humerus. [Text Wrapping Break]
 3. Condyloid joints: Allow angular movement in two
directions. Eg. Wrist joint. [Text Wrapping Break]
4. Saddle joints: Permit great freedom of motion. Eg. Joint
of thumb. [Text Wrapping Break]
5. Ball and Socket joints: These joints have an angular
movement is all [Text Wrapping Break]directions and pivot
movement. Eg. Shoulder, hip. [Text Wrapping Break]
6. Pivot joint: These are joints with rotary movement in one
axis. Eg. [Text Wrapping Break]Atlas and axis bones at the top of the
neck. [Text Wrapping Break]
Q3) Explain about the structure of the respiratory
system in detail.

A3) The main function of the human respiratory system is to

breathe in oxygen for respiration and to breathe out carbon
dioxide and to provide energy to the body by the breaking
down the food particles. Respiration covers three process: -
ventilation or breathing (taking in oxygen and expelling
carbon dioxide), external respiration (the exchange of gases
between the lungs and the blood), and internal respiration
(food breakdown, using oxygen and producing carbon
dioxide).
The major organs of respiratory system in a human being
are:- 1. Nose
2. Pharynx[Text Wrapping Break]3. Pharynx[Text Wrapping Break]4. Trachea[Text
Wrapping Break]5. Bronchi[Text Wrapping Break]6. Lungs[Text Wrapping Break]7.
Diaphragm
The nasal passage is lined with fine hair and mucus. When air
passes through the nasal passage, the dust particles and
other impurities present in it are trapped by the nasal hair
and mucus due to this only clean air reaches the lungs.
The walls of Trachea do not collapse when there is less hair in
it because Trachea is supported by rings of soft bones called
cartilages. Gaseous exchange in our body takes place in the
alveoli of lungs. The oxygen of air diffuses out from the
alveoli walls into the blood. As the blood passes through the
tissues of the body, the oxygen present in it diffuses into the
cells. This oxygen combines with the digested food present in
the cells, to release energy. Carbon dioxide gas, which is
produced as a waste product during respiration in the cells of
the body tissues diffuse into the blood. Blood carries the
oxygen back to the lungs, where it is diffused into the alveoli.
The human lungs have been designed to maximise the
exchange of gases. There are millions of alveoli in the lungs.
The presence of millions of alveoli in the lungs provides a
very large area for the exchange of gases. The availability of
large surface area maximises the exchange of gases.

Q4) What do you mean by circulatory system? Explain

about arteries, veins and capillaries in detail.[Text Wrapping
Break]

A4) The circulatory system comprises of the heart, blood

vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries).
The Complex network of tubes called blood vessels, (which
extends as a network, throughout the body) together with the
blood they contain and the heart, make up the Circulatory
System.[Text Wrapping Break]It is called Circulatory System, because it
circulates or moves the blood around from the heart to the
body’s tissues and organs and back to the heart again, ready
for its next journey. The entire circuit is completed in the
body, as in a circle. Hence, the word is circulation.
There are 3 main types of blood vessels in the body:
 • Arteries: Arteries are elastic tubes that carry the blood
from heart to [Text Wrapping Break]different parts of the body.
Generally they carry oxygenated or pure [Text Wrapping
Break]blood except pulmonary artery, which carries oxygen
poor blood. [Text Wrapping Break]
• Veins: Veins carry the blood from different parts of the
body towards [Text Wrapping Break]the heart. Generally they carry
oxygen poor blood or deoxygenated [Text Wrapping Break]
blood except for pulmonary vein, which carries oxygen rich
blood.
These are less elastic.[Text Wrapping Break]• Capillaries: Capillaries are
the smallest blood vessels and they are the
link between the arteries and the veins.

Q5) What is the circulatory system? Explain the

structure, location and function of the heart.[Text Wrapping
Break]

A5) The circulatory system comprises of the heart, blood

vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries).
The Complex network of tubes called blood vessels, (which
extends as a network, throughout the body) together with the
blood they contain and the heart, make up the Circulatory
System.[Text Wrapping Break]It is called Circulatory System, because it
circulates or moves the blood around from the heart to the
body’s tissues and organs and back to the heart again, ready
for its next journey. The entire circuit is completed in the
body, as in a circle. Hence, the word is circulation.
Structure –[Text Wrapping Break]The heart is divided by a septum into
two sides. Each side is further divided into 2 chambers. The
upper chambers are called auricles and the lower are called
ventricles. The walls of auricle are thinner than the ventricle.
Location –[Text Wrapping Break]The heart is located in the thorax
between the lungs and above the central depression of the
diaphragm. It weighs 300 grams and its size is approximately
equal to a closed fist.
Functions –[Text Wrapping Break]1. It circulates pure blood to all parts
of the body. This is called systemic
circulation.[Text Wrapping Break]2. It carries blood from all parts of the
body back to the lungs for
purification. This is called pulmonary circulation.
3. It regulates blood pressure. 4. It regulates heart rate.
Q6) “Proper knowledge of anatomy, physiology and
kinesiology is critical in the field of sports.” Explain your
views on this statement.[Text Wrapping Break]A6) I agree with the
above statement. Anatomy, physiology and Kinesiology is
critical in the field of sports. Some reasons are listed below.
• Anatomy provides the knowledge of structures of various
organs. [Text Wrapping Break]
• Physiology provides knowledge about functioning of
various organs. [Text Wrapping Break]
• Useful in the prevention of sports injuries. [Text Wrapping Break]
• Servers in the process of rehabilitation. [Text Wrapping Break]
• Useful in selection of sports [Text Wrapping Break]
• Facilitate preparation of training programmes. [Text Wrapping
Break]
• Helps to know about chemical changes during exercise.
[Text Wrapping Break]
• Serves to understand the anatomical and physiological
difference [Text Wrapping Break]amongst men and women [Text Wrapping
Break]
• Helpful in providing first aid to sportspersons. [Text Wrapping Break]
• Useful in developing physical education administration. [Text
Wrapping Break]
• Aids in sports massage. [Text Wrapping Break]
 • Q7) Clarify the meaning of anatomy, physiology and
kinesiology and elucidate their importance in
physical education.[Text Wrapping Break]
A7) Anatomy -[Text Wrapping Break]Anatomy is a branch of biology
that studies human structure. Anatomy provides us with the
details of human structure, its shape and interrelationships
with various parts of the body. It includes all your body parts,
starting with your head to your toes. It teaches you about
how every part of your body works together. [Text Wrapping
Break]Physiology -[Text Wrapping Break]Physiology is the science that
studies the functions of various organs and systems, their
relationship with other organs and their effects. Physiology is
[Text Wrapping Break]

the science of the mechanical, physical and biomechanical

functions of human organs and cells. It encompasses
everything from how your muscles contract to your liver’s
production of bile. It is the study of heart rate, respiratory
rate, blood pressure and more.
Kinesiology -[Text Wrapping Break]Kinesiology is the study of human
movements and functions by applying the science of
biomechanics, anatomy, physiology and neuroscience. [Text
Wrapping Break]It is used to examine, diagnose and manage injuries
of muscles, joints and bones. Kinesiology is also used in the
evaluation of sports performance for purposes of injury
prevention or improvement.
Importance of anatomy, kinesiology and physiology in the
field of sports is –
• Anatomy provides the knowledge of structures of various
organs. [Text Wrapping Break]
• Physiology provides knowledge about functioning of
various organs. [Text Wrapping Break]
• Useful in the prevention of sports injuries. [Text Wrapping Break]
• Servers in the process of rehabilitation. [Text Wrapping Break]
 • Useful in selection of sports [Text Wrapping Break]
• Facilitate preparation of training programmes. [Text Wrapping
Break]
• Helps to know about chemical changes during exercise.
[Text Wrapping Break]
• Serves to understand the anatomical and physiological
difference [Text Wrapping Break]amongst men and women [Text Wrapping
Break]
• Helpful in providing first aid to sportspersons. [Text Wrapping Break]
• Useful in developing physical education administration. [Text
Wrapping Break]
• Aids in sports massage. [Text Wrapping Break]
• Facilitates understanding of the environmental effects on
sportspersons. [Text Wrapping Break]
Q8) Discuss the properties and functions of muscles.
[Text Wrapping Break]

A8) The properties of muscles are as follows –[Text Wrapping Break]1.

Excitability - It is the ability to respond to a stimulus, which is
[Text Wrapping Break]delivered from a motor neuron or hormone. [Text
Wrapping Break]

2. Contractility - Every single movement of the body is a

result of a muscle contraction, where muscle gets
shortened. Muscles can only pull, not push. [Text Wrapping Break]
7. Elasticity - The ability to bounce back to the muscle’s
original length after being stretched. [Text Wrapping Break]
8. Extensibility - The ability of muscles to be stretched. [Text
Wrapping Break]

Functions of Muscles are as follows -

• Muscle contractions normally do one of the two – they
hold a stance or [Text Wrapping Break]trigger motion. [Text Wrapping Break]
• Skeletal muscles have the skeletal system#39;s
movement power. [Text Wrapping Break]
• These muscles move at our own discretion. [Text Wrapping Break]
• The hearts beating activity is done by cardiac muscles. [Text
Wrapping Break]
 • The motions of the inner organs such as the liver,
intestines, viscera, [Text Wrapping Break]and blood vessels are the
focus of smooth muscles. [Text Wrapping Break]
• Muscles form the human body as well. [Text Wrapping Break]
• Certain muscles help the range of motions to increase.
The bones are [Text Wrapping Break]covered by large muscles. [Text
Wrapping Break]

Q9) What do you mean by equilibrium? Explain its

types in sports. [Text Wrapping Break]
A9) Equilibrium is defined as a state of balance or a stable
situation, where opposite forces cancel each other out and
where no changes are occurring. The types of equilibrium are
- [Text Wrapping Break]1. Dynamic equilibrium: dynamic stability is a
balance of body during movement [Text Wrapping Break]2. Static
equilibrium is the balance of the body during its rest or
stationary position. [Text Wrapping Break]
Q10) Elucidate the principles of stability in detail. [Text
Wrapping Break]

A10) The principles of stability are - [Text Wrapping Break]

1. Broad base of support: for greater stability increase the

area of the base and lower the centre of gravity as much
as is consistent with the activity involved. [Text Wrapping Break]
9. Stability is directly proportional to the weight of the
body: the object or a person with heavy weight will have
greater stability as compared to a person with less weight.
[Text Wrapping Break]
10.Direction of an acting force: to start quickly in one
direction, keep the centre of gravity as high as possible
and as near as possible to the edge of the base nearest to
the direction of intended motion. [Text Wrapping Break]
Q11) What do you mean by centre of gravity? Discuss
its[Text Wrapping Break]application in games and sports.[Text Wrapping
Break]
A11) Centre of gravity is that point in a body or system
around which it’s mass or weight is evenly distributed or
balanced and through which the force of gravity acts. The
Centre of gravity is fixed, provided the size and shape of the
body do not change.[Text Wrapping Break]Application of centre of
gravity in sports -
1. Helps to move[Text Wrapping Break]2. Stops the moving object 3.
Helps to accelerate[Text Wrapping Break]4. Helps in throwing objects.
5. Helps to lift the object.[Text Wrapping Break]6. Helps to pull the
object.
 Unit VIII:
Physical
Activity and
Leadership
Training.
Short Answer Questions-I (Carrying 2 Marks)

1. Mention the types of trekking.

Types of Trekking: There are following types of treks (a) Easy
Trekking[Text Wrapping Break](b) Moderate Trekking[Text Wrapping Break](c)
Strenuous Trekking
(d) Difficult Trekking

2. How can you make an effective leader in the field of

physical education and sports?[Text Wrapping Break]
For creating or making effective and efficient leaders in the
field of physical education, stress must be laid on the
following points.[Text Wrapping Break]1. The foremost point for work in
this area is to analyse which leadership skills are already well
developed among the students and which needs further
development.[Text Wrapping Break]2. After that, identify the students
or group of students whose leadership skills you want to
improve the most. Decide whether you want to have more
students actively involved in leadership activities or you want
to give the chance to young leaders to further improve their
leadership skills.[Text Wrapping Break]3. For improving leadership skills
some of the approaches mentioned below can be used
properly.
• Offer students a range of leadership roles such as
supervising and managing sports activities. [Text Wrapping Break]
• They may be appointed captains of different sports teams.
Give various responsibilities such as membership of
various committees, and assisting teachers and coaches,
etc. [Text Wrapping Break]
• Recognise the leaders by giving them a cap, top or other
uniform. This will be a force of motivation for other
 students. It is also necessary to have faith and confidence
in students. [Text Wrapping Break]
• Show them that you believe that they can improve their
leadership skills. [Text Wrapping Break]

3. Explain any two qualities of a leader in the field of

physical education.

Qualities of a leader are -

1. Energetic: To be energetic is necessary for a leader in
the field of [Text Wrapping Break]physical education In fact, it is the
basic requirement for this [Text Wrapping Break]profession. [Text Wrapping
Break]
2. Decisiveness: A leader in the field of physical education
should be [Text Wrapping Break]decisive. It means he should have
the ability to take decision spontaneously. [Text Wrapping Break]
4. Identify the following adventure sports and write
their names:

a) River rafting b) surfing c) paragliding d) rock climbing

Short Answer Questions-II (Carrying 3 Marks)

1. Describe any four qualities of a leader.

There are some personal as well as professional qualities

which are necessary for leadership in the field of physical
education. These qualities are mentioned below.[Text Wrapping
Break]1. Energetic: To be energetic is necessary for a leader in
the field of physical education. In fact, it is the basic
requirement for this profession.
2. Friendliness and Affection: Friendliness and affection are
also the necessary qualities for a leader in this profession.
These qualities are developed through physical education
programmes and Olympic Games, especially during training
as well as competitions.
3. Decisiveness: A leader in the field of physical education
should be decisive. It means he should have the ability to
take decision spontaneously. 4. Technically Skilled: A leader
in the field of physical education should be technically skilled.
He should be an expert in his discipline and specialisation.

2. Describe any three objectives of adventure sports.

1) Bonding with nature - Adventure sports activities create
awareness among public to conserve and protect wildlife.
Adventure sports activities create the sense of proper use of
forest resources and to avoid deforestation.[Text Wrapping Break]2)
Encourage creativity - These sports allow and encourage
creativity in the innovation of new manoeuvres and in the
stylish execution of existing techniques.
3) Develop mental and physical fitness - These sports are
helpful in developing mental and physical fitness. Such sports
involve fitness skills. Adventure sports provide the
participants a positive and healthy channelization for their
abundant energy and enthusiasm.

3. Elaborate on paragliding in detail.

Paragliding is the recreational and competitive adventure
sport of flying paragliders: lightweight, free-flying, foot-
launched glider aircraft with no rigid primary structure. [Text
Wrapping Break]1) The pilot sits in a harness or lies supine in a
cocoon-like pod suspended below a fabric wing.
2) It is a fun, safe way to experience flight in its simplest
form. A paraglider is a foot-launched, ram air, airfoil canopy,
flown and landed with no other energy than the wind, gravity,
and the pilot muscle power.[Text Wrapping Break]3) The entire
paragliding set includes a wing, harness and helmet. It
weighs less than 20 kilos and easily fits into a backpack.
Paragliders are restricted from flying above 18,000 feet.

4. Explain the meaning of leadership in detail.

The meaning of leadership is -

• 1) Leadership is the ability to intentionally provide
positive influence on [Text Wrapping Break]the lives and behaviours
of others. The leader should possess qualities that are
sought for and admired by followers. A leader must
initiate an activity, under the groups needs, and carry the
activity to completion. [Text Wrapping Break]
• 2) Leadership is needed in every profession. In the field of
physical education, leadership also required to ensure
continuous growth and [Text Wrapping Break]
vitality of the profession. It is a critical station that leaders
emerge from
among students now preparing for this profession. [Text Wrapping
Break]3) If leaders emerge, the profession of physical education
will expand and
prosper. But if leaders do not emerge, the profession of
physical education will deteriorate or become worse. Indeed,
leadership is the art of influencing people to work together
harmoniously in the achievement of professional as well as
personal goals.

5. Discuss mountaineering in detail.

Mountaineering is a type of adventurous sports prevailing all

over the world. It is one of the finest outdoor opportunities
available to the lovers of high places. Mountaineering is an
adventurous sport that combines climbing and hiking up
mountains or mountain terrains.
• 1) An individual who wishes to get involved in this sport
needs to have tremendous endurance, agility, strength,
experience and strong mental power. It may involve
normal rocky or snowy environments. [Text Wrapping Break]
• 2) There are various reasons why most of the enthusiastic
individuals take part in mountaineering. In fact, it
challenges an individual’s capabilities and skills. [Text Wrapping
Break]
• 3) In addition to this, it is also a great way to be in the lap
of nature. Mountaineering is also considered as a form of
relaxation and exercise. [Text Wrapping Break]
6. Elaborate about river rafting in detail.

• 1) River rafting is one of the major activities of adventure

sports. It is a real thrilling sports activity. Indeed, bumping
 and swirling over the rushing water spontaneously makes
river rafting a thrilling sport. It is also popularly known as
white water rafting. [Text Wrapping Break]
• 2) River rafting became popular adventure sport during
the mid-1970s. It is a challenging sport. It involves the use
of a raft for navigating through rivers. [Text Wrapping Break]
• 3) There are several rafting competitions which are held
around the world. River rafting provides a thrilling
experience of riding through rough [Text Wrapping Break]
and untamed water rush. The river rafting experience
involves a complete detachment from the normal world.
There are 6 grades of difficulty which indicate how
demanding some paths of river may be.

7. Discuss the role of a leader in brief.

The role of a leader is –

Structuring the Situation: The leader’s foremost function is to
structure the situation for the group members. Then, he/she
focuses on the goal. [Text Wrapping Break]
Controlling Group Behaviour: The physical education leader
always tries to minimise certain types of individual behaviour
that may be against the best interests of the whole team. The
leader enforces rules effectively. He/she enforces the rule of
the group using rewards and punishments [Text Wrapping Break]
Speaking for the Group: The leader plays a role of spokesman
He speaks for the group A leader must be sensitive to the
emotions of others. He should be soulful in translating the
group’s feelings into both words and actions. [Text Wrapping Break]
Planning for the Group: The leader decides the ways and
means by which the group shall achieve its ends. This
comprises both short- and long-range planning and it is up to
the leader to determine what part of the plan would he/she
share. [Text Wrapping Break]
Execution of Plans: The leader may execute various plans,
which he/she constructs for the benefit of his/her followers.
Execution is an important factor in achieving the aims and
objectives of the group. It is said that a good beginning is half
done. So, if plans are executed well, there can be good
achievements later on. [Text Wrapping Break]
Leader as Representative: Leader is the sole representative
of the group. In the field of sports, the leader speaks for the
whole team. He/she fights for the members of the team. [Text
Wrapping Break]

Leader as a Controller of Internal Relationship: All matters

pertaining to discipline of the group or teams like rewards,
warnings or arbitration are all in the hands of the leader. The
internal differences are settled by the leader. He/she makes
every effort to raise the moral standard of the team [Text Wrapping
Break]

Leader as an Exemplar: A leader inspires the members of

his/her group by his/her quotable examples. He/she sets top
norms of conduct, character and idealism. [Text Wrapping Break]
8. Elaborate the various leadership qualities one
inculcates by participating in adventure sport[Text Wrapping
Break]

By taking part in adventure sports –

One can learn about oneself, conquer the fears and
inhibitions and have a sense of achievement or success. [Text
Wrapping Break]
These sports are not just for fun but they have a number of
benefits too. These sports provide a sense of exhilaration,
motivation and confidence. These sports help participants
lead their life in a better way. [Text Wrapping Break]
They are motivated and hence develop the courage to face
the various obstacles in life. [Text Wrapping Break]
9. Leaders can be trained through physical education.
Justify your answer.[Text Wrapping Break]
Leaders can be trained through physical education are as
follows:
Appointing as a leader or captain of a team [Text Wrapping Break]

Assigning challenging duties to draw out the qualities [Text

Wrapping Break]

Allowing a student to officiate in intramural competitions. [Text

Wrapping Break]

Appoint the student as a member / in charge of various

school [Text Wrapping Break]committees. [Text Wrapping Break]
Entrusting the responsibility of organizing and conducting
games. [Text Wrapping Break]
10. Elucidate any three measures to prevent sports
injuries.
Warm-up is Necessary before Practice or Training: For safety,
it is necessary to be warmed up properly before regular
practice or training. Stretching exercises should be
performed for appropriate warming up. It helps in preventing
sports-related injuries. [Text Wrapping Break]
Be Hydrated: The trainees should be well-hydrated, especially
during the training session. They should be encouraged to
stay well-hydrated by drinking plenty of water before, during
and after the training. It helps in preventing sports injuries.
[Text Wrapping Break]

Follow a Good Diet: Always be sure you are getting a well-

balanced, nutritional diet that gives you sufficient energy.
Avoid supplements, which are not always guaranteed to be
safe. [Text Wrapping Break]

Long Answer Questions (Carrying 5 marks)

What do you mean by adventure sports? Discuss the

objectives of adventure sports in detail.[Text Wrapping Break]
• Adventure sports can be defined as outdoor sports or
activities in which the participant competes in a natural
environment more against himself/herself than against
others.
The objectives of adventure sports are –[Text Wrapping Break]1. To
Develop Self Confidence: It is one of the main objectives of
adventure sports. Individuals who engage in adventure sports
compete with themselves and therefore have a great sense
of achievement when they reach their goals. They overcome
fear and experience thrill. In conclusion, these sports help
develop self-confidence.
1. 2 To Build Concentration: To build concentration is another
important objective of adventure sports. By participating in
adventure sports regularly an individual gets a series of
absorbing experiences. In this way, he enhances his ability to
concentrate.
2. To Nurture Bonding with Nature: Most adventure sports
are outdoor activities which give participants ample
opportunities to experience nature in its best form. The
participants come closer to nature. They form bonding
with nature. [Text Wrapping Break]
To Face Challenges against Odd Situations: Adventure sports
provide ample opportunities for developing traits that
prepare the participants to face challenges against all odds
confidently and efficiently. These sports also enhance ones
capabilities to deal with such situations with courage and
determination. [Text Wrapping Break]
To Use Abundant Energy: Adventure sports provide
participants with positive and healthy channelization for their
abundant energy and enthusiasm. [Text Wrapping Break]
To Provide Exhilaration, Amusement and Excitement: It is
also a vital objective of adventure sports to provide
exhilaration, amusement, and excitement. recreation and
enjoyment to participants in adventure sports. [Text Wrapping Break]
To Encourage Creativity: To encourage creativity in
participants is another significant objective of adventure
sports. These sports allow and encourage creativity.

7. To Develop Mental and Physical Fitness: To develop

mental and physical fitness is also an important objective
of adventure sports. Such sports involve extreme fitness
skills. For example, climbing mountains requires the use
of all the major muscle groups as well as mental
sharpness. [Text Wrapping Break]
8. To Improve Social Relations: Improve social relations
among the participants another objective of adventure
sports. Most of the sports such as hiking. trekking,
camping, mountaineering, river rafting and rock climbing
provide ample opportunities to forge social relations. [Text
Wrapping Break]

2. Write notes on the following: (a) Mountaineering

Mountaineering is a type of adventurous sports prevailing all

over the world. It is one of the finest outdoor opportunities
available to the lovers of high places. It is about putting
hands and feet onto rocks and ice and finally reaching a
summit.
1. Mountaineering is an adventurous sport that combines
climbing and hiking up mountains or mountain terrains.
[Text Wrapping Break]
9. An individual who wishes to get involved in this sport
needs to have tremendous endurance, agility, strength,
experience and strong mental power. It may involve
normal rocky or snowy environments. [Text Wrapping Break]
10.There are various reasons why most of the enthusiastic
individuals take part in mountaineering. In fact, it
challenges an individual’s capabilities and skills. [Text Wrapping
Break]
11.In addition to this, it is also a great way to be in the lap
of nature. Mountaineering as also considered as a form of
relaxation and exercise. [Text Wrapping Break]
12.There are three basic forms of climbing which depend on
the track condition. The first of them is rock climbing. This
form of mountaineering involves rocky slopes. The next
form of mountaineering is the snow and ice climbing. It is
dangerous because it involves routes with glaciers. The
third form of mountaineering combines both the rocky and
snow routes which make it the most difficult of the three.
[Text Wrapping Break]

(b) Surfing
1. Surfing is an exciting water sport in which a person rides
waves. [Text Wrapping Break]
13.All forms of surfing requires exact timing and sharp
reflexes to stay [Text Wrapping Break]balanced. [Text Wrapping Break]
14.Surfers should also be able to anticipate what a breaking
wave will [Text Wrapping Break]do. There are nine aquatic activities
can be classified as surfing. In surfing, the surfer lies,
kneels, sits, or stands board or sits in a kayak or canoe.
[Text Wrapping Break]
 15.Ancient Hawaiians surfed on wooden boards were up to
18 feet (5.5 metres) long. Today surfers use boards made
of a s light weight [Text Wrapping Break]
plastic called polyurethane foam wrapped in fiber glass
sealeds
resins.[Text Wrapping Break]
5. Body surfing provides a sense of balance and gives a
knowledge of
waves that is good for training in all other aquatic surfing
events.

3. What is trekking? Discuss various types of trekking.

A trek is a long journey on foot, especially in the mountains.

Trekking refers to making the long and difficult journey on
the mountains for pleasure or sport. Trekking is a part of
adventure travel and expedition.[Text Wrapping Break]Types of
Trekking: There are following types of treks
• (a) Easy Trekking: The individuals, especially the
beginners, are offered easy treks. There is no difficult
climbing. Such treks usually provide colourful visuals of
the whole series of mountain ranges. [Text Wrapping Break]
• (b) Moderate Trekking: Moderate treks are slightly
difficult and challenging than easy treks. For moderate
trekking the participants or trekkers should be more
energetic. Such trekking is usually longer than roughly ten
days of walking up and down. [Text Wrapping Break]
• (c) Strenuous Trekking: Strenuous trekking needs a lot of
physical effort, energy and determination. In such type of
trekking some previous experience in mountain walking is
 required. These treks involve ascent to high altitudes
usually up to 5000 m. They also involve some steep
climbing. [Text Wrapping Break]
• (d) Difficult Trekking: This type of trekking is suitable only
for real adventure seekers. Some steep ascents to high
altitudes are involved in this type of trekking. The
participants must have enough endurance to complete
such treks as they may last approximately [Text Wrapping Break]
4. What is river rafting? Discuss about their grades of
difficulty.

River rafting is also one of the major activities of adventure

sports. It is a real thrilling sports activity. Indeed, bumping
and swirling over the rushing water spontaneously makes
river rafting a thrilling sport. It is also popularly known as
white water rafting.
There are following grades of difficulty which indicate how
demanding some paths of river may be.
• Grade I: Very small areas, easy waves, mainly flat water.
Generally, it does not require any manoeuvring. Beginners
can enjoy this type of water.
• Grade II: Some rough water. There may be some rocks. It
may require some manoeuvring.
• Grade III: There may be difficult passages. Due to bubble,
the water may look white. This type of water may require
significant manoeuvring in the raft. At this level, prior
experience and strong paddling skills are required.
• Grade IV: There may be large waves. There may be rocks.
Sharp manoeuvres may be required. This grade should not be
attempted without proper experience.
• Grade V: It is extremely difficult level. There may be large
waves. Volume of water may also be large. There may be
large rocks. It needs very precise manoeuvring. Only the
participants with advanced experience should attempt it.
• Grade VI: At this grade or level, rafters can expect to face
huge waves. This level is very tough which demands great
physical and mental toughness. At this level, there may be
injury or death. Successful completion of such level without
serious injury or death is usually thought to be due to luck or
extraordinary skill.
5. Define leadership. Explain the leadership qualities
in physical education.[Text Wrapping Break]
Leadership is the ability to intentionally provide positive
influences on the lives and behaviours of others. The leaders
should possess qualities that are sought for and admired by
followers. A leader must initiate an activity, under the groups
needs, and carry the activity to completion.
Qualities of a leader are –
1. Energetic: To be energetic is necessary for a leader in
the field of [Text Wrapping Break]physical education. In fact, it is the
basic requirement for this [Text Wrapping Break]profession. [Text Wrapping
Break]
16.Friendliness and Affection: Friendliness and affection are
also the [Text Wrapping Break]necessary qualities for a leader in this
profession. These qualities are developed through
physical education programmes and Olympic Games,
especially during training as well as competitions. [Text
Wrapping Break]
17.Decisiveness: A leader in the field of physical education
should be decisive. It means he should have the ability to
take decision spontaneously. [Text Wrapping Break]
18.Technically Skilled: A leader in the field of physical
education should be technically skilled. He should be an
expert in his discipline and specialisation. [Text Wrapping Break]
 19.Intelligent: A leader of physical education should have
intelligence. In fact, intelligence is the ability of an
individual to find out the possible solution of various
complex problems. He/she should be able to find the
simple solution to complex problems. An intelligent leader
of physical education can be a boon to this profession. [Text
Wrapping Break]

6. What do you mean by leadership? Discuss the

process of creating or making leaders through
physical education.[Text Wrapping Break]
Leadership is the ability to intentionally provide positive
influences on the lives and behaviours of others. The leaders
should possess qualities that are sought for and admired by
followers. A leader must initiate an activity, under
the groups needs, and carry the activity to completion.
Process of creating or making leaders through physical
education is -
1. The foremost point for work in this area is to analyse
which leadership skills are already well developed among
the students and which needs further development. [Text
Wrapping Break]
20.After that, identify the students or group of students
whose leadership skills you want to improve the most.
Decide whether you want to have more students actively
involved in leadership activities or you want to give the
chance to young leaders to further improve their
leadership skills. [Text Wrapping Break]
21.It is also necessary to have faith and confidence in
students. Show them that you believe that they can
improve their leadership skills. [Text Wrapping Break]
22.Give them some rewards for showing improvement and
give more responsibilities to successful students. [Text Wrapping
Break]
23.The last but not the least step to improve leadership
skills through physical education is to start again. Make
 proper analysis of successes and then look at the areas
where there are scope for further improvement. Because
it is a well-known fact that there is always room for
improvement. [Text Wrapping Break]
7. Physical education creates leaders and desirable
qualities of leaders in sports persons. Justify the
Statement.[Text Wrapping Break]
Leadership is the ability to intentionally provide positive
influences on the lives and behaviours of others. The leaders
should possess qualities that are sought for and admired by
followers. A leader must initiate an activity, under the group’s
needs, and carry the activity to completion.
Qualities of a leader are –
1. Energetic: To be energetic is necessary for a leader in
the field of [Text Wrapping Break]physical education. In fact, it is the
basic requirement for this [Text Wrapping Break]profession. [Text Wrapping
Break]
24.Friendliness and Affection: Friendliness and affection are
also the [Text Wrapping Break]necessary qualities for a leader in this
profession. These qualities are [Text Wrapping Break]
developed through physical education programmes and
especially
during training as well as competitions.
25.Decisiveness: A leader in the field of physical education
should be [Text Wrapping Break]decisive. It means he should have
the ability to take decision [Text Wrapping Break]spontaneously. [Text
Wrapping Break]
26.Technically Skilled: A leader in the field of physical
education [Text Wrapping Break]should be technically skilled. He
should be an expert in his [Text Wrapping Break]discipline and
specialisation. [Text Wrapping Break]
 27.Intelligent: A leader of physical education should have
intelligence. [Text Wrapping Break]In fact, intelligence is the ability
of an individual to find out the possible solution of various
complex problems. He/she should be able to find the
simple solution to complex problems. An intelligent leader
of physical education can be a boon to this profession. [Text
Wrapping Break]

8. Write notes on: (a) river rafting

• 1) River rafting is one of the major activities of adventure
sports. It is a real thrilling sports activity. Indeed, bumping
and swirling over the rushing water spontaneously makes
river rafting a thrilling sport. It is also popularly known as
white water rafting. [Text Wrapping Break]
• 2) River rafting became popular adventure sport during
the mid- 1970s. It is a challenging sport. It involves the
use of a raft for navigating through rivers. [Text Wrapping Break]
• 3) There are several rafting competitions which are held
around the world. River rafting provides a thrilling
experience of riding through rough and untamed water
rush. The river rafting experience involves a complete
detachment from the normal world. There are 6 grades of
difficulty which indicate how demanding some paths of
river may be. [Text Wrapping Break]
(b) trekking.
i)Trekking is an adventure sport. It needs a lot of courage and
confidence along with a strong physique. A trek is a long
journey on foot, especially in the mountains. [Text Wrapping
Break]ii)Trekking refers to making the long and difficult journey
on the mountains for pleasure or sport. Trekking is a part of
adventure travel and expedition. The duration of trekking can
be as less as a day to over a month.
Types of Trekking: There are following types of treks (a) Easy
Trekking[Text Wrapping Break](b) Moderate Trekking[Text Wrapping Break](c)
Strenuous Trekking
(d) Difficult Trekking
9. Discuss the role of a leader in the field of physical
education.
The role of a leader is -
Structuring the Situation: The leader’s foremost function is to
structure [Text Wrapping Break]the situation for the group members.
Then, he/she focuses on the goal. [Text Wrapping Break]
Controlling Group Behaviour: The physical education leader
always [Text Wrapping Break]tries to minimise certain types of
individual behaviour that may be against the best interests of
the whole team. The leader enforces rules effectively. He/she
enforces the rule of the group using rewards and
punishments. [Text Wrapping Break]
Speaking for the Group: The leader plays a role of spokesman
He speaks for the group. A leader must be sensitive to the
emotions of others. He should be soulful in translating the
group’s feelings into both words and actions. [Text Wrapping Break]
Planning for the Group: The leader decides the ways and
means by which the group shall achieve its ends. This
comprises both short- and long-range planning and it is up to
the leader to determine what part of the plan would he/she
share. [Text Wrapping Break]
Execution of Plans: The leader may execute various plans,
which he/she constructs for the benefit of his/her followers.
Execution is an important factor in achieving the aims and
objectives of the group. It is [Text Wrapping Break]
said that well begun is half done. So, if plans are executed
well, there
can be good achievements later on.
Leader as Representative: Leader is the sole representative
of the [Text Wrapping Break]group. In the field of sports, the leader
speaks for the whole team. [Text Wrapping Break]He/she fights for the
members of the team. [Text Wrapping Break]
Leader as a Controller of Internal Relationship: All matters
pertaining [Text Wrapping Break]to discipline of the group or team like
rewards, warnings or, arbitration are all in the hands of the
leader. The internal differences are settled by the leader.
He/she makes every effort to raise the moral standard of the
team. [Text Wrapping Break]
Leader as an Exemplar: A leader inspires the members of
his/her group by his/her quotable examples. He/she sets top
norms of conduct, character and idealism. [Text Wrapping Break]
10. What are the objectives of adventure sports?
Explain any five in detail.[Text Wrapping Break]
The objectives of Adventure sports are –
To Develop Self Confidence: It is one of the main objectives of
adventure sports. In fact, individuals who engage in
adventure sports compete with themselves and therefore
have a great sense of achievement when they reach their
goal. [Text Wrapping Break]
To Build Concentration: To build concentration is another
important objective of adventure sports. By participating in
adventure sports regularly an individual gets a series of
absorbing experiences. In this way, he enhances his ability to
concentrate. [Text Wrapping Break]
To Nurture Bonding with Nature: Most of the adventure sports
are outdoor activities which give participants ample
opportunities to experience nature in its best form. The
participants come closer to nature. This bonding with nature
is thus a result of constant exposure to natural environment.
[Text Wrapping Break]

To Face Challenges against Odd Situations: Adventure sports

provide ample opportunities for developing traits that
prepare the participants to [Text Wrapping Break]
face challenges against all odds confidently and efficiently.
These sports also enhance ones capabilities to deal with such
situations with courage and determination.
5. To Use Abundant Energy: Adventure sports provide
participants a positive and healthy channelization for their
abundant energy and enthusiasm. Indeed, it can be said that
the use of abundant energy and enthusiasm in such a way is
beneficial for the holistic development of participants.

11. Discuss various safety measures for preventing

sports injuries.

Various safety measures for preventing sports injuries are -

Warm-up is Necessary before Practice or Training: For safety,
it is [Text Wrapping Break]necessary to be warmed up properly before
regular practice or training. Stretching exercises should be
performed for appropriate warming up. It definitely helps in
preventing sports related injuries. [Text Wrapping Break]
Be Hydrated. The trainees should be well-hydrated especially
during the training session. They should be encouraged to
stay well-hydrated by drinking plenty of water before, during
and after the training. It helps in preventing sports injuries.
[Text Wrapping Break]

Give Priority to Rest. Priority to rest should be given during

the training sessions. You should take rest if you are under
fatigue because it can lead to sports injuries. Sportspersons
should also take at least one or two days off each week from
any particular sport. [Text Wrapping Break]
Follow a Good Diet. Always be sure you are getting a well-
balanced, nutritional diet that gives you sufficient energy.
Avoid supplements, which are not always guaranteed to be
safe. [Text Wrapping Break]
Don’t Play When You are Injured. If you love sports, it is
tempting to get right back in the game, even after an injury.
But playing when you are injured is a bad idea. It can lead to
an even worse injury. You should not play when you are
injured. [Text Wrapping Break]
12. To get injury in the field of games and sports is
natural. What measures can you take to reduce the
injuries? Discuss.
Proper Supervision. If proper emphasis is laid down on the
supervision of playground equipment, many injuries can be
prevented. An adult can be appointed for proper supervision.
[Text Wrapping Break]

Proper Surface of Playground/Court/Field. A proper surface of

playground/ court/field is really a significant factor in
reducing the risk and severity of injuries that usually occur
when children fall from various sports equipment. The surface
under the playground should be soft enough and thick
enough to soften the impact of a child’s fall. The playground
surface should be free of standing water and debris that may
cause children to fall. Along this, there should not be any
dangerous materials like broken glass or twisted metal. [Text
Wrapping Break]
Proper Environment. For reducing the risk of injuries,
appropriate consideration must be given to environmental
factors and their impact on participants. Sometimes extreme
weather conditions (extreme hot or cold) it is best to
postpone training or competition. Fluid balance is important
at any time but need more attention in some weather
conditions. Especially young children must be reminded to
drink before, during and after training or competition. [Text
Wrapping Break]

Proper Footwear. The type of footwear you wear during

certain sports can easily be added to the safety equipment
list. The right running shoes can reduce the risk of overuse
injuries. [Text Wrapping Break]
Equipment should be Designed According to Age. Sports
equipment should be designed according to age. Younger
children should not play on equipment designed for older
children because the equipment sizes and proportions won
be right for small children and this can lead to an injury.
 Unit IX:

Psychology
and Sports.
Give one word answers.

1. Whose statement is this, "First psychology lost its soul.

Then it lost its mind. Then it lost its consciousness. It still
has behaviour of a sort."?

Woodworth

2. "Psychology is positive science of behaviour." Whose

statement is it?

Watson

3”Psychology is the science of human behaviour." Whose

statement is it?

pillsbury

4. "Adolescence is the period of great stress and strain,

storm and strife". Whose statement is it?

Stanley hall

5. "Sports Psychology explores one's behaviour in

athletics." Whose statement

Singer
Fill in the blanks.
1. __________ of sports is the study of behaviour and various
psychological aspects in the field

Sports psychology

2. .................. refers to how well the team members enjoy

each other's company.

Social cohesion

3. During .................... stress, tension and strife are

common.

Adolescence

4. Psychology is the science of human ………..

Behaviours

State True or False.

1. The life of an adolescent is full of emotions. (True/False)

2. Sports psychology plays a significant role in preparing athletes

psychologically for competitions. (True/False)

3. Adolescence is the period of great stress and

strain, storm and strife. (True/False)

4. Psychology is the science of human behavior. (True/False)

5. Sports psychology explores one's behaviour in athletics.

(True/False)

Choose the correct answer :

1. "Psychology is the science of human behaviour." Whose

statement is it?

(a) Pillsbury

(c) Woodworth

(b) Watson

(d) Singer

2. "Adolescence is the period of great stress and strain, storm and

strife.' Whose statement is it?

(a) Watson

(b) Crow and Crow

[c) Clarke and Clarke

(d) None of the above

3. "Psychology is the positive science of behaviour". Whose

statement is it?
(a) Watson

(b) Pillsbury

(c) Ross

(d) Woodworth

4."Sports psychology explores one's behaviour is athletics?"

Whose statement is it?

(a) Singer

(b) Brown and Makoney

(c] K. M. Burns

(d) Wood worth

5. Which one of the following is the importance of sports

psychology?

(a) Enhances physiological capacities

(b) Helps in controlling emotions

(c) Assists to learn motor skills

(d) All of the above

6. Which one of the following is not the problem iS of

adolescence?

(a) Mental problems

(b) Lack of feeling of importance

(c) Lack of stability and adjustment

(d) Social problems

7. "Adolescence is that period in which a child tries to

be capable of doing everything by

himself." Whose statement is it?

(a) Watson

(b) Stanley Hall

(c) Sadler

(d) Jersield

8. Sports psychology helps us in:

(a) Controlling emotions

(b) Understanding behaviour

(c) Enhancing physiological capacities

(d) All of these

9. Given below are the two statements labelled Assertion (A) and
Reason (R).

Assertion (A): Psychology is the positive science of behaviour.

Sports psychology does not help in controlling emotions.

Reason (R):

which one of the following is correct?

in the context of the above two statements,

the correct explanation of (A).

are true and (R) is

(a) Both (A) and (R) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the
correct explanation of (A).

(b)Both (A) and (R) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the
correct explanation of (A).

(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.

(d) (A) is false, but (R] is true.

10. Adolescence stage is related to?

(a) 9-13 years

(b) 7-12 years

(c) 13-19 years

(d) 9-19 years

11. 'Psyche' is related to:

(b) soul

(a) behaviour

(c) science

(d) none of these

12. Change in the memory and perception are related to:

(a) physical development

(b) social development

(c) mental development

(d) emotional development

13. Who is the father of Psychology?

(a) Sigmund Freud

[b] Wilhelm Wundt

(c] Watson

(d) Woodworth

14. Given below are the two statements labelled Assertion (A) and
Reason (R).

Assertion (A): Adolescence iS a period through which a growing

person makes a

transition from childhood to maturity.

Reason (R):

It is also period which leads to turbulence and it is often in

behavioural

changes.

In the context of the above two statements, which one of the

following is correct?

(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of
(A).

(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct

(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.

explanation of (A).

(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

15. Team Cohesion is affected by which one of the following
factors?

(a) Size of the group

(b) Time

(c) Inter dependency

(d) All of these

16. Which one of the following is not correct about

the characteristics of adolescents?

(a) They are curious to know about more and more about

(b] They demand self-respect, dignity and independence.

people and places.

(c) They usually remain under stress and tension.

(d] They never become aggressive.

17 Whose statement is this, "First psychology lost its soul

consciousness, it still has behaviour of a sort.”?

(a) Woodworth

[b) Watson

(c) Crow and Crow

(d) Ross

18. Which one of the following is not correct?

(a) The life of adolescent is full of emotions.

(b) Vocational guidance should be provided to adolescents.

(c) Adolescents do not have social problems.

(d) Sports psychology plays a significant role in preparing athletes

for sports competitions.

19. Which one of the following affects team cohesion?

(a) Satisfaction

(b) Popularity

(c) Similarity

(d) All of these

20. Which one of the following is not helpful in improving team

cohesion?

(a) Temperament collision

(b) Set team goals

(c) Encourage communication

(d) Celebrate success as a team

Short Answer Questions I -

Q1) Clarify the meaning of sports psychology.

A1) The areas sports psychologists teach vary from one
person to another depending on their experience and
qualifications. Below are the top roles of an applied sports
psychologist, a mental game coaching who helps athletes
improve performance via mental training.
According to John Luther, “Sports psychology is an area which
attempts to apply psychological facts and principles to
learning performance and associated human behaviour in
whole field of sports.”
According to K.M. Burns, “Sports psychology for physical
education is that branch of psychology which deals with the
physically fitness of an individual through his participation in
games and sports.”
According to Singer, "Sports psychology explores one’s
behaviour in athletics."

Q2) How does sports psychology help in controlling

emotions during sports competitions?

A2) Sports psychology helps in the following ways -

1) Enhances psychological Capacities 2) Assists to learn
motor skills[Text Wrapping Break]3) Aids in understanding behaviour 4)
Helps in controlling emotions
5) Prepares athlete psychologically for competitions 6)
Supports emotional needs of sportsperson

Q3) Does sports psychology assist in learning motor

skills? Discuss in brief.
A3) Sports psychology plays its major role in the learning of
motor skills. Motor skills learning depends on the individual’s
level of readiness, i.e., physiological readiness and
psychological readiness. Physiological readiness in children is
development of the necessary strength, flexibility and
endurance as well as the development of various organ
systems so that they may perform motor skills required in the
activity. Psychological readiness is related to the learner’s
state of mind. It means the desire and willingness to learn the
particular skill. In psychological readiness, sports psychology
plays an important role. Sports psychology is also helpful in
the cognitive stage, the associative stage and the
autonomous stage of motor skill learning.

Q4) Discuss the mental characteristics during

adolescence.

A4) Mental characteristics during adolescence are -

• ● Physical development and mental development go
hand in hand, but it isn't pertinent for all teenagers. It has
been seen in the case of a few young people that they
slack behind in[Text Wrapping Break]mental development within the
prior stages, in spite of the fact that they accomplish
physical development much prior. [Text Wrapping Break]
• ● In truth,they accomplish mental development
afterwards on, when they are able to go into the
profundity of things. Teenagers have gotten to be curious
about seeing and perusing exciting books and stories,
creative stories and cartoons and fictions. Amid youth, [Text
Wrapping Break]the capacity to scrutinize and make the choice,
and[Text Wrapping Break]the enthusiasm or interest for novel
consideration and standard are created. [Text Wrapping Break]
Q5) Which emotional changes do take place during
adolescence? Discuss in brief. [Text Wrapping Break]
A5) The life of an adolescent is full of emotions. Under such
emotions, he performs some uphill task, which seems to be
impossible in the beginning.
Rose says, "The adolescent lives intensely emotional life, in
which we can see once more the rhythm of positive and
negative phases of behaviour in his constant alternation
between intense excitement and deep depression."
Sometimes, the adolescent becomes so excited that he
considers himself to be at the top of the world and,
sometimes, he finds, himself in a state of depression. He feels
himself emotionally disturbed.

Q6) Clarify the meaning of adolescence.

A6) Adolescence is the period of life, when the body

undergoes changes, leading to reproductive maturity. It
begins around the age of 11 and lasts till 18 or 19 years of
age. The period of adolescence may vary from person to
person.
During this phase, a child grows to be self-dependent. Many
physical, psychological, mental, social and emotional changes
take place.
According to Sadler, ”Adolescence is that period in which a
child tried to be capable of doing everything by himself.”
Short Answer Questions II -

Q1) Define the terms psychology and sports

psychology.

A1) Psychology - According to Crow, “Psychology is the study

of human behaviour and human relationships.”
Sports Psychology - According to John Luther, “Sports
psychology is an area which attempts to apply psychological
facts and principles to
learning performance and associated human behaviour in
whole field of sports.”

Q2) Explain the terms growth and development.

A2) Growth and development in physical education refer to

the changes that occur in a child's body as he or she
matures.
Growth refers to a child's progressive development in terms
of size, such as height, weight, and bone growth, while
development refers to a child's physical and mental
development.
Physical growth is much less important than development.
It is a process in which the body undergoes various changes,
including the development of abilities and skills. It is
concerned with the habits of living beings.
Q3) Differentiate between growth and development.

A3) The difference between growth and development is as

follows-
1. Growth is quantitative i.e., expansion in size, shape,
height, weight etc. while development is qualitative i.e.,
expansion in strength, stamina, efficiency etc.
2. Growth stops with maturity, while development continues
throughout the life.
3. Growth is a step towards the whole process of evolution
while development indicates all types of changes in the man.

Q4) Elaborate the developmental characteristics

during infancy.

A4) The stage from birth to age 2 is called infancy. During

this period the grasping power of the child increases
significantly. The memory
power also increases. They start understanding basic adult
conversations and thinking ability increases. Curiosity is also
high during this stage.
Children do not have control over their emotions. At this
stage the behaviour of the child depends on imagination.
They learn abilities related to motor skills such as walking,
jumping, etc.

Q5) Describe the developmental characteristics during

childhood.
A5) Developmental characteristics during childhood:
• (a) Physical development: In early childhood, teeth start
falling and permanent teeth start growing. The growth in
girls is more than that in boys in this period. Increase in
height is slow because muscles and bones develop during
this stage. [Text Wrapping Break]
• (b) Intellectual development: By the time when the child
is about 12 years, he develops language skills. He starts
thinking, reasoning, remembering, etc. and keenly
observes others. Interest in various things keeps on
changing and exhibits love towards nature. [Text Wrapping Break]
• (c) Emotional development: The children become
emotionally more stable. At this stage, sentiments and
complexes are formed. They are innocent and remain
under control. They start feeling conscious of their acts.
[Text Wrapping Break]
• (d) Social development: Children develop a good and
bigger circle of friends. They love to play with their peer
group. Children develop more interest in team games and
love playing in their own groups. [Text Wrapping Break]
Q6) Discuss the importance of sports psychology in
brief.

A6) Sports psychology is important because -

1. Psychology helps improve the performance and personality
of players by scientifically modifying his behaviour
2. Proper motivation and feedback enhances he
performance of the player [Text Wrapping Break]
3. It helps to control and check declining performance. [Text
Wrapping Break]
 4. It helps understand the learning rate, learning curve, [Text
Wrapping Break]development patterns, etc. [Text Wrapping Break]
5. It develops proper behaviour setup during the
competition. [Text Wrapping Break]
6. It helps the player to deal with spectators and crowd. [Text
Wrapping Break]
7. It helps to overcome the stress and tension of players. It
helps [Text Wrapping Break]understand the needs of a sports
person. [Text Wrapping Break]
8. It helps coaches for a better selection of players. [Text
Wrapping Break]
9. It improves the coaching, training and teaching skills for
[Text Wrapping Break]effective learning.

Long Answer Questions -

Q1) What do you mean by psychology? Explain the

importance of psychology in sports.

A1) Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behaviour

of a sportsperson. It surround environmental factors that
affect how people think, act and feel. It also includes the
study of conscious and unconscious situation.
Psychology is important in sports because -
1. Psychology helps improve the performance and
personality of players by scientifically modifying his
behaviour [Text Wrapping Break]
2. Proper motivation and feedback enhances he
performance of the player [Text Wrapping Break]
3. It helps to control and check declining performance. [Text
Wrapping Break]
4. It helps understand the learning rate, learning curve, [Text
Wrapping Break]development patterns, etc. [Text Wrapping Break]
 5. It develops proper behaviour setup during the
competition. [Text Wrapping Break]
6. It helps the player to deal with spectators and crowd. [Text
Wrapping Break]

7. It helps to overcome the stress and tension of players. It

helps understand the needs of a sports person. [Text Wrapping
Break]
8. It helps coaches for a better selection of players. [Text
Wrapping Break]
9. It improves the coaching, training and teaching skills for
[Text Wrapping Break]effective learning. [Text Wrapping Break]

Q2) What do you mean by growth and development?

Differentiate between them.

A2) Growth and development in physical education refer to

the changes that occur in a child's body as he or she
matures.
Growth refers to a child's progressive development in terms
of size, such as height, weight, and bone growth, while
development refers to a child's physical and mental
development.
Physical growth is much less important than development.
It is a process in which the body undergoes various changes,
including the development of abilities and skills. It is
concerned with the habits of living beings.
The difference between growth and development is as
follows-
1. Growth is quantitative i.e., expansion in size, shape,
height, weight etc. while development is qualitative i.e.,
expansion in strength, stamina, efficiency etc.
2. Growth stops with maturity, while development continues
throughout the life.
3. Growth is a step towards the whole process of evolution
while development indicates all types of changes in the man.

Q3) Explain the developmental characteristics of

adolescence.

A3) Adolescence (10-19 years) is a distinct stage of life with

unique needs that has only recently been recognized.
Accelerated physical development, as well as psychological
and behavioural changes, characterize this phase, which
marks the transition from childhood to adulthood.
Physical development:
1. Rapid and emotional physical advancement and
development check adolescence, counting the
advancement of sexual characteristics. [Text Wrapping Break]
10.Checked morphological changes in nearly all organs and
frameworks of the body are dependable for the quickened
development and the changes in forms and sexual organs.
[Text Wrapping Break]
11.In the case of boys, dynamic increasing speed in
development of coarse pubic hair and facial hair more
often than not go before other signs of adolescence such
as voice changes. [Text Wrapping Break]
12.In young ladies, the advancement of breasts, broadening
of hips and quick development in stature, as a rule, starts
almost two and a half a long time sometime recently
menarche. [Text Wrapping Break]
Mental Characteristics:
 1. Physical development and mental development go hand
in hand, but it isn't pertinent for all teenagers. It has been
seen in the case of a few young people that they slack
behind in[Text Wrapping Break]mental development within the prior
stages, in spite of the fact that they accomplish physical
development much prior. [Text Wrapping Break]
13.In truth, they accomplish mental development
afterwards on, when they are able to go into the
profundity of things. Teenagers have gotten to be curious
about seeing and perusing exciting books and stories,
creative stories and cartoons and fictions. Amid youth, [Text
Wrapping Break]the capacity to scrutinize and make the choice,
and the enthusiasm or interest for[Text Wrapping Break]novel
considerations and standards are created. [Text Wrapping Break]
Social Characteristics:
1. Usually, the young people receive way, which is chosen
by them but society makes different impediments in their
way. In such a condition, the youths revolt against the
conventions and traditions of society. Amid this organize,
companions are exceptionally vital to them. They trade
their sees, information and encounters with one another.
[Text Wrapping Break]
14.They continuously long for administration and particular
acknowledgement within the society. They attempt to
display themselves as superior to others. They have
intrigued to take an interest in recreational exercises, viz.,
outing, moving, music, trekking, climbing,
mountaineering, sports, etc. By taking an interest in such
exercises they create socially worthy qualities. [Text Wrapping
Break]

Motor Characteristics:
1. Motor coordination tends to progress amid this organize.
Enhancement is additionally seen in coordinative
capacities which result in better motor learning capacities.
[Text Wrapping Break]
 15.There's a quick improvement of the greatest quality and
dangerous quality in boys as compared to young ladies.
[Text Wrapping Break]
16.The execution in different sports moves forward at a
speedier rate amid this organize with nonstop cooperation
and standard work out. [Text Wrapping Break]

Q4) Explain the problems of adolescence is detail.

A4) The major problems, which adolescents face are given

below :
(i) Physical Problems: During adolescence, many bodily or
physical changes take place. Menstruation and nightfall
become a phenomenon for girls and boys respectively.

• (ii) Mental Problems: During this age, stress, tension and

strife are common. These traits create many mental
problems. [Text Wrapping Break]
• (iii) Problem of Aggressive Behaviour: In this age group,
children tend to show aggressive behaviour. They become
aggressive on small matters. They become irritated easily.
[Text Wrapping Break]
• (iv) Lack of Stability and Adjustment: An adolescent does
not remain stable and he faces adjustment problem. He
feels himself unable to adjust with other people. [Text Wrapping
Break]
• (v) Emotional Problems: The life of an adolescent is full of
emotions. Under such emotions, he performs some uphill
task, which seems to be impossible in the beginning. [Text
Wrapping Break]
• (vi) Problems Related to Sex: During adolescence,
children face many problems, which are related to sex.
They try to meet the opposite sex. Sometimes, they
 become so eager that they do not hesitate to leave their
family. [Text Wrapping Break]
• (vii) Problems of Self-support: Each and every adolescent
needs self-support. He wants to make his own place in the
society. He desires to live a fruitful life. [Text Wrapping Break]
• (viii) Feeling of Importance: An adolescent begins to
understand himself important. He thinks that he should
also get respect. But, sometimes, parents do not take it
seriously. They fail to understand the feelings of
adolescent. [Text Wrapping Break]
• (ix) Social Problems: It has been observed that
adolescents want to adopt their own way, but society
creates many hindrances in their paths. So, adolescents
revolt against the social customs and traditions. [Text Wrapping
Break]

Q5) Elucidate the management of problems during

adolescence.

A5) The following suggestions can be beneficial for the

management of problems of the adolescence:
• (i) Education for Motor Development- An adolescent
should be provided the education for his motor
development. He should be encouraged to play various
games and sports. Through games and sports, his motor
development will take place properly. [Text Wrapping Break]
• (ii) Education of Psychology- Teachers and parents should
have the basic knowledge of psychology. They should be
able to understand the mindset of an adolescent because
many problems can be solved by an adolescent himself.
[Text Wrapping Break]
• (iii) Vocational guidance- Teachers should provide
vocational guidance to the adolescents. This guidance
should be provided keeping in view their intelligence,
capabilities, aptitude and interest. [Text Wrapping Break]
 • (iv) Moral and Religious Education- Moral and Religious
Education should be provided to adolescents. Religious
and moral education will give them mental peace.
Through this some problems like indiscipline, anxiety and,
worry can be tackled easily. [Text Wrapping Break]
• (v) To provide suitable environment- Adolescents should
be provided suitable environment for growth and
development. They should be provided with proper
facilities and opportunities for proper development. They
should be provided balanced diet, should be taught how
to behave and should be provided suitable and healthy
environment. [Text Wrapping Break]
Q6) Discuss the developmental characteristics of
infancy and childhood stages.

A6) Developmental characteristics during childhood:

(a) Physical development: In early childhood, teeth start
falling and permanent teeth start growing. The growth in girls
is more than
that in boys in this period. Increase in height is slow because
muscles and bones develop during this stage.
• (b) Intellectual development: By the time when the child
is about 12 [Text Wrapping Break]years, he develops language skills.
He starts thinking, reasoning, remembering, etc. and
keenly observes others. Interest in various things keeps
on changing and exhibits love towards nature. [Text Wrapping
Break]
• (c) Emotional development: The children become
emotionally more stable. At this stage, sentiments and
complexes are formed. They are innocent and remain
under control. They start feeling conscious of their acts.
[Text Wrapping Break]
 • (d) Social development: Children develop a good and
bigger circle of friends. They love to play with their peer
group. Children develop more interest in team games and
love playing in their own groups. [Text Wrapping Break]
Developmental characteristics during infancy:
• During first year the increase in weight is proportionately
greater than the increase in height. The proportion
between various parts of the body are very odd. The
general movements of infants are highly uncoordinated
because of immature condition of its nervous system.
Much of child’s activity is of reflex type. [Text Wrapping Break]
• With the development of bones, muscles and nervous
system, the child shows a coordinated pattern of
movement. Now, the child has learnt rolling, creeping,
crawling, sitting, standing with aid or himself. Some may
learn to run early than others. The child has learnt now
how to walk and run. [Text Wrapping Break]
• During the next three years, the growth is even but has
slowed down considerably in comparison to first two
years. The bones now get harder. Now he needs no help.
Physical activity comprises bouncing, going up the stairs,
galloping, [Text Wrapping Break]possessive and do not tolerate
anybody interference upon his activities especially toys.
 Unit X:

Training
and Doping
in Sports.
Give one word answers.

1. Which drug reduces weight quickly and mask other

drugs?
Diuretics

2. Which agency ensures that no athlete violates anti-

doping rules in the in world?

WADA

3. In which training cycle the duration is 3 to 10 days?

Microcycle

4, Which substances stimulate the body both physically

and mentally to perform better in sports?

Stimulants

5. Which substances remove fluids from the body

particularly water?

Diuretics

Fill in the blanks.

1.

--.......................... allow athletes to reduce or eliminate

pain from injuries or

are used to make persistent efforts for longer time.

Narcotics
2 -.................doping is the manipulation of cells or genes
to enhance the body's sports performance.

Gene

3. Narcotics may cause loss of balance and…………………

Coordination

4. ..........is the basic form of preparation of sportsmen.

Sports training

5. The duration of training in Mesocycle is ................ .

3 to 6 weeks

State true or false :

1. Diuretics remove fluids from the body particularly water.

(True/False)

2. WADA ensures that no athlete violates anti-doping rules in the

world. (True/False)

3. Diuretics are not performance enhancing drugs. (True/False)

4. Tampering with any part of the doping control process, is not
an anti-doping rule. (True/False)

5. Stimulants increase alertness and delay fatigue. (True/False)

Choose the correct answer.

1. Which one of the following substances is a performance

enhancing substance?

(a) Cocaine

(b) Ephedrine

(c) Amphetamines

(d) All of the above

2. Which is not the example of anabolic steroids?

(a) Stenazolal

(b) Metenalone

(c) Drostanolove

[d) Temoxifen

3. Which is training cycle is the shortest training cycle

which may be for 3 to 10 days?

(a) Macrocycle

(b) Mesocycle

(c) Microcycle
(d) Ergocycle

4. "Sports training is the basic form of preparation of

sports men." Whose statement is it?

(a) Harre

(b) Martin

(c)Matwejew

(d) Hill

5. Blood doping is a method that increases the count

of..............

(A) White blood cells

(B) Red blood cells

(c) Monocytes

(d) Skin cells

6. Which of the following is a physical method of doping?

(a) Stimulants

(b) Steroids

(c) Gene doping

(d) Diuretics

7. What is the full form of WADA?

(a) White Anti Doping Agency

(c) World Anti Doping Agency

(b) Wide Anti Doping Agency

(d) None of the above

8.Taking of prohibited substances in the field of games

and sports is called:

(a) Steroids

(b) Detoxification

(c) Medication

(d) Doping

9. Which one of the following substances, if taken

regularly, slows down the heart rate severely?

(a) Stimulants

(b) Diuretics

(c) Beta Blockers

(d) Anabolic steroids

10. Owing to systematic training the resting heart rate of

a marathon runner will:

(a) increase

(b) decrease

(c) remain normal

(d) become critical

11. Sports training tends to increase:

(a) Sports performance

(c) Waste products

(b) Sports injuries

(d) Blood pressure

12. Diuretics may lead to:

(a)Mineral imbalances

(b) Muscle weakness

(c) Irregular heart beat

(d) All of the above

13. Given below are the two statements labelled Assertion

(A) and Reason (R).

Assertion (A): Diuretics enhance alertness any physical

activity by increasing heart rate

and breathing rates and the functions of the brain.

Reason (R): Most probably diuretics are taken by weight

lifters, boxers and wrestlers.

In the context of the above two statements, which

one of the following is correct?

(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of
(A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation
of (A).

(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.

(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

14.The systematic and scientific sports training helps in

increasing in:

(a) injuries

(b) performance

(c) stress and tension

(d) blood pressure

15. Which one of the following drugs is generally taken by

boxers, weightlifters, wrestlers and judo players to reduce
their body weight before competition?

(a) beta blockers

(b) anabolic steroids

(c) stimulants

(d) diuretics

16. Sportswomen, who take one of the following drugs

tend to masculinize.

(a) Amphetamines

(b) Diuretics

(c) Anabolic steroids

(d) Narcotics

17. What does 'NADA stand for?

(a) National Anti Doping Academy

(b)National Anti Doping Agency

(c) National Anti Doping Association

(d) National Anti Development Agency

18. Which one of the following is physical method of

doping?

(a) Anabolic steroids

(b) Stimulants

(c) Blood doping

(d) Peptide hormones

19. In which city, the headquarters of world Anti Doping

Agency is situated?

(a) Brussels

(b) New York

(c) Quebec

(d) Vienna

20. Which substance removes the fluids from the body

specially water?
(a) Diuretics

(b)Anabolic steroids

(c) Peptide hormones

(d) Beta blockers

21. Which one of the following statements is not correct?

(a) Warming up increases metabolic rate

(b) Limbering down helps in removal of waste products

(c) Tampering with any part of doping control process, is not an

anti doping rule

(d) Stimulants increase alertness and delay fatigue.

Very Short Answer Questions:

1. Define sports training?

Ans. Sports training is the basic form of preparation of

sportsperson.

2. Define Warm- Up?

Ans. Warm-up is process of heating the whole body by

running and performing exercise prior to the competition.
3. What is Limbering or cooling down?

Ans. It is process to bring the body in normal state after

training or competition.

4. Define Load?

Ans. It is process of long- term adjustment to a specific

stimulus.

5. Define Recovery?
Ans. Recovery is to regain what we lost after training or
competition. Recovery is an essential part after exercise or
training load.

6. What is skill?
Ans. A Skill is the ability to perform a whole movement.

7. What is Technique?
Ans. Technique is defined as the motor procedure for taking a
motor task. Motor procedure should be understood as a
system of movement of body parts in a definite sequence.
Short Answer Questions

1. Explain the Types of warm-up?

Ans. There are two types of warm-up

1. General warm-up - It is usually performed in all types of
activities [Text Wrapping Break]such like Jogging, running, jumping,
stretching, calisthenics, striding, wind sprints and other
General exercise. It increases coordinative abilities and
flexibility of muscles and joints. [Text Wrapping Break]
2. Specific Warm-up:- In this type of warm-up specific types
of exercises are performed after the activities of general
warm-up. Specific type of warming-up differs from activity
to activity. [Text Wrapping Break]
2. Write down the Guiding Principles of Warming-up in
brief.

Ans. In the warming-up there are certain Guiding Principles of

Warming-up as in the following way:-
1. Simple to complex[Text Wrapping Break]2. Exercise for all the parts
of body[Text Wrapping Break]3. Stretching and Loosing Exercise should
be included[Text Wrapping Break]4. Intensive enough to Increase Body
Temperature[Text Wrapping Break]5. Warming-up should be according
to the activity or sports 6. Concerned Movement of Games
should be included.[Text Wrapping Break]7. Warming-up should be
done at Exact time[Text Wrapping Break]8. Warming-up should be
according to Age and Sex.

3. Write down the importance of Limbering Down?

Ans. Limbering down is the important part of any training or
competition as it is essential to bring the body back to its
normal position.[Text Wrapping Break]There are certain advantage or
importance of Limbering down :-
• Body temperature become normal [Text Wrapping Break]
• Proper removal of waste product [Text Wrapping Break]
• Decrease in tension [Text Wrapping Break]
• Reduces the chances of dizziness or fainting [Text Wrapping Break]
• Decrease in the level of adrenaline in the blood [Text Wrapping
Break]
• Heart rate returns to initial stage [Text Wrapping Break]
• Muscles do not remain stiff. [Text Wrapping Break]
• Supply of Oxygen normalises [Text Wrapping Break]
4. Explain in detail the classification of Skills. [Text Wrapping
Break]

Ans. There are a number of sports activities and each activity

requires a set of Skills. There are various skills such as
shooting in basketball, serving in badminton, overhead kick in
football. Owing to many characteristics of skill, it is really
difficult to clarify them. Generally, there are following skills:-
[Text Wrapping Break]

• Open Skill: The Skill which are not under control and are
unpredictable are classified as open skill. Example:-
football, hockey. [Text Wrapping Break]
• Closed Skill: close skills take place in a stable, predictable
environment and the performer knows explicitly what to
do and when to do for example free throw in basketball
and serving in squash or tennis. [Text Wrapping Break]
• Simple skill: the skills which do not require large amount
of coordination, timings and decision. These skills are
straight forward, easy to learn and not difficult to perform,
for example chest pass, underarm service and straight
jump. [Text Wrapping Break]
 • Complex Skill: The skills, which require large amount of
coordination, timing and quick thought process are called
complex skills. For example handspring in Gymnastics,
Overhead kick in football. [Text Wrapping Break]
• Gross Skills: The skills, which involve large muscle
movements and do not have precise movements are
called gross skills. [Text Wrapping Break]
• Fine Skills: These skills include complex precise
movements using small muscle groups. For example A
snooker shot and playing the piano. [Text Wrapping Break]
• Discrete Skills: These skills are brief and have a clear-cut
beginning and end. For example penalty kick in hockey.
[Text Wrapping Break]
• Continuous Skills: These skills have no obvious beginning
and end the end of one cycle of movement and beginning
of the next. For example cycling is example of continuous
skills. [Text Wrapping Break]
• Coactive skills: Coactive skills are those skills which are
performed at the same time as others without direct
confrontation. For example swimming and running. [Text
Wrapping Break]
• Interactive Skills: Interactive skills are those skills where
other participants or performers are directly involved. For
example football, netball and handball. [Text Wrapping Break]
• Serial Skills: These skills are a group of discrete skills
which are performed in serial to make a complex
movement. For example sequence of skills in triple jump.
[Text Wrapping Break]
• Individual Skills: Individual skills are those skills which are
performed in isolation. For example high jump and long
jump. [Text Wrapping Break]
5. What do you mean by the Sports Training and
Explain principles of sports training?[Text Wrapping Break]
Ans. Sports Training is the process of all the scientific and
systematic channel of preparation of sportsperson for the
highest level of sports performance. [Text Wrapping Break]Sports
training also consists all those learning influences and
process that are aimed at enhancing sports performance:- [Text
Wrapping Break]1. Principle of Overload: The principle of overload
states that there should be greater than normal load on the
body as required for training adaption to take place. For
example to increase endurance, muscle must work for longer
period of time than they used to. [Text Wrapping Break]2. Principle of
Progressive Development: According to this principle, the
load should be increased step- by - step, so that players can
handle easily. The principle of progressive development also
makes us realize the need of proper rest and recovery. [Text
Wrapping Break]3. Principle of continuity: According to this principle,
the training should be a continuous process. There should not
be any break. The interval between two training session
should be maximum but not too long. [Text Wrapping Break]
4. Principle of Variety: For a successful coach the training
plan should be in variation so as to maintain the interest and
motivation of the athlete. For example changing the nature of
exercise, timing and environment.[Text Wrapping Break]5. Principle of
Individual Differences: According to this principle. Every
sportsperson is different due to individual differences. For
example compared to male athlete a women athlete require
more recovery time for the same event.
6. Principle of Specificity: This principle states that exercising
a certain part or components of the body primarily develops
that part.[Text Wrapping Break]7. Principle of Active involvement: the
principle of active involvement means that for an effective
training programme the athlete must participate actively and
willingly.
8. Principle of Periodization: The sports training programmes
are developed through various training cycles such as macro,
meso and micro cycles.
• Macro Cycles: duration 3 to 12 months. [Text Wrapping Break]
• Meso Cycles: duration 3 to 6 weeks. [Text Wrapping Break]
 • Micro cycles: duration 3 to 10 days. [Text Wrapping Break]9.
Principle of General and specific Preparation:- For the
improvement of the performance, both the general and
specific preparation are equally important. General
preparation serves as the base for specific preparation. [Text
Wrapping Break]10. Principle of Rest and Recovery:- According to
this principle, the training programme should be made in
such away there should be proper rest and interval
between training activities. [Text Wrapping Break]6. Explain the
process of stimulus, Recovery and Adaptation? [Text Wrapping
Break]Ans. Our body is made up of millions of very small
living cells. Each type of cell or group of cells performs a
different job. All the cells have the ability to adapt to what
is happening to the body. The adaptation takes place
inside the body all time. There is also an adaptation to the
training for games and sports because its helps to
increase the sports performance for improving the sports
performance the training load has to be increased. [Text
Wrapping Break]

Stagnation training load means stagnation in performance.

When a sportsperson’s fitness is challenged by a new training
load there is a response from body. The response by the body
is an adaptation to the stimulus of the training load. The
initial response is of fatigue. When the loading stops, then
process of recovery from fatigue and adaptation to the
training load starts. The process of recovery and adaptation
returns to the sportspersons not just to his previous fitness
level but to an improved level.

7. What do you mean by Technique and Skill,

describe?
Ans. Technique: Technique is defined as the motor procedure
for tackling a motor task. Motor procedure should be
understood as a system of movement of body parts in a
definite sequence. Thus, we can say[Text Wrapping Break]Techniques
are the basic movements of any sports or event. The Motor
procedure or technique is always take or goal oriented.
Therefore, different techniques are required in different
sports. In shot-put for example, the motor task is to put the
shot as far as possible, whereas in weightlifting in clean and
jerk the motor task it to lift as much weight as possible. In
team game, the sportsmen are required to tackle a variety of
tasks under different conditions. Therefore in sports the
sportsman has to learn a number of techniques with possible
variation. The most common form of presenting the
technique is verbal and physical. The physical aspects of
technique is conveyed through demonstrations and audio-
visual aids.
Skill: A motor skill is acquired through a long process of
motor learning. Technical skills in sports therefore, represent
automation of motor procedure. A sportsman tries to learn a
technique and through continuous and systematic process, —
is liable to acquire the skill i.e. automation of the motor
procedure. In other words, we can say that skill is the
capacity of the sportsman to realize technique in actual
motor action.

8. Write down the Method of Warming- Up in detail.

Ans. There are following methods of Warming-up which are

generally used:-
General Method
1. Jogging: Every athlete should perform Jogging or slow
running for 5 to 10 minutes to increase the body
temperature.
2. Simple Exercise: This is also a way of warming-up. The
exercise should be performed from simple to complex.
3. Striding: It means running the distance with long strides.
The distance of running should be not more than 50 metres.
4. Stretching Exercise: Stretching is one of the most critical
parts of warm-up and of an athlete’s performance. A more
flexible muscle is stronger and healthier.
5. Wind sprints: This is the last part of warming-up. It is
usually done with spikes on. In wind sprints the distance of [Text
Wrapping Break]25 to 30 m may be covered

Warm-up with warm water: Warm-up with warm water is

usually done in developed countries.
Warm-up through Massage: This is an old method of warm-
up. It was used in India by Wrestlers to get warmed-up.
Warm-up by Hot Drinks: Before the competition use of coffee
or tea to get them warmed up, but it is not considered a good
method.
Through Sun Bath: the body can be warmed up through
sunbath up to some extent, but most of sports this method of
warming-up is not usually applied.
Through Steam bath: The body can be warmed up through
steam bath. Energy can be saved through steam bath but
this method of warming-up also not used frequently.
Thank
You.