BUILDING SERVICE SYSTEMS

GROUP NO. 7

NAME ACTUAL WRITTEN GROOMING

REPORT REPORT

CERVANTES, TRIESHA MAE O.

GONZALES, CHARIE ROSE T.

MARTIN, SEBASTIANNE F.

PEREZ, ANDREA D.

SICABALO, SUNSHINE G.

SUBJECT: CE11 - BUILDING SYSTEM DESIGN

TIME/DAY: 1:00P-3:00P / W
SECTION: CEIT-02-502P

SUBMITTED TO:
ASST. PROF. ZORAHAYDA VILLANUEVA CONCEPCION

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 GROUP 7 MEMBERS

CERVANTES, TRIESHA MAE O. GONZALES, CHARIE ROSE T.

MARTIN, SEBASTIANNE F. PEREZ, ANDREA

SICABALO, SUNSHINE G.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. Building Service System………………………………………………………………………...5

II. Types of Building Service System……………………………………………………….……..6
1. Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC)………………………….……...…….……. 6
1.1 Equipment, Material, and Instrument used in HVAC………………………...…… 6
1.2 Types of Service Applied to the Building…………………….…………………… 7
1.3 Problems that Arise in HVAC…………….……………………………………….. 7
2. Plumbing System ……………………..……………………………………………………… 8
2.1. Equipment, Material, and Instrument used in Plumbing System ………………... 8
2.2 Types of Service Applied to the Building…………………………………….……8
2.3 Problems that Arise in the Plumbing System…………………….……………… 9
3. Electrical System………………………………………………………………………..…..…10
3.1 Equipment, Material, and Instrument used in Electrical System…………..…….10
3.2 Types of Service Applied to the Building…………………………….…….…….11
3.3 Problems Arise in the Electrical System..………….……………...……………12
4. Fire Protection System…………………………………………..………….…………………13
4.1 Equipment, Material, and Instrument used in Fire Protection
System ………………………………………..……………….………... 13
4.2 Types of Service Applied to the Building………………….…………….………14
4.3 Problems that Arises in the Fire Protection System………….………….……….15

III. Lighting Control Systems ……….……………………………………………….…………….15

1. Definition of Lighting………………………………………….………………………….……16
2. Classifications of Lighting……………………………………..………………………………16
2.1. Natural Lighting & Examples…………………………....……………………...16
2.2. Artificial Lighting & Examples………………………………………………….16
3. Types of Lighting……………………………………………………………………………….17
3.1. Ambient Lighting & Examples………………………………………...…...……17
3.2. Decorative Lighting & Examples…………………………...……………………17
3.3. Accent Lighting & Examples…………………………………………...………..17
3.4 Emergency Lighting & Examples…………………………………….…..………17
4. Lighting Control Systems…………………………………………………………………...….18

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 4.1. Dimming Control……………………………………………..………………….18
4.2. Occupancy Sensors…………………………………………………….………….18
4.3. Timers and Schedulers………………………………………………….…………18
4.4. Centralized Control………………………………………………………..……...18
IV. Vertical Transportation Systems ……………………………………………………………….19
1. Types of elevators ………………………………………………………………….…………..19
1.1. Passenger Elevator ……………………………………………………………….19
1.2. Freight Elevator ………………………………………………………………….19
1.3. Service Elevator ………………………………………………………………….19
2. Elevator components …………………………………………………………...……………...20
2.1. Cabin ……………………………………………………………………………..20
2.2. Hoistway …………………………………………………………………………20
2.3. Control System …………………………………………………………………..20
2.4. Motor …………………………………………………………………………….20
2.5. Ropes …………………………………………………………………………….21
3. Problems Arise in Building Service System……………………………………………...…....21
4. HVAC System Problems………………………………………………………………...……..21
4.1. Poor Airflow……………………………………………………………………...21
4.2. System Failure……….…………………………………………………………...21
5. Plumbing Issues………………………………………………………………………………...22
5.1. Leaks……………………………………………………………………………...22
5.2. Clogged Drains…………………………………………………………………...22
5.3. Low Water Pressure………………………………………………………………22
6. Electrical System Problems ……………………………………………………………………23
6.1 Power Outages …………………………………………………………………….23
6.2 Electrical Overload ………………………………………………………………..23
6.3 Voltage Fluctuation ………………………………………………………………..23
7. Fire Protection System Failure…………………………………………………………………24
7.1 Sprinkler Malfunction …………………………………………………………….24
7.2 Blocked Exits ……………………………………………………………………..24
7.3 False Alarms ………………………………………………………………………24
V. Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………………..25
VI. References ……………………………………………………………………………………..26

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 I. BUILDING SYSTEM SERVICE

A building service system refers to the integrated systems that are installed in buildings to
ensure they are comfortable, safe, and functional for occupants. These systems include;

- Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) for controlling temperature and air
quality.
- Plumbing systems in buildings supply water from underground tanks fed by municipal lines
through a distribution system of pipes to outlets.
- Electrical systems provide lighting and power, while fire safety systems include alarms and
sprinklers for protection.
- Fire protection systems are standard building features that either actively or passively help to
control the amount of damage that can occur to a building and protect its occupants in the event
of a fire.

Additionally, elevators and escalators are part of the system for easy movement within multi-story
buildings. These systems work together to maintain a well-functioning and livable environment in any
building.

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 II. TYPES OF BUILDING SYSTEM SERVICE

1. HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC)

The heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) also known as the Mechanical System of a
building provides indoor environmental comfort to occupants by maintaining thermal comfort and
acceptable indoor air quality.

1.1 Equipment, Material, and Instrument used in HVAC

Common equipments that are used in HVAC systems to support installation and maintenance are:

Flow meters play a crucial role in HVAC applications by measuring the

flow rate of fluids, such as water or air, within the HVAC system.

Pressure gauge is used to measure the pressure of gasses or liquids

within different parts of an HVAC system.

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1.2 Types of Service Applied to the Building
HVAC services include construction, installation, and servicing of heating, cooling, and ventilation
systems and equipment.

HVAC maintenance
These are just a handful of routine HVAC
maintenance actions that will extend the life of
your heating and cooling system and cut down
on expensive repairs.

HVAC repair
An HVAC repair call is when a technician comes
to your home to troubleshoot, diagnose, and
repair a problem with your system.

1.3 Problems that Arise in HVAC

The following are the common problems that arises in HVAC:

Poor Airflow
● Dirty Filter- will block airflow and cause your furnace to
work harder to maintain an ideal temperature
● Dirty Ductwork- When there is dirt, dust, and grime in your
ductwork, it can spread all through the home which reduces
air quality

System Failure

● Ignition- If any one of the materials or components is

malfunctioning, your furnace may be unable to ignite.
● Tripped Breakers and Blown Fuses- If the system stops
working entirely, and appears to have no power whatsoever, a
breaker may have been tripped or a fuse could have blown.

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2. PLUMBING SYSTEM

Plumbing System installed in a building for the distribution and use of potable (drinkable)
water and the removal of waterborne wastes. It is usually distinguished from water and sewage systems
that serve a group of buildings or a city.

2.1. Equipment, Material, and Instrument used in Plumbing System

Based on the complexity of the plumbing tasks, common hand-held tools or specialized tools are used,
some of which are:

Water Flow Meter- measures the total volume of water passing through a pipe
over a given period. It is typically used for billing purposes or to track overall
consumption.

Hydro Jetting Machine- is a type of sewer cleaning equipment that is utilized

by qualified plumbers to unclog sewer lines of soap, lubricants, and sludge. To
remove residue, these devices employ high-pressure water.

2.2 Types of Service Applied to the Building

It is crucial to have a professional plumber on the job site to be present in the first phase of the
construction since there are a lot of piping installations. The following are the plumbing systems that
the professional plumber will do:

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 Potable plumbing systems

is the drinking supply line that needs adequate

inspections and maintenance from a
professional plumber to ensure that this line is
free from cross-piping connections with
wastewater or unsafe sources of plumbing
systems.

Sewage plumbing system

is a network of pumps, mains, and pipes used to

collect wastewater and has a compartment
inside for separation of sewage and sludge. Are
beneficial in every building structure for the
disposal of wastewater.

2.3 Problems that Arise in Plumbing System

The following are the common problems that arises in Plumbing System:

Clogged drain- If the clog is localized to one specific area, it’s probably an
issue with one specific drain. If multiple drains are backed up, you could be
dealing with a larger clog in the main line.

Pipe bursts- are a sudden rupture in your plumbing, which can lead to severe
water damage as water rapidly escapes and wreaks havoc behind walls, under
fixtures, and out into your living spaces

Low Water Pressure- If the water pressure is low at individual fixtures like
faucets and showerheads, clean or replace the aerators to remove mineral
deposits and debris that may be obstructing the flow.

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3. ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

An electrical system, within the context of a building, is a network of conductors and equipment
designed to carry, distribute and convert electrical power safely from the point of delivery or generation
to the various loads around the building that consume the electrical energy.

3.1. Equipment, Material, and Instrument used in Electrical System

SCREWDRIVER

These tools are made of steel hardened and tempered at

the tip used to loosen or tighten screws with slotted heads. They
come in various sizes and shapes.

PLIERS

pincers with parallel, flat, and typically serrated surfaces, used

chiefly for gripping small objects or bending wire.

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 WIRE STRIPPER

is a small hand-held tool that is used to remove the insulation

from electric wires. These portable hand-held tools are extremely
popular among electricians and even DIYers for removing the
insulation to replace or repair the wire.

DRILLING EQUIPMENT

is used to cut holes into or through metal, wood, or other

materials

3.2 Types of Service Applied to the Building

An electrical system, within the context of a building, is a network of conductors and equipment
designed to carry, distribute and convert electrical power safely from the point of delivery or generation
to the various loads around the building that consume the electrical energy.

Power Distribution System

This system is responsible for distributing

electrical power throughout the building from a
central source, such as the utility grid, solar
panels, or generators.

Electrical Wiring and Cabling

Properly installed wiring and cabling are essential

for powering appliances, outlets, and other
systems.

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 Backup Power Systems

Backup power systems ensure continuous

operation during power outages or failures.

3.3 Problems that Arise in electrical System

The following are the common problems that arises in Electrical System:

Short Circuits - Overloading, faulty wiring,

damaged insulation, moisture and water, and
faulty appliances are common causes of short
circuits.

High Electric Bills - Inefficient appliances,

outdated electrical systems, phantom loads
(devices that consume electricity even when not
in use), or wiring problems.

Overloaded Circuits - Plugging in too many

devices on a single circuit, outdated wiring, or an
electrical system that cannot handle modern
power demands.

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4. FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS

In order to protect both the building's mechanical systems and its people, fire prevention
systems are essential. These systems are intended to assist in reducing the damage caused by flames by
detecting, controlling, and suppressing fires. Active and passive fire safety systems are commonly
distinguished, with active systems being a component of the mechanical infrastructure.

4.1. Equipment, Material, and Instrument used in Fire Protection System

1. SPRINKLER SYSTEMS

These are among the most common fire protection systems,

automatically discharging water when heat from a fire is
detected. Sprinkler systems are installed throughout the building
in a network of pipes connected to water supplies.

2. FIRE DETECTION AND ALARM SYSTEMS

Devices that detect smoke and trigger an alarm system to warn

occupants. They are often connected to the building's central
fire alarm system. The central control unit of the fire detection
system. It receives signals from smoke and heat detectors,
manual pull stations, and sprinkler systems, then triggers alarms
and alerts the fire department or building management.

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 3. WATER SUPPLY FOR FIRE PROTECTION

The water supply system is crucial for the proper functioning of

sprinklers, standpipes, and fire hoses. This system is connected
to municipal water supplies or on-site storage tanks (for
buildings located in areas with unreliable or insufficient water
supply).

4.2 Types of Service Applied to the Building

Active Fire Protection Systems- Active fire

protection systems involve equipment that requires
some form of action or motion to function, either
manually or automatically. These systems aim to
detect fires early, control their spread, and extinguish
them.

Passive Fire Protection Systems - Passive fire

protection systems are built into the structure of the
building and focus on limiting the spread of fire,
smoke, and heat. These systems do not require
activation and are always working to contain fire
within a defined area.

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4.3 Problems / Issues Arises

The following are the common problems that arises in Fire Protection System:

Lack of Maintenance and Testing- Fire

protection systems require regular maintenance,
inspections, and testing to ensure functionality.
Neglecting these tasks leads to equipment
malfunctions or failure.

Power Supply Issues for Fire Protection

Systems( Blocked or Obstructed Sprinkler
Heads)-Fire protection systems that rely on
electrical power, such as alarms, detection
systems, and pumps, can fail during a power
outage if backup power is not available.

Water Pressure Problems- Insufficient or

excessive water pressure can affect the
performance of fire sprinkler systems. Water
supply issues, such as closed valves, can also
reduce the system's effectiveness.

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 III. LIGHTING

Lighting is the use of light to illuminate spaces. It plays a crucial role

in enhancing the functionality, aesthetics, and efficiency of a space.
Effective lighting design ensures that areas are well-lit according to
their specific use, improving visibility and usability. It can be used in
homes, workplaces, public spaces, and more, and is important for
activities, aesthetics, and energy efficiency.

3.1. CLASSIFICATIONS OF LIGHTING

1. NATURAL LIGHTING
Natural lighting, which is derived from sunlight,
is a critical element in building design due to its
energy efficiency and impact on occupant
comfort. It enters buildings through various
architectural features such as windows, skylights,
and other openings,offering numerous
advantages.

2. ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
Artificial lighting refers to light produced by
electrical fixtures like light bulbs, LEDs, and
fluorescent lamps. This type of lighting is
essential for providing consistent and controlled
illumination regardless of the time of day or
weather conditions. Unlike natural lighting,
artificial lighting offers the ability to create a
predictable and adjustable light environment at
any moment.

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3.2. TYPES OF LIGHTING

1. AMBIENT LIGHTING - Ambient lighting provides

overall, uniform illumination that ensures a space is
adequately lit for general use. Its primary purpose is to
offer a consistent level of brightness throughout the room,
helping people to navigate safely and perform everyday
tasks without straining their eyes.

2. DECORATIVE LIGHTING - is designed primarily to

enhance the visual appeal and style of a space rather than
to serve a functional purpose. This type of lighting focuses
on aesthetics, adding character and flair to a room or area.

EXAMPLES: Chandelier, String Lights

3. ACCENT LIGHTING - is a specialized form of

lighting used to draw attention to specific objects or
architectural features within a space, adding depth and
dimension to the environment. It focused and deliberate,
used to highlight elements such as artwork, sculptures,
textured walls, or plants.

EXAMPLES: Spotlights, Track Lighting

4. EMERGENCY LIGHTING - Its primary function is to

provide reliable illumination in situations where normal
lighting is unavailable, such as during electrical failures,
fires, or natural disasters. They are typically found in
critical areas like hallways, stairwells, and exit routes.

EXAMPLES: Exit Signs, Emergency Lights in Stairways

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3.3. LIGHTING CONTROL SYSTEMS
are technologies that manage and regulate the lighting in a building or space. They allow users
to control the brightness, color, and timing of lights, often with the goal of improving energy efficiency,
convenience, and ambiance. These systems can range from simple manual switches to advanced
automated systems.

1. DIMMING CONTROL - Dimming control allows for the adjustment

of light brightness, which can significantly enhance both energy
efficiency and the ambiance of a space. It helps reduce energy
consumption and prolongs the lifespan of light bulbs, ultimately leading
to cost savings and environmental benefits.

2. OCCUPANCY SENSORS - Occupancy sensors are designed to

detect movement within a space and automatically control the lighting
based on real-time activity. By using technologies such as infrared,
ultrasonic, or microwave sensing, these sensors can accurately determine
whether a room is occupied.

3. TIMERS AND SCHEDULERS - Automatically turn lights on or off

at specific times, useful for outdoor lighting or spaces that only need
illumination at certain hours.

4. CENTRALIZED CONTROL - In larger buildings, a centralized

system can control all the lights from a single location, often integrated
into the building's management system for more complex control over
energy use.

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IV. VERTICAL COMPONENT SYSTEMS

Vertical Component Systems are construction and design frameworks used in architecture and
engineering. They refer to systems where the primary load-bearing or structural components are
vertically aligned, ensuring stability and efficiency. These systems are crucial for distributing weight
evenly across a building's structure, particularly in multi-story buildings or high-rises.

TYPES OF ELEVATORS

1. Passenger Elevator
- It is designed to transport people between different
building floors. Commonly found in residential,
commercial, and public buildings, providing a
convenient and safe way for people to move
vertically within the structure.

2. Freight Elevator
- Designed to carry heavy loads, goods, or
equipment rather than passengers. Used in
industrial buildings, warehouses, factories, and
commercial spaces where large or bulky items
must be transported between floors.

3. Service Elevator
- Used primarily by staff or workers to transport
goods, and equipment, or perform maintenance
tasks in a building. It is typically located in less
visible areas.

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ELEVATORS COMPONENTS
1. Cabin
- Is the enclosed compartment where passengers or
goods are transported between floors. It serves as the
primary space where people stand or where items are
placed during the ride.

2. Hoistway
- Is the vertical passage or enclosure in a building
through which an elevator moves. It contains the
elevator car, guide rails, counterweights, and other
components that help the elevator travel between
floors.

3. Control System
- It is a system of components that manages and directs
the operation of a machinery or process. It involves
the electronic and mechanical systems that control the
car’s movement, floor selection, and safety features to
ensure proper and efficient operation.

4. Motors
- A device that provides the mechanical power required
to move the elevator car between floors. Depending on
the elevator type, it can be:
a. Traction Motor: Drives the elevator using
cables or belts connected to pulleys,
commonly used in high-rise buildings.
b. Hydraulic Motor: Powers a hydraulic pump
that moves the elevator car using a hydraulic
piston, typically used in low- to mid-rise
buildings.

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 5. Ropes
- They are heavy-duty, flexible strands, usually made of
steel, that are used to lift and lower the elevator car.
They are essential in traction elevator systems, where
they are attached to a pulley driven by a motor.

V. PROBLEMS ARISES IN BUILDING SERVICE SYSTEM

Building service systems are essential for the efficient operation and comfort of any facility.
However, various problems can arise within these systems, potentially leading to discomfort, increased
operational costs, and even safety hazards.

HVAC SYSTEM PROBLEMS

Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems are critical components in maintaining a
comfortable and safe environment within buildings. However, HVAC systems can experience a range of
issues that affect their performance, efficiency, and reliability.
1. POOR AIRFLOW
Poor airflow within an HVAC system can result in uneven
temperatures, reduced comfort, and increased energy
consumption. It often indicates underlying issues within
the system that need to be addressed to ensure proper air
circulation.

2. SYSTEM FAILURE
System failure occurs when the HVAC system completely
or partially stops functioning. This can lead to
uncomfortable indoor environments, potential damage to
equipment, and costly repairs.

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PLUMBING SYSTEM ISSUES
The plumbing system in any building is essential for delivering clean water and removing waste
efficiently. However, several common issues can disrupt the functionality of the plumbing system,
leading to inconvenience, potential damage, and costly repairs.

1. LEAKS
Leaks are one of the most common and potentially
damaging plumbing problems. They can occur in
various parts of the plumbing system, including pipes,
faucets, and fixtures. Even small leaks, if not addressed
promptly, can lead to significant water damage and
higher water bills.

2. CLOGGED DRAINS
Clogged drains are a frequent plumbing issue that can
cause slow drainage, backups, and foul odors. Clogs
typically occur in kitchen sinks, bathroom sinks,
showers, and toilets.

3. LOW WATER PRESSURE

Low water pressure is another common plumbing issue
that can make daily tasks, such as showering or washing
dishes, frustrating and time-consuming. It can affect one
or multiple fixtures and may be a symptom of
underlying problems.

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ELECTRICAL SYSTEM PROBLEMS

Electrical system problems in building service systems can vary in severity and impact, ranging
from minor inconveniences to major safety hazards, affecting both functionality and safety. Proper
maintenance and timely troubleshooting are essential to prevent further complications. Here are some
common issues:

1. POWER OUTAGES

Interruptions in electrical supply caused by faulty wiring,

equipment failure, overloads, or external factors like storms,
which can disrupt essential services such as lighting, HVAC,
security systems, and communication networks. In severe cases,
power outages may result in operational downtime, loss of data,
and safety risks, particularly in critical areas like hospitals or
high-security buildings.

2. ELECTRICAL OVERLOAD

Occurs when too many devices are drawing power from a single
circuit, leading to breaker trips or overheating, and in severe
cases, can cause electrical fires. This often happens in older
buildings with outdated wiring or insufficient circuit capacity,
or when high-power appliances are used simultaneously.

3. VOLTAGE FLUCTUATION

Variations in voltage levels due to poor supply, sudden demand

changes, or faulty electrical equipment, which can potentially
damage sensitive electronics and appliances. These fluctuations
can manifest as brownouts, surges, or spikes, often resulting
from issues such as inadequate transformer capacity, grid
instability, or the operation of high-power machinery.

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FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM FAILURE

Fire protection system failure in a building service system occurs when the components designed to
detect, control, or extinguish fires—such as fire alarms, sprinklers, smoke detectors, or fire
extinguishers—fail to function as intended. This failure can be due to poor maintenance, equipment
malfunction, improper installation, or power supply issues, and can result in delayed fire response,
increased fire spread, and heightened risks to occupants and property.

1. SPRINKLER MALFUNCTION

Sprinkler malfunction occurs when a building's fire sprinkler

system fails to activate, activates incorrectly, or operates
inefficiently during a fire. This can happen due to several
factors, such as clogged sprinkler heads, improper system
pressure, corrosion, freezing pipes, or mechanical defects.

2. BLOCKED EXIT

Blocked exit refers to the obstruction of emergency escape

routes, such as doors, hallways, or stairwells, preventing
occupants from safely evacuating a building during an
emergency. This obstruction can occur due to furniture, storage
items, construction materials, or equipment blocking the path.

3. FALSE ALARM

False alarms refer to unintended activation of fire alarm

systems, resulting in alerts that indicate a fire or emergency
when no actual threat exists. This can be caused by various
factors, including malfunctioning equipment, user error,
environmental conditions (like steam or smoke from cooking),
or improper installation.

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CONCLUSION:

In conclusion, a comprehensive understanding of building service systems is essential for ensuring the
safety, functionality, and efficiency of modern structures. Each component plays a vital role in
maintaining a secure and comfortable environment for occupants. Identifying and addressing potential
issues is crucial for mitigating risks and enhancing overall building performance. Regular maintenance,
inspections, and adherence to safety standards are imperative in preventing system failures and ensuring
that buildings not only meet regulatory requirements but also provide a safe haven for their occupants.
Ultimately, proactive management of building service systems contributes significantly to the longevity
and reliability of the infrastructure, fostering a culture of safety and preparedness in the built
environment.

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