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Iot And Python Based Smart Agriculture System For Effective Plant Growth

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 e-ISSN 2320 –7876 www.ijfans.org
Vol.11,S Iss 1, 2022
Research paper © 2012 IJFANS. All Rights Reserved, UGC CARE Listed ( Group -I) Journal

Iot And Python Based Smart Agriculture System For

Effective Plant Growth
P. Nagendra saiprasad1*, V. Aswini2, Ashim Bora3, T. Rajan4, C.P. Shirley5, T.A. Raja6
1
Department of Business Studies, Central University of Karnataka, Kadaganchi, Karnataka,
India
2
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Sri Sairam Institute of Technology
(autonomous), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
3
Department of Mathematics, Kampur College, Kampur, Assam. India
4
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, PRESIDENCY
University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
5
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Karunya Institute of Technology and
Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
6
Department of Statistics and Economics, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural
Sciences and Technology, Kashmir (J&K), India

Corresponding mail: nagendrasaiprasad@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
The Internet of Things (IOT) is a reassuring technology that offers methodical and rational
answers to the transformation of numerous domains. Several studies and analyses have been
undertaken, and several ways have been developed to deploy IoT technology to agricultural
areas. IoT may play a critical role in detecting diminishing plant health and taking relevant
steps. It is a significant step toward smart farming. In this research, we offer a methodology
for developing an automated framework that would spot crop degradation in its early stages,
which are invisible to bare humanoid senses. This strategy aids in the avoidance of large
victims while also saving a significant amount of time and work. The suggested approach
creates a credit outline by by means of instruments such as humidity, wetness, temperature,
and vegetable foliage colour. The information after the sensors is transferred to the Arduino
Cloud, which analyses the information and aids in the identification of plant degradation. The
IoT will play an important role in the smart agricultural system in the next years.
Keywords: Smart farming, IoT, python, crop development

1. Introduction

India is an agrarian nation, and as 2/3 of the population relies on agriculture for basic needs,
it is the mainstay of the nation's rapid economic development. Furthermore, a significant
portion of the population might find work opportunities in agriculture [1]. Farmers need

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healthy plants in order to provide a decent crop. In order to prevent diseases that restrict plant
growth, it is crucial to monitor plant health at different phases of plant development. When
vermin and sicknesses are widespread, crop growth and agricultural output are dramatically
decreased. The techniques used in the agricultural sector nowadays need independent
judgement, which takes a more time and work. Automated diagnostics may be able to detect
plant diseases early, which would enhance productivity by stopping further plant
deterioration [2].
Actual objects that are now connected to the Internet and gather and share data are referred to
as "Internet of Things" (IoT) devices. By being connected to one another and equipped with
sensors, the gadgets gain a level of digital development that enables them to convey data in
real period without an operator's involvement. Agriculture businesses must use Internet of
Things (IoT) technologies [3]. The Internet of Things raises field production efficiency,
enhances crop quality, and lessens unfavourable environmental effects [4]. By connecting the
agricultural sector to computer-based systems, the Internet of Things (IoT) might lessen the
need for direct human interaction. The need for food will increase due to the exponential
growth in global population [5].The main objective of the proposed system is to use IoT to
identify and determine if the plant is unwell or deteriorating.
The majority of plant diseases first appear on the leaves [6]. As a result, the information
provided in this research, based on variations in temperature, humidity, wetness, and colour,
aids in the differentiation between healthy and diseased/decayed plant leaves. The devised
system makes use of Arduino as well as a number of sensors to keep track of the health of the
crops [7]. This study's objective is to provide real-time environmental monitoring sensors
built on the Arduino platform for the identification of agricultural diseases. The overall
effectiveness, output, and efficiency of the agricultural system are improved through the
deployment of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) in agriculture [8], [9]. Wireless technology
is being developed to track agricultural deterioration as well as field air quality. The goal of
the projected project is to use sensors to evaluate temperature, colour, moisture content, and
humidity in order to detect plant problems early. Subsequently, the collected data will be
transferred to the Thingspeak cloud-based website. The economic paradigm is being
significantly changed by cloud computing [10].
The remaining body of research is structured as follows: An introduction to the related works
in the chosen subject is given in Unit 2. The structure and building of an IOT-based system
for spotting plant degradation, together with algorithms and pseudocodes, are presented in
Unit 3. While Unit 4 addresses the experimental and performance analysis findings in Unit 5,
Unit 5 finishes the study with a comparison of related studies and recommendations for future
work.

2. Research problem
In India, the majority of people rely on agriculture for their livelihood. It is our top goal to
provide India's growing population with the food it needs. Therefore, finding a strategy to
boost agricultural productivity has become essential. Crop deterioration, which might

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comprise root rot, disease infections, nutrient deficiencies, etc., has had a negative impact on
agricultural production. One method is to spot plant degradation in its early stages so that
farmers may take the appropriate steps to offer their crops a better life. Legal phytosanitary
examinations are necessary to forecast plant diseases at all stages of plant growth.
Technology based on sensors and actuators will assist in identifying the plant circumstances
based on atmosphere temperature, humidity, wetness, and colour. This is the driving force for
the implementation of this IoT system, which will benefit farmers in terms of technology.
Farmers' crops will be better protected as a result. To solve this issue, a simple model must be
created that uses sensors and actuators to track crop deterioration.

3. Literature survey
Crop health may now be assessed without the intervention of labourers, due to IoT. It is
recommended to gradually increase watering and plant growth. They were having difficulty
regulating the slow plant development. For a number of reasons, research has sought to
minimise soil removal, but they were unable to ignore the significant energy cost. They also
lacked food and soil resources. Ramesh et al. present a strategy for detecting early disease
and informing farmers. The amount of pollutants absorbed by the plant and the various sorts
of sickness may be estimated using cloud computing. Farmers get this information using a
smartphone app. In agricultural situations, IoT may be utilised to detect obvious
improvements in productivity and can even assist raise crop yield. The leaves, according to
the researchers, may provide information on present weather conditions such as temperature,
humidity, and colour. Temperature, humidity, and colour sensors detect changes in a plant's
environment, which the Arduino software analyses and examines. As they analyse the input
photographs, a number of researchers highlight the merits and limitations of machine learning
and artificial intelligence. There are articles that summarise the possible solutions to the given
problem. In one research, an IoT device based on a Raspberry Pi is used to update database
components as well as to photograph plants for plant disease detection. The afflicted area is
segmented using the K-mean cluster approach. For recognising plant diseases, researchers
have proposed a programming framework based on computer vision. caused sickness.
Two phases in the identification procedure employing PC vision technology are the
separation using k mean bunch and emphasising the removal of the distorted area of the leaf.
The proposed work allows you to monitor the Internet of Things, collect data from a plant
disease detection module, and receive and store signals from sink nodes. Norm filtering is
used to generate the node images, which may be utilised to identify plant ailments. The
researchers detailed how they employed image segmentation and feature extraction
algorithms on leaf pictures to identify plant illnesses in their presentation. Khattab developed
a cultivation monitoring system to maintain the plants' perfect growth and to predict early
epidemic circumstances in order to defend the plants. The farming monitoring scheme
delivers the facility of recording earth and ecological data in a database through radio sensor
networks. As a consequence of IoT improvements, investigators industrialized a mist system
and analyse and predict data from agrarian regions on a communal mist stage. In addition to
monitoring environmental and growth data, the scheme annals, protects, and regulates IoT

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plans. Researchers developed an embedded system that analyses sensor data and predicts the
requirement for irrigation depending on soil moisture using classification machine learning
algorithms. The system is an intelligent autonomous irrigation system that collects sensor
data on the temperature and moisture content of the soil through the Internet of Things.
There have been efforts using Python and OpenCV that just consider the colour of the leaves,
ignoring other important climatic parameters. The Arduino was coded in C, while machine
learning researchers must build their systems in Python. The similar consequences were
obtained by means of the Raspberry Pi and machine learning. There are papers that describe
an procedure that just uses soil moisture and optional sensors to irrigate crops. Other models,
on the other hand, take into consideration more than five variables, such as pH and sunlight.
This system might be better additional by adding extra sensors and mixing them with IoT.
We utilised a Wi-Fi module in this model to send data and graphs from Tinkercad to the
internet.

4. Proposed system
For collecting information from verdure leaves, the recommended architecture consists of
temperature, moisture, and colour sensors. The colour, moisture, temperature, and humidity
sensors capture these changes in a crop, which are then analysed by the Arduino software.
The foundation for identifying plant degradation is shown in Figure 1. The information
gathered by the Arduino gadget is then wirelessly directed to Thingspeak, a cloud website,
for analysis and research. Farmers are then supplied the data once it has been analysed so
they may take the necessary precautions to prevent plant diseases in the future. Fig. 2 depicts
the schematic layout of the system that we propose.
Generally speaking, the techniques listed below may help diagnose plant diseases and direct
information to the cloud:
(a) Data collection: At this step, we gather data by collecting samples of different leaves.
After operating on examples, the sensors analyse them founded on their numerous features
and gives information.
The TMP36 is a minimum-voltage, very accurate Celsius sensor. b) Temperature sensors.
gives out a voltage in proportion to the temperature in Celsius. In the absence of external
calibration, TMP36 maintains standard accuracy. The temperature of the leaf will be
calculated by this sensor, and it will be compared to the perfect temperature obligatory by the
plant.
(c) Light Sensors: The microcircuit is built to identify the kind of bright that it is being
exposed to. Numerous photodiodes covered in four distinct types of filters make up this
device. This would enable us to evaluate the leaf's condition before degeneration started.
(d) Humidity Sensor: A DHT11 is used as a humidity detector as a sensor with a display and
light indication is used to detect humidity. The sensor will display the proper amount of
moisture that the plant needs.

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(e) Tinkercad: A group of free connected tools called Tinkercad may assistance persons all
around the globe think, make, and do things. The system are combined with Tinkercad to
produce a simulation.
(f) Website: Sends the collected data to the cloud via the "ThingSpeak" cloud stage. We may
gather, visualise, and analyse real-time data streams in the cloud using the ThingSpeak IoT
inquiry platform service. It uses architecture to transmit our data, which is then received and
shown with charts.

Fig. 1. Plant decay proposed system

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Fig. 2 Flowchart of the proposed system

5. Algorithm and programming
Our method entails captivating a real plant leaf and passing it via devices. If image
processing had been utilised, this might have also been done with a plant picture. This will
contribute to the advancement and smartening of agriculture's artificial intelligence. SCA
refers to our goal of automating agricultural chores (smart croft algorithm). The Smart Croft
Algorithm identifies plant damage by monitoring water, sunshine, and temperature. The
algorithm used in this research is shown in figure . The algorithm is converted as a python
program and transmitted for further processing.

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5. Result and Discussion

The Tinkercad connections below take into account the humidity, temperatures, and
photocells mentioned above. These circuits may be easily comprehended as graphs when
connected to a cloud-based tool like Thingspeak, helping farmers spot issues. Sensors that
measure temperature, light, humidity, and moisture gather data from the plant. Following
that, the measurements are contrasted with the user-specified goal values. The plant is
regarded as being free of disease if the results are significantly below the threshold. However,
the plant could get polluted if the temperature is greater than is ideal. Similar to this, if a plant
is the wrong colour, it can be unhealthy. This is seen by the light sensing device. The
vegetable may be rotting if its moisture content reading is greater. The irrigation system, on
the other hand, is straight on to water the fields if the plants has a very small wetness content.
The farmer may use this model to predict crops and take the appropriate action. Temperature:
The pigments utilised in the leaves are what give them their vibrant colours. As the
temperature varies, the colour of the leaves also changes. Tinkercad's TMP36 was used in
this experiment. The temperature of the leaf below thought is measured using the TMP36.
Sensor information is sent to a website via a WiFi screen. The inputted data is stored on the
cloud website for future use. The farmer may take the appropriate action if the temperature
fluctuates more than is healthy for the plant.
Humidity: As plants transpire, the air around them becomes more and more humid, soaking
their leaves. A plant cannot create water when the comparative moisture is maximum, there is
inadequate mid-air movement, evaporation from the soil. The plant perish if this keeps
happening over a lengthy period of time. A plant's transpiration rates increase in response to
high temperatures and low humidity, lowering the need for fertiliser. The server, which is
connected to the Arduino UNO by a WiFi, receives the data variables from the DHT11 sensor
and uploads them to it. If the moisture measurements change more than is required when

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nursing the plant, the farmer could be informed. Wetness: The Soil Moisture Sensor uses
resistance to determine the electrical conductivity of the immediate environment. Soil
electrical conductivity is a measure of the water quality. The sensor makes a voltage
proportionate to the soil's conductance, and therefore, to the amount of water in it. A cheap,
user-friendly tool for figuring out the moisture content of soil is a soil moisture sensor.
Varying crops need different moisture levels for the best yield. Using the soil moisture data
provided by the Thingspeak platform, farmers should be able to estimate the quantity of
moisture in the soil. Photoresistor: Plants need light to survive. The quantity of light they
absorb determines how quickly they grow and how well they live. Intensity of light has a
considerable effect on blooming, stem length, leaf colour, and food production in plants.
Low-light plants often have tiny, delicate leaves that have a vibrant green colour. Small
plants will also flourish in direct sunshine. Bright light-loving plants have smaller, denser,
more capacious branches, and dark green leaves. According on how much light they need,
plants are divided into three categories. The normal photoresistor value is considered while
analysing the Thing speak graphs.
The previously mentioned Tinkercad connections are combined with the Thingspeak internet
platform [6]. Thingspeak is an open-source Internet of Things software and API that uses the
HTTP and MQTT protocols to store and retrieve data from objects via the Internet. When
every link is correctly made, Tinkercad creates graphs to aid with comprehension. A better
understanding of the variations in a variety of environmental parameters, such as temperature,
humidity, and moisture, would be helpful to farmers. These are some of the elements that
must be taken into account since they have a significant impact on the outcome of the crop.
Table 1 displays the results of the time vs. temperature experiment. We changed the
Tinkercad sensors such that the outdoor environmental factor (Fig. 4(a)) gradually rose
before a little decline. The graph in Figure 4(b) in Table 2 shows the time vs. humidity data,
and it shows that the atmosphere's humidity fell sharply at first and varied little afterwards.
The monitored time vs. moisture figures are shown in Table 3 as a final illustration. The
graph created using the information from Table 3 is shown in Figure 4. (c). The soil is the
component that affects a plant's development the most. Rendering to the graph, soil wetness
has been increasing over time. Maximum of India's areas have hot or subtropic climates with
slight seasonal temperature variation. Since India has a diverse spectrum of climates
dispersed across a huge geographic area and varied terrain, it is difficult to generalise about
its climate. The complicated meteorological condition that prevails in a particular area and
gives that location its own landscape character is known as the climate. All climatic
conditions and long-term changes have culminated in it. The most significant meteorological
variables are evaporation, temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, and relative wind
speed. On the other hand, sensors and actuators are unable to keep track of every one of these
parts.

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Table 1. Period and humidity of the environment

Time (PM) Humidity

2.20 35.8
2.22 32.4
2.24 29.8
2.26 33.1
2.28 35.1
2.30 34.5

Fig. 3. (a) Atmospheric condition; (b) Humidity (c) Moisture content of the soil
Table 2. Time and humidity of the environment

Time (PM) Moisture content in the soil

2.20 9.2
2.22 12.5
2.24 17.5
2.26 28.1

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2.28 32.2
2.30 37.5

Conclusion
In this work, a method is created to assess the leaf consistency. The future system uses
sensors to notice several parameters, such as environmental condition, moisture, wetness, and
light concentration. As part of the strategy, we may employ an image dispensation
technology to determine the disease. An intelligent system that many people can use has been
developed. It facilitates widespread early sickness diagnosis.
This method assists farmers in improving their results and increasing their production by
using technology that is easy for them to understand, use, and spread to other farmers. Only a
leaf's health or illness may be determined using the suggested method. This method already
specifies using a Wi-Fi module to send the sensor data collected to an online application. The
projected system enhanced by including the GSM and informing farmers in real-environment
on the state of their crops, which would help to detect plant degradation even earlier. The
procedure, a major of sicknesses found in plants, and a list of those ailments may all be added
to this. The main research areas in this study are temperature, humidity, moisture, and leaf
light. Another drawback is that while determining the parameters under consideration, we
employed a collection of opinions rather than exact numbers. By including these factors, any
present agricultural sector will be better equipped to comprehend plant health and be
prepared in advance to make decisions more swiftly

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