TYPES OF BUILDING SERVICES •FIRE ALARM AND SECURITY SYSTEMS

INTRODUCTION • FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS: INCLUDE DETECTORS (SMOKE,

HEAT), MANUAL CALL POINTS, SOUNDERS, AND CONTROL
In architecture, building services are the systems PANELS. THEY DETECT AND ALERT OCCUPANTS IN CASE
POWER DISTRIBUTION FIRE ALARM’S OF A FIRE.
and services that make a building functional and
SYSTEMS AND SECURITY SYSTEMS • CCTV SYSTEMS: ENSURE SECURITY BY MONITORING AND
comfortable. They include everything from the
heating and cooling to the electricity and plumbing. RECORDING ACTIVITIES IN AND AROUND THE BUILDING.
Without these services, a building would not be able • ACCESS CONTROL SYSTEMS: REGULATE ENTRY, OFTEN
to function properly. USING CARDS, BIOMETRICS, OR CODES, ENSURING ONLY
LIGHTING EMERGENCY AUTHORIZED INDIVIDUALS CAN ACCESS CERTAIN AREAS.
ELECTRI
POWER • INTRUDER ALARM SYSTEMS: DETECT UNAUTHORIZED
BUILDINGS MUST BE DESIGN ED WITH FEATURES TO -CAL
ACCESS OR BREAK-INS AND ALERT THE SECURITY
PROVIDE
PERSONNEL OR LOCAL POLICE.
• BETTER LIGHTING HVAC WATER SUPPLY
• COMFORTABLE SPACE TEMPERATURE $ •WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS: STORAGE: MANY BUILDINGS
AIR QUALITY. INCORPORATE WATER TANKS OR RESERVOIRS TO STORE
• CONVENIENT POWER ELEVATORS AND WATER. THIS ENSURES CONSISTENT AVAILABILITY, EVEN DURING
• HIGH-QUALITY SANITATION. ESCALATORS SANITATION
SUPPLY INTERRUPTIONS.
• RELIABLE SYSTEMS FOR THE PROTECTION BUILDIN • TREATMENT: IN AREAS WITH WATER QUALITY CONCERNS,
OF LIFE AND PROPERTY. PUBLIC BUILDINGS MIGHT INTEGRATE WATER PURIFICATION
MECHAN G HEALTH
• Without these four primary services, our SYSTEMS TO TREAT THE WATER BEFORE DISTRIBUTION.
buildings would be uncomfortable and even I-CAL SERVIC SERVICE • DISTRIBUTION: THIS ENTAILS THE NETWORK OF PIPES
dangerous places to inhabit. Water is essential FIRE SAFETY E S WATER THAT DELIVER WATER TO DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE
for drinking and sanitation, and gas and (TYPES) DISPOSAL BUILDING.
electricity provide heating, cooking and •SANITATION SYSTEMS: PROPER SANITATION IS ESSENTIAL TO
lighting power. Drainage is vital for removing PREVENT THE SPREAD OF DISEASES AND MAINTAIN A HYGIENIC
wastewater and sewage from our homes and ENVIRONMENT. THIS INCLUDES:
businesses. • WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT: PROPER DRAINAGE
WATER SUPPLY RAINWATER
SYSTEMS ARE REQUIRED TO MANAGE WASTEWATER
AND DRAINAGE. HARVESTING
FROM SINKS, TOILETS, AND SHOWERS. THIS OFTEN LEADS
Understanding BUILDING SERVICES COMMUNIC
TO CENTRALIZED TREATMENT FACILITIES OR SEPTIC
ATIONS SYSTEMS.
• TOILETS AND URINALS: MODERN BUILDINGS OFTEN
PRIORITIZE WATER-EFFICIENT FIXTURES TO REDUCE
INTERNET DATA AND VOICE WATER CONSUMPTION.
CONNECTIVITY. COMMUNICATIONS • STORMWATER DRAINAGE: ESPECIALLY CRITICAL IN
AREAS PRONE TO HEAVY RAINFALL, STORMWATER
SYSTEMS PREVENT FLOODING AND ROUTE RAINWATER
AWAY FROM THE BUILDING.
•HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC): •WASTE DISPOSAL AND RECYCLING: AS SUSTAINABILITY BECOMES
• PURPOSE: HVAC SYSTEMS REGULATE INDOOR TEMPERATURES, ENSURING THAT BUILDINGS A LARGER PRIORITY, EFFECTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
REMAIN COMFORTABLE ACROSS VARYING WEATHER CONDITIONS. THEY ALSO MANAGE AIR ARE CRUCIAL. THIS INCLUDES:
QUALITY BY FILTERING AND CIRCULATING FRESH AIR. • SEPARATION: BUILDINGS MIGHT OFFER FACILITIES FOR
• COMPONENTS: FURNACES, CHILLERS, AIR HANDLERS, DUCTWORK, FILTERS, AND THERMOSTATS. SEPARATING RECYCLABLE MATERIALS FROM GENERAL
•ELEVATORS AND ESCALATORS: WASTE.
• PURPOSE: IN MULTI-STORY BUILDINGS, ELEVATORS AND ESCALATORS FACILITATE THE • COLLECTION AND STORAGE: DESIGNATED AREAS FOR
VERTICAL MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE AND GOODS. WASTE COLLECTION AND STORAGE, ENSURING IT
• COMPONENTS: LIFT CARS, MOTORS, CABLES, PULLEYS, STEPS/RISERS (FOR ESCALATORS), AND DOESN’T POSE A HEALTH RISK.
CONTROL PANELS.. • DISPOSAL: ENSURING WASTE IS DISPOSED OF IN AN
•FIRE-FIGHTING SYSTEMS: ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY MANNER, EITHER THROUGH
• PURPOSE: THESE SYSTEMS PROVIDE LIFE SAFETY BY DETECTING FIRES EARLY, SUPPRESSING INCINERATION, COMPOSTING, OR LANDFILL.
THEM, AND FACILITATING THE SAFE EVACUATION OF OCCUPANTS. • RECYCLING FACILITIES: ENCOURAGING OCCUPANTS TO
• COMPONENTS: SMOKE DETECTORS, SPRINKLERS, FIRE HYDRANTS, HOSE REELS, AND RECYCLE BY PROVIDING ACCESSIBLE AND WELL-
EMERGENCY EXIT SIGNS. LABELED RECYCLING BINS.
•WATER SUPPLY AND DRAINAGE SYSTEMS: •RAINWATER HARVESTING: A GROWING TREND IN SUSTAINABLE
• PURPOSE: THESE SYSTEMS ENSURE AN UNINTERRUPTED SUPPLY OF CLEAN WATER FOR CONSTRUCTION, RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEMS COLLECT,
CONSUMPTION AND OTHER PURPOSES, AND THE EFFICIENT REMOVAL AND TREATMENT OF STORE, AND TREAT RAINWATER. THIS WATER CAN THEN BE USED
WASTEWATER. FOR NON-POTABLE PURPOSES SUCH AS FLUSHING TOILETS,
• COMPONENTS: PUMPS, TANKS, PIPES, FAUCETS, DRAINS, SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS, AND IRRIGATION, OR AS A BACKUP WATER SUPPLY.
STORMWATER MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS.. •DATA AND VOICE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS:
• PURPOSE: THESE SYSTEMS ENSURE SEAMLESS
•LIGHTING SYSTEMS
COMMUNICATION BOTH WITHIN THE BUILDING AND WITH
• AMBIENT LIGHTING: PROVIDES OVERALL ILLUMINATION FOR SPACES AND IS OFTEN ACHIEVED
THE EXTERNAL WORLD.
THROUGH OVERHEAD FIXTURES AND CHANDELIERS.
• COMPONENTS: INCORPORATE STRUCTURED CABLING,
• TASK LIGHTING: SPECIFICALLY AIMED TO ASSIST IN TASKS LIKE READING OR COOKING;
PHONE LINES, VOIP SYSTEMS, INTERCOMS, AND MORE.
EXAMPLES INCLUDE DESK LAMPS AND UNDER-CABINET LIGHTS.
• INTEGRATION: OFTEN, THEY ARE CONVERGED INTO
• ACCENT LIGHTING: USED FOR DECORATIVE PURPOSES, HIGHLIGHTING ARTWORKS OR
UNIFIED COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS, INTEGRATING VOICE,
ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS.
VIDEO, AND DATA TRANSFER.
• EMERGENCY LIGHTING: ENSURES SAFETY DURING POWER OUTAGES OR SITUATIONS DEMANDING
EVACUATION, E.G., EXIT SIGNS AND PATHWAY LIGHTS.

REMARKS NAME : SHEET NO :

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN VI NAMITHA, LUBNA, ISMAIL, NANDINI, MYTHILY, VARSHINI

01
ROLL NO: 017, 035, 040, 044, 051, 067
CAMPUS DESIGN SEM : VII SEM
C.S.I INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
LITERATURE STUDY – SERVICES SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE
145, MCINTYRE ROAD , OPP. ANAND THEATRE , SECUNDERABAD , TELANGANA 500003
 A REFUGE AREA CAN BE DEFINED AS AN AREA
FIRE AND LiFE SAFETY - INTRODUCTION terminology FIRE refugee area. WHERE PEOPLE CAN OPT FOR SHELTER IF A FIRE
BREAKS OUT.

Fire safety refers to the set of precautions, ▪ ASSISTED EVACUATION -STRATEGY THAT EXISTS • AS PER THE NATIONAL BUILDING CODE, A BUILDER
procedures, and measures taken to prevent fires, DURING WHICH A DESIGNATED PERSON OR PERSONS SHOULD MANDATORILY PROVIDE A REFUGE AREA
minimize the risk of fire-related accidents, and PROVIDE ASSISTANCE, DURING AN EMERGENCY, TO IN A HIGH-RISE BUILDING ON EVERY SEVENTH
ensure the safety of individuals and property in the ANOTHER PERSON(S) TO LEAVE A BUILDING FLOOR OR AFTER 24 METERS in A HIGH-RISE
event of a fire. It involves a combination of BUILDING
▪ ATRIUM -A LARGE-VOLUME SPACE CREATED BY A • AS PER THE LAW, THE REFUGE AREAS IN A
awareness, preparedness, and proper safety
BUILDING MUST BE LIMITED TO A MAXIMUM OF 4% OF
practices to prevent fires from occurring and FLOOR OPENING OR SERIES OF FLOOR OPENINGS
THE LIVABLE FLOOR AREA THAT SERVES. ALSO,
mitigate their impact if they do happen. CONNECTING TWO OR MORE STORIES THAT IS COVERED THE GENERAL REFUGE AREA'S CALCULATION IS
AT THE TOP OF THE SERIES OF OPENINGS EXCLUDED FROM THE FLOOR SPACE INDEX.
• IF A HIGH-RISE BUILDING EXCEEDS 70M AND HAS
Importance of fire safety ▪ AUTOMATIC FIRE DETECTION AND ALARM SYSTEM – ABOVE 24 STORIES, THERE IS NECESSARILY A
REQUIRED FOR AUTOMATICALLY DETECTING SMOKE, PROVISION FOR AN ALTERNATE REFUGE AREA. THE
fire safety is of paramount importance for the HEAT OR FIRE INITIATING AN ALARM ALTERNATE REFUGE AREA CAN BE REINFORCED
following reasons: WITH CANTILEVER PROJECTIONS MADE OF
•Preserving life CONCRETE AND ARE USUALLY AT THE STAIRCASE'S
▪ COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL – A MATERIAL THAT EITHER MID-LANDING LEVEL.. THE MINI WIDTH OF ALTERNATE
•.Protecting property BURNS ITSELF OR ADDS HEAT TO A FIRE, WHEN TESTED REFUGE AREAS SHOULD BE AT LEAST 15 SQm FOR
•Preventing financial losses FOR NON-COMBUSTIBILITY BY ACCEPTED COMMERCIAL HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS AND 10 SQm
•Safeguarding the environment. FOR RESIDENTIAL HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS.
•Ensuring the business community ▪ DRY RISER – AN ARRANGEMENT OF FIREFIGHTING WITHIN
•Complying with regulations THE BUILDING USING VERTICAL RISING MAINS NOT LESS Fire safety lifts
•Promoting public safety THAN 100 MM INTERNAL DIAMETER WITH LANDING
VALVES ON EACH FLOOR/LANDING WHICH IS NORMALLY and stairs.
• TO ENABLE FIRE SERVICE PERSONNEL TO REACH
DRY BUT IS CAPABLE OF BEING CHARGED WITH WATER
THE UPPER FLOORS WITH THE MINIMUM DELAY, ONE
USUALLY BY PUMPING FROM FIRE SERVICE APPLIANCES. OR MORE OF THE LIFTS SHALL BE SO DESIGNED
▪ EXIT-THAT UNOBSTRUCTED COMPONENT OF MEANS TO BE AVAILABLE FOR THE EXCLUSIVE USE OF
THE FIREMAN IN AN EMERGENCY AND BE
DISCHARGE OR PUBLIC WAY
DIRECTLY ACCESSIBLE TO EVERY
▪ EXIT ACCESS CORRIDOR – A CORRIDOR IN EXIT ACCESS DWELLING/LETTABLE FLOOR SPACE ON EACH
THAT MAY NOT NECESSARILY HAVE THE REQUIREMENT FLOOR.
• THE LIFT SHALL HAVE A FLOOR AREA OF NOT
OF EXITS BEING MET.
LESS THAN 1.4 SQ. MT. IT SHALL HAVE A LOADING
▪ FIRE BARRIER (OR FIRE RESISTING BARRIER) – A FIRE CAPACITY OF NOT LESS THAN 545 KG. (8
BARRIER IS A VERTICALLY OR HORIZONTALLY ALIGNED PERSONS LIFT) WITH AUTOMATIC CLOSING DOORS.
• LIFT SHAFTS SHALL HAVE A VENT AT THE TOP OF
MEMBER SUCH AS A WALL OR A FIRE CURTAIN, OR A
THE AREA NOT LESS THAN 0.2 SQ M.
FLOOR. THESE MAY BE WITH DISCONTINUITIES CREATED • EXIT FROM THE LIFT LOBBY, IF LOCATED IN THE
CAUSES OF FIRES IN BUILDINGS BY OPENINGS WITH A SPECIFIED FIRE RESISTANCE CORE OF THE BUILDING, SHALL BE THROUGH A
FIRES IN BUILDINGS CAN OCCUR DUE TO VARIOUS REASONS, RATING. SELF-CLOSING FIRE SMOKE CHECK DOOR OF ONE-
INCLUDING: HOUR FIRE RESISTANCE
•ELECTRICAL FAULTS ▪ FIRE COMPARTMENT – A SPACE WITHIN A BUILDING THAT
•ARSON IS ENCLOSED BY A FIRE BARRIER OR FIRE-RESISTANT
WALLS ON ALL SIDES, INCLUDING THE TOP AND BOTTOM.
•UNATTENDED CANDLES OR CIGARETTES
•KITCHEN FIRES ▪ FIREFIGHTING SHAFT (FIRE TOWER) – AN ENCLOSED SHAFT
•EQUIPMENT MALFUNCTION HAVING PROTECTED AREA OF 120 MIN FIRE RESISTANCE
Smoke detectors
RATING COMPRISING PROTECTED LOBBY, STAIRCASE 0.1 m
AND FIREMAN’S LIFT, CONNECTED DIRECTLY TO EXIT REQUIREMENTS FOR DETECTION ZONES THAT
FIRES ARE CLASSIFIED INTO DIFFERENT CATEGORIES
DISCHARGE OR THROUGH EXIT PASSAGEWAY WITH 120 CONTAIN NON-ADDRESSABLE AUTOMATIC
BASED ON THE TYPES OF MATERIALS OR SUBSTANCES
MIN FIRE RESISTANT WALL AT THE LEVEL OF EXIT DETECTION SYSTEMS ARE GIVEN BELOW:
INVOLVED AND THEIR BEHAVIOUR.
DISCHARGE TO EXIT DISCHARGE.
• CLASS A: FIRES INVOLVING ORDINARY COMBUSTIBLE • FLOOR AREA OF A SINGLE ZONE SHALL NOT
MATERIALS LIKE WOOD, PAPER, AND CLOTH. ▪ FIRE LOAD – CALORIFIC ENERGY, OF THE WHOLE EXCEED 2000 M2.
• CLASS B: FIRES FUELED BY FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS SUCH CONTENTS CONTAINED IN A SPACE, INCLUDING THE • IF THE TOTAL AREA OF A BUILDING IS LESS
AS GASOLINE, OIL, AND GREASE. FACINGS OF THE WALLS, PARTITIONS, FLOORS AND THAN 300 sqM-, A ZONE CAN COVER MORE
0.3 m
THAN ONE FLOOR.
• CLASS C: FIRES INVOLVING ENERGIZED ELECTRICAL CEILINGS.
• IF THE TOTAL AREA OF A BUILDING IS MORE
EQUIPMENT. ▪ FIREMAN’S LIFT - A LIFT OR A GROUP OF LIFTS THAN 300 sqM’, EACH ZONE SHALL BE
• CLASS D: FIRES FUELED BY COMBUSTIBLE METALS LIKE INVARIABLY ASSOCIATED WITH ALL THE FEATURES AND RESTRICTED TO A SINGLE FLOOR
MAGNESIUM AND TITANIUM. REQUIREMENTS OF A FIRE-FIGHTING SHAFT.
• CLASS K: FIRES IN COMMERCIAL KITCHENS FUELED BY
COOKING OILS AND FATS

REMARKS NAME : SHEET NO :

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN VI NAMITHA, LUBNA, ISMAIL, NANDINI, MYTHILY, VARSHINI

02
ROLL NO: 017, 035, 040, 044, 051, 067
CAMPUS DESIGN SEM : VII SEM
C.S.I INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
LITERATURE STUDY – FIRE SAFETY SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE
145, MCINTYRE ROAD , OPP. ANAND THEATRE , SECUNDERABAD , TELANGANA 500003
 CEILING DETAILS:- EMERGENCY DOOR DETAILS:-
FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY
THE PROVISIONS OF FIRE SAFETY APPLY TO,
1000 1000
MM MM
A) ALL HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS; AND
B) SPECIAL BUILDINGS, THOSE ARE,
. 1) HOTEL, EDUCATIONAL, INSTITUTIONAL, BUSINESS, MERCANTILE,
INDUSTRIAL, HAVE A FLOOR AREA OF MORE THAN 500 M2 ON ANY
ONE OR MORE FLOORS; 2000
MM
2) EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS HAVING A HEIGHT OF 9 M AND ABOVE.
3) INSTITUTIONAL BUILDINGS HAVING A HEIGHT OF 9 M AND ABOVE.
Travel distance between the fire safety
4) BUILDINGS, HAVING AN AREA OF MORE THAN 300 NR OF exits ranges from 22.5 to 30 m for both
INCIDENTAL ASSEMBLY OCCUPANCY ON ANY FLOOR. educational and institutional with a per
Automatic sprinklers shall be person occupancy load of 4sqm.
5) BUILDINGS WITH TWO BASEMENTS OR MORE, OR WITH ONE
installed in false ceiling voids
BASEMENT OF AREA OF MORE THAN 500 SQ.M.
exceeding 800 mm in height.
IN HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS, 2,000 WATER
LITRES SHOULD BE UTILIZED FOR FIRE • No exit doorway shall be less than 1,000
SAFETY ON EACH FLOOR mm in width except in assembly buildings,
where door width shall be not less than
2,000 mm. Doorways shall be not less
than 2,000 mm in height.

SIGNAGE DETAILS:-

Exit signs shall be provided such

that no point in an exit access is
2.2 M more than 30 m from a visible exit
directional sign.

FIRE STAIRCASE DETAILS:-

FLOOR DETAILS:-
• FIRE ESCAPE LUMINANCE - The horizontal
• The minimum WIDTH for staircases for educational luminance at floor level on the centreline of
2.4 M
and institutional is 1.5 AND 2m. an escape route shall not be less than 10
• The minimum headroom in a passage under the lumen/m2.
The luminaires shall be mounted as low as
landing of a staircase and the staircase shall be • for escape routes (CORRIDOR WIDTH) up to 2 m
possible, but at least 2 m above the floor level.
2.2 m. wide, 50% of the route width shall be lit to a
2.1 M
minimum of 5 lumen/m2. • all the exits and exit passageways to exit
• External stairs shall have straight flight not less 2 M

• You can use ramps with a slope of no more discharge shall have a clear ceiling height of 2 M
than 1500 mm wide.
than 1 in 10 MAY instead of stairways, as long
at least 2.4 m. However, the height of the exit
• no place is more than 45m from the nearest as they meet all relevant requirements for
door shall be at least 2.1 m.
staircase enclosure capacity and dimensions.. LARGER
SLOPES SHALL BE PROVIDED FOR SPECIAL USES BUT
IN NO CASE GREATER THAN 1 IN 8.

REMARKS NAME : SHEET NO :

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN VI NAMITHA, LUBNA, ISMAIL, NANDINI, MYTHILY, VARSHINI

03
ROLL NO: 017, 035, 040, 044, 051, 067
CAMPUS DESIGN SEM : VII SEM
C.S.I INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
LITERATURE STUDY – FIRE SAFETY SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE
145, MCINTYRE ROAD , OPP. ANAND THEATRE , SECUNDERABAD , TELANGANA 500003
 terminology
Plumbing and waste management -
• Air Gap (Water Distribution): -
INTRODUCTION The vertical space between the water supply opening and the highest water level in
THE Plumbing system COMPRISES THE WHOLE SYSTEM OF PIPE FITTINGS AND a fixture to prevent backflow.
APPLIANCES USED FOR WATER SUPPLY AND DRAINAGE. • Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ):
IN THIS SUPPLY AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM DIFFERENT PIPES ARE USED FOR The designated authority is responsible for code enforcement.
DIFFERENT PURPOSES WHICH ARE EXPLAINED BELOW. • Backflow:
The reverse flow of water into the potable supply from any unintended source.
1. SUPPLY OR SERVICE PIPES • Backpressure Backflow:
2. DRAIN PIPES OR WASTE DISPOSAL PIPES Air gap saddle Reverse flow due to pressure higher than the supply pressure.
• Barrel:
The part of a pipe with uniform diameter and wall thickness.
• Bathroom Group:
A set of fixtures (toilet, lavatory, bath/shower) with a floor drain.
• Consumer:
The person or entity receiving water from the authority.
• Consumer’s Pipe:
The portion of the service pipe is not owned by the water authority.
• Cover:
A removable plate for access, or the distance between the top of a buried pipe
Feed Cistern: A storage vessel supplying cold water to hot water systems.
• ·Fittings:
Potable water geyser Appurtenances like taps, valves, and traps are used in water supply, drainage,
and sanitation.
• Fixture Unit:
A measure of the load effect produced by different plumbing fixtures..
• Flushometer Tank:
A tank designed to discharge water for flushing, integrated with an air
accumulator.
• Geyser:
There are four types of categories considered in the plumbing
A device for heating water, with control on the inlet.
system.
• Horizontal Pipe:
1.Single stack system: This is a high-capacity pump lift to transfer Consumer pipes horizontal pipes
A pipe making an angle of over 45° with the vertical.
wastewater or slurries even against a gravity drain.
• Hot Water Tank:
2.Partially vented single stack system: This is a simple and
A vessel storing hot water under pressure.
essential form of plumbing system amongst all the plumbing
• Plumbing:
systems. The system of pipes carries waste from bathrooms, sinks,
Pipes and fixtures for water supply and waste removal inside a building.
and washbasins from the water closets. This is connected to a
• Plumbing System:
single pipe.
Includes water supply, distribution pipes, traps, soil and waste pipes, drains, sewers,
3.One pipe system: This plumbing system uses a single stack, where
and water-using equipment.
the vent pipe receives connections from all the traps.
• Potable Water:
4.Two pipes system: This system uses separate pipes for connecting
Water suitable for drinking and domestic use.
the water closets and for the discharge of washbasins and bath
• Saddle:
sinks etc.
A fitting is shaped to fit over a sewer hole to form connections.
• Service Pipe:
MATERIAL Subsoil water Surface water The pipe between the distribution main and the building riser or water meter.
drains • Storage Tank:
A container used to store water, connected to the water main or a well..
• TANKS FOR THE STORAGE OF WATER SHALL BE CONSTRUCTED OF
• Subsoil Water:
REINFORCED CONCRETE, BRICK MASONRY, FERROCEMENT, MILD STEEL,
Naturally occurring water in the subsoil.
STAINLESS STEEL, PLASTIC OR GLASS REINFORCED PANELS. • Subsoil Water Drain:
A drain for collecting and carrying subsoil water or dispersing septic tank water
• THE OUTLET PIPE SHALL BE FIXED 50 MM TO 75 MM ABOVE THE BOTTOM OF into the subsoil.
THE TANK AND FITTED WITH A STRAINER, PREFERABLY OF BRASS • Surface Water
Water from the ground surface, paved areas, and roofs.
THE MAXIMUM FLOW RATE AND FLUSH VOLUMES SHALL BE AS GIVEN BELOW: • Surface Water Drain:
PLUMBING - A drain to convey surface water, including stormwater.
• Water Main (Street Main):
• WATER CLOSETS 6 LITRE/FLUSH A pipe laid by water providers for general supply, not for individual consumers.
• Water Outlet:
• URINALS 3.8 LITRE/FLUSH
A discharge opening in the water distribution system for fittings, to atmospheric
• LAVATORY, FAUCET (PRIVATE) 8 LITRE/use. (public) 1 litre/use pressure, or for devices needing water.
• Water Supply System:
• SINK, FAUCET 8 LITRE/MIN
Hot water tanks Subsoil water The system of pipes, valves, and fittings provides water to a building or premises.
• Waterworks:
• BIDET, HAND-HELD SPRAY 8 LITRE/MIN drains Public water supply infrastructure, including lakes, wells, pumps, reservoirs, mains,
• SHOWERHEAD 10 LITRE/MIN and treatment facilities

REMARKS NAME : SHEET NO :

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN VI NAMITHA, LUBNA, ISMAIL, NANDINI, MYTHILY, VARSHINI

04
ROLL NO: 017, 035, 040, 044, 051, 067
CAMPUS DESIGN SEM : VII SEM
C.S.I INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
LITERATURE STUDY – PLUMBING AND WASTE MANAGEMENT SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE
145, MCINTYRE ROAD , OPP. ANAND THEATRE , SECUNDERABAD , TELANGANA 500003
 WATER SUPPLY FOR BUILDINGS WATER SUPPLY FOR EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS WASTE WATER TREATMENT
SPACE DOMESTICS IN FLUSHING IN LTR TOTAL IN LTR FITMENT’S EDUCATIONAL EDUCATIONAL EDUCATIONAL EDUCATION.AL
LTRS INSTITUTIONS INSTITUTIONS INSTITUTIONS INSTITUTIONS
HOSTEL 90 45 135 LTR PER HEAD (NON- (NON- (RESIDENTIAL) (RESIDENTIAL)
RESIDENTIAL) RESIDENTIAL) FOR BOYS FOR GIRLS
CANTEEN 55 LTR PER SEAT 15 LTR PER SEAT 70 LTR PER HEAD FOR BOYS FOR GIRLS
(KITCHEN)
EDUCATIONAL 25 LTR PER HEAD 20 LTR PER HEAD 45 LTR PER HEAD WATER CLOSET 1 PER 40 PUPILS 1 PER 25 PUPIL 1 PER 8 PUPILS 1 PER 6 PUPILS
INSTITUTIONS
WITHOUT ABLUTION TAPS 1 IN EACH CLOSET 1 IN EACH WC 1 IN EACH WC 1 IN EACH WC
BOARDING
WITH BOARDING 90 LTR PER HEAD 45 LTR PER HEAD 135 PER HEAD URINALS 1 PER 20 PUPILS - 1 PER 25 PUPILS -
IN LARGE AND
WASH BASINS 1 PER 60 PUPILS 1 PER 40 PUPILS 1 PER 8 PUPILS 1 PER 6 PUPILS MULTISTOREY BUILDINGS
1) Out of the 150 to 200 (MIN 2) (MIN 2) THE SULLAGE IS TREATED
litre per head per day OF WITHIN THE BUILDING FOR
WATER USED, 45 litres per BATHS - - 1 PER 8 PUPILS 1 PER 6 PUPILS REUSE AS MAKE-UP
head/ day may be taken WATER FOR COOLING
for flushing requirements DRINKING WATER 1 PER 50 PUPILS 1 PER 50 PUPILS 1 PER 50 PUPILS 1 PER 50 PUPILS TOWERS (AC SYSTEM),
and the remaining quantity WATER CLOSETS, ETC.
for other domestic
purposes
CLEANER’S SINK 1 PER FLOOR, MIN. 1 PER FLOOR, MIN. 1 PER FLOOR, MIN 1 PER FLOOR, MIN.
IN BUILDINGS WITH OPEN
2) The water demand for GROUND, THE SULLAGE
landscaping is generally WATER SUPPLY FOR HOSTELS WATER FROM THE WASTE
taken as 6 to 8 SYSTEM CAN BE
litre/nr/day for lawns. FITMENTS FOR FOR FOR NON FOR NON ROOMS FOR ROOMS SUITABLY TREATED AND
RESIDENTS RESIDENTS RESIDENTIAL RESIDENTIAL OUTSIDERS FOR UTILIZED FOR GARDENING.
& STAFF AND STAFF STAFF – MALE STAFF - FEMALE (MALE) OUTISDERS
(MALE) (FEMALE) (FEMALE) 1) RAINWATER SHOULD BE PREFERABLY BE DEALT
WATER 1 PER 8 1 FOR 1 PER 1-15 1 PER 12 PEOPLE 1 PER 100- 2 PER 100- SEPARATELY FROM SEWAGE AND SULLAGE
CLOSET PEOPLE EVERY 6 PEOPLE 2 PER 15-25 400 PEOPLE 200 2) SEWAGE AND SULLAGE SHALL BE CONNECTED TO SEWERS.
PEOPLE 2 PER 15-35 PEOPLE PEOPLE
PEOPLE 6 PER 78-100 3) STORMWATER FROM COURTYARD MAY BE CONNECTED
4 PER 65-100 PEOPLE TO SEWER WHERE IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO DRAIN
PEOPLE OTHERWISE.

ABLUTIO 1 IN EACH 1 IN EACH 1 IN EACH WC 1 IN EACH WC 1 IN EACH 1 IN EACH

N TAPS WC WC WC WC
RAINWATER HARVESTING
URINALS 1 PER 25 - 1 PER 7-20 - 1 PER 50 -
PEOPLE PEOPLE PEOPLE
2 PER 20-45
PEOPLE
Dimensions for wc and sink Dimensions for urinal
4 PER 70-100
1.8M
PEOPLE

WASH 1 PER 8 1 FOR 1 PER 15 PEOPLE 1 PER 12 PEOPLE 1 PER EACH 1 PER EACH

2.4M
BASINS PEOPLE EVERY 6 2 PER 20-45 3 PER 20-45 WC AND WC AND
PEOPLE PEOPLE PEOPLE URINAL URINAL 0.6M
4 PER 70-100 6 PER 78-100 PROVIDED. PROVIDED

1.2M
PEOPLE PEOPLE

BATHS 1 PER 8 1 FOR - - - -

PEOPLE EVERY 6
PEOPLE

DRINKING - - - - - -
WATER APPROXIMATE NUMBER OF RECHARH=GE WELLS
MEASURING 1M x 1m X 2m MAY BE CONSTRUCTED IN THE
CLEANER’ 1 PER 1 PER 1 PER FLOOR 1 PER FLOOR MIN 1 PER 1 PER STORM WATER DRAIN FOR FACILITATING GROUNDWATER
S SINK FLOOR, FLOOR, MIN. MIN. FLOOR, MIN. FLOOR MIN
RECHARGE.
MIN.

Distance between water closet Dimensions for a washroom

REMARKS NAME : SHEET NO :

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN VI NAMITHA, LUBNA, ISMAIL, NANDINI, MYTHILY, VARSHINI

05
ROLL NO : 017, 035, 040, 044, 051, 067.
CAMPUS DESIGN SEM : VII SEM
C.S.I INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
LITERATURE – PLUMBING AND WASTE WATER DISPOSAL SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE
145, MCINTYRE ROAD , OPP. ANAND THEATRE , SECUNDERABAD , TELANGANA 500003
 DECIBELS. NOISE.
ACOUSTICS - INTRODUCTION terminology
• AMBIENT NOISE: BACKGROUND SOUND PRESSURE LEVELS IN AN
Acoustics is A BRANCH OF ENVIRONMENT.
PHYSICS that focuses on • •A-WEIGHTED SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL (LA): A MEASURE OF SOUND IN
studying sound: how it’s DECIBELS (DB) ADJUSTED FOR HUMAN HEARING SENSITIVITY.
produced, transmitted, • •BREAK-IN/BREAK-OUT: UNWANTED SOUND TRANSMISSION INTO OR OUT OF
controlled, and received, and A BUILDING.
the effects of this process. As • •DECIBEL (DB): A LOGARITHMIC UNIT TO MEASURE SOUND LEVELS.
it applies to architecture, • •NOISE REDUCTION COEFFICIENT (NRC): MEASURES THE SOUND
acoustics is the process of ABSORPTION QUALITY OF A SURFACE.
using building design and • •PERCENTILE LEVEL (L_ A, N): THE A-WEIGHTED SOUND LEVEL EXCEEDED
construction methods to FOR A SPECIFIED PERCENTAGE OF THE TIME.
harness the properties of
sound to their greatest effect. • Facade Level: Sound pressure level measured 1 to 2 meters in
front of a building’s façade.
FREQUENCY. GROUND BORNE AND
Architectural acoustics • Free-Field Level: Sound pressure measured outside, away from
AIRBORNE NOISE
involves designing a building to reflecting surfaces.
control how soundwaves • Noise Reduction Coefficient (NRC): A metric for how much sound a
reverberate off its interior in material absorbs.
such a way as to maximize • Frequency: The number of sound wave cycles per second,
clarity, amplifying sound in expressed in Hertz (Hz).
areas where it’s appropriate • Impact Sound Pressure Level (Li): The sound level generated by
to do so, and reducing noise impact, such as footfalls, on a surface.
levels where doing so is • Insertion Loss: Sound level reduction when noise passes through
beneficial. an insulating barrier.
• Reverberation Time (T): The time it takes for sound to decay by
60 dB after the source stops:
• Percentile Level (L_ A, N): The A-weighted sound level exceeded
for a specific percentage of the time.
• Normalized Impact Sound Pressure Level: Evaluates how sound
TRANSMISSIONS
transmits through floors in a building.
• Reverberation Time (T): Time required for sound to decay in a
room, a critical measure in acoustic design.
• Sound Reduction Index (R): A measure of a material or building
element’s ability to reduce sound transmission.
• Standardized Impact Sound Pressure Level (LnT): Measures
impact sound transmission across floors, normalized for
reverberation time.
• Structure-Borne Noise: Noise caused by vibrations within building
structures.
• Ground-Borne Noise: Noise transmitted through the ground,
typically from heavy machinery..

FACADE LEVEL.

REMARKS NAME : SHEET NO :

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN VI NAMITHA, LUBNA, ISMAIL, NANDINI, MYTHILY, VARSHINI

06
ROLL NO: 017, 035, 040, 044, 051, 067
CAMPUS DESIGN SEM : VII SEM
C.S.I INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
LITERATURE STUDY – ACOUSTICS SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE
145, MCINTYRE ROAD , OPP. ANAND THEATRE , SECUNDERABAD , TELANGANA 500003
 SITE PLANNING INTERNAL PLANNING

Where outdoor noise

nuisance exists from
local Industry, busy Rooms should be
planned in a OPENINGS FACING THE
roads, railway, HALLWAY.
airfields, sports manner so that
grounds Or other the minimum
sources beyond the amount of glazing
control of the is placed on the
school side facing the
Authority, buildings external noise
should be sited as
far away From the
sources of noise, as
possible. \

• IN NEARLY ALL
SITUATIONS, A WELL-
DESIGNED BARRIER OF
Grouping- Noisy rooms should be separated from quiet ones, if
A MODEST HEIGHT (3M)
possible.
CAN AT LEAST ENSURE
THAT ALL AREAS OF
OPEN SPACE ARE
FREE OF EXCESSIVE NOISY AREA QUIET AREA
NOISE. IF ROOMS HAVE LARGE GLAZED PANELS OR VENTILATION OPENINGS

CANTEEN
FACING DIRECTLY ON THE CIRCULATION AREAS, HUMAN TRAFFIC PASSING
CLASSROOMS
• TREES WITH HEAVY BY THE ROOMS SHOULD BE CONTROLLED. PREFERABLY BAFFLED
FOLIAGE PLANTED ON VENTILATION SYSTEM OR DOUBLE WINDOW SHOULD BE USED. FAN LIGHTS
BOTH SIDES OF THE OVER DOORS SHOULD BE GLAZED OR FIXED.
ROAD HELP SLIGHTLY
TO MUFFLE THE NOISE, LIBRARY

AUDITORIUM
SWIMMING
PROVIDED THE

POOL
FOILAGE EXTENDS 30M
OR ABOVE LABORATORY

NOISES ARISE FROM THE ACTIVITIES OF A CAMPUS LIKE PLAYGROUNDS,

WORKSHOPS, SWIMMING POOLS, MUSIC ROOMS, ASSEMBLY HALLS, AND
GYMNASIA AS FAR AS POSSIBLE.

QUIET AREA
RAILWAY LINE

When constructing ROAD

PLAYGROUND

buildings near
railway tracks, it is BUILDING LESS WINDOWS
BARRIER
recommended to OPENING TOWARDS
maintain a minimum NOISY AREA.
distance of 50 to 70 BUILDING
ROAD

meters between the

building and the
tracks for safety
and structural
integrity.

REMARKS NAME : SHEET NO :

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN VI NAMITHA, LUBNA, ISMAIL, NANDINI, MYTHILY, VARSHINI

07
ROLL NO : 017, 035, 040, 044, 051, 067.
CAMPUS DESIGN SEM : VII SEM
C.S.I INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
LITERATURE - ACOUSTIC’S SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE
145, MCINTYRE ROAD , OPP. ANAND THEATRE , SECUNDERABAD , TELANGANA 500003