See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/374004558

Floriculture Industry in India: Prospects and issues.

Chapter · September 2023

DOI: 10.22271/int.book.325

CITATION READS

1 3,684

4 authors:

Tshering Lhamu Sherpa Bikash Bhattarai

Sikkim University Sikkim University
8 PUBLICATIONS 6 CITATIONS 12 PUBLICATIONS 12 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Anamika Gurung Manju Rana

Indian Agricultural Research Institute Sikkim University
12 PUBLICATIONS 22 CITATIONS 3 PUBLICATIONS 8 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Tshering Lhamu Sherpa on 19 September 2023.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 (Volume-1)

Editors
Songthat William Haokip
Suchibrata Chamuah
Jonathan Lalrinngheta
Okram Bijaya Devi

Integrated Publications TM
New Delhi
Published By: Integrated Publications TM

Integrated Publications
H. No. - 3 Pocket - H34, Sector - 3,
Rohini, Delhi-110085, India
Email – info@integratedpublications.in

Editors: Songthat William Haokip, Suchibrata Chamuah, Jonathan

Lalrinngheta and Okram Bijaya Devi

The author/publisher has attempted to trace and acknowledge the materials

reproduced in this publication and apologize if permission and
acknowledgements to publish in this form have not been given. If any material
has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so that we may rectify
it.

© Integrated Publications
Publication Year: 2023
Pages: 212
ISBN: 978-93-5834-036-5
Book DOI: https://doi.org/10.22271/int.book.325
Price: ` 935/-
 Preface

Horticulture has gained worldwide popularity not only as an educational

subject but in terms of economic and commercial significance as well. It has
leaped its importance as it occupies benevolent role in the National economy.
We should never miss out the beauty of this subject; it is the science and an
art of the development, sustainable production, marketing and use of high-
value, intensively cultivated food and ornamental plants with loads of
aesthetic morals. Keeping all this in mind, the authors have decided to delve
out the topics relevant and in line with the advancing world. All the authors
are pleased to have made this piece of work successful which could help the
scientific community right from the students to all the research scholars and
scientists as well in many ways in their paths. It’s a dream come true to have
published this wonderful book in collaboration with all the authors involved
with their strong determination, dedication and expertise on the subject. This
book discussed topics on advanced technologies in the field of horticulture in
details and topics which are very important for different competitive exams,
JRF, SRF, ICAR-NET, ASRB-ARS, etc. Main aim of the book is to make the
key concepts and issues that underlie the teaching of academics accessible to
teachers as well as the students and to suggest ways in which these issues
might be dealt with amongst the students, professors and scientific
communities and have better and brighter understandings. We hope that the
students, professors, scientists as well as horticultural enthusiasts will make
best use of this wonderful book for their courses aided materials, research and
other studies as well. Your feedbacks, suggestions and criticisms for further
betterment of our work are always welcome.

Editor(s)
Songthat William Haokip
Suchibrata Chamuah
Jonathan Lalrinngheta
Okram Bijaya Devi
 Contents

Sl. No. Chapters Page No.

1. Protected Cultivation of Vegetable Crops 01-14
(Neha M. Arolkar, Pravin B. Manjare, Pooja S. Gharate and
Pratiksha A. Sasane)

2. Vertical Farming: A Futuristic Farming Approach 15-28

in India
(Pratiksha A. Sasane, Pravin B. Manjare and Neha M. Arolkar)

3. Propagation Techniques in Fruit Crops 29-52

(Songthat William Haokip, Tabalique Yumkhaibam, Hau Ngaih Lian
and KH. Anush Sheikh)

4. Advances in Horticulture: Status and Future 53-65

Prospect
(Pooja S. Gharate, Pravin B. Manjare, Pradip Kakade and
Pratiksha A. Sasane)

5. A Case Study on Socio-Economic Condition of Tea 67-77

Garden Workers of Cinnamara Tea Estate in
Jorhat District of Assam
(Debasmita Baruah, Aradhana Bordoloi and Anil Bhatia)

6. Phenotypic Plasticity and Evolutionary 79-91

Development of Plants
(Linthoingambi Ningombam, Tabalique Yumkhaibam, Michi Tani
and Ram Preet Singh)

7. Biofortification in Vegetable Crops 93-107

(Sandhya Lamichaney, Dr. Rajesh Kumar, Prakash and Radhakanta
Thanjam)

8. Integrated Insect-Pest Management of Vegetable 109-119

Crops
(Radhakanta Thangjam, Themmeichon Chamroy, Varun Athokpam
and Haripriya Ngairangbam)

9. Floriculture Industry in India: Prospects and Issues 121-140

(Tshering Lhamu Sherpa, Bikash Bhattarai, Anamika Gurung and
Manju Rana)
10. Minor Crops in Manipur: Exploring Traditional 141-152
Farming and Culinary Uses
(Varun Athokpam, Themmeichon Chamroy and Haripriya
Ngairangbam)

11. Organic Farming in Vegetable Crops: Secured, 153-166

Economical, Lucrative and Prudent Farming in
India
(Pravin B. Manjare, Varun Athokpam, Radhakanta Thangjam and
Neha M. Arolkar)

12. Storage Pests and their Management: Mitigating 167-184

Post-Harvest Losses
(Bikash Bhattarai, Kabita Gurung, Suren Limbu and Obadiya Rai)

13. Bee keeping: A Vital Approach for Sustainable 185-196

Development
(Anam Khan, Khumanthem Babina Devi, Md. Abdul Waseem and
Sanjay Hazarika)

14. Food Processing Techniques in Horticultural Crops 197-212

(Songthat William Haokip, Hau Ngaih Lian, Jonathan Lalrinngheta
and Kripa Shankar)
 Chapter - 9
Floriculture Industry in India: Prospects and
Issues

Authors
Tshering Lhamu Sherpa
Department of Horticulture, Sikkim University, Samdur, P.O.,
Tadong, Gangtok, Sikkim, India
Bikash Bhattarai
Department of Horticulture, Sikkim University, Samdur, P.O.,
Tadong, Gangtok, Sikkim, India
Anamika Gurung
Department of Horticulture, Sikkim University, Samdur, P.O.,
Tadong, Gangtok, Sikkim, India
Manju Rana
Department of Horticulture, Sikkim University, Samdur, P.O.,
Tadong, Gangtok, Sikkim, India

Page | 121
Page | 122
 Chapter - 9
Floriculture Industry in India: Prospects and Issues
Tshering Lhamu Sherpa, Bikash Bhattarai, Anamika Gurung and Manju Rana

Abstract
Floriculture plays a pivotal role in India’s horticultural sector,
contributing significantly to its agricultural economy and global market
presence. The chapter begins by elucidating the historical development of
floriculture in India, tracing its roots from traditional practices to the modern,
export- oriented industry it has become today. It highlights the country’s
diverse agro climatic zones and their influence on the cultivation of a wide
array of ornamental crops. It explores the economic opportunities and
employment generation potential presented by this sector, particularly in rural
areas. It also addresses the critical issues and challenges faced by the Indian
floriculture industry. Furthermore, it examines the government policies and an
initiative aimed at promoting floriculture in India and also provides the in-
depth analysis of the prospects and challenges surrounding floriculture in
Indian Horticulture.
Keywords: Floriculture, historical development, opportunities, challenges.
Introduction
Floriculture, as a branch of horticulture, encompasses the cultivation,
processing, and marketing of ornamental plants. The term "floriculture" is
derived from the Latin words "floris" meaning flower and "cultura" meaning
cultivation, emphasizing its core objective of flower cultivation. It is a
specialized field that focuses on the production of flowers and plants primarily
for aesthetic and decorative purposes. It includes a wide range of plant species,
such as annuals, biennials, and perennials, including trees, shrubs, climbers,
and herbaceous perennials (DeshRaj, 2016).
The scope of floriculture is broad and diverse, covering a wide range of
flowering crops, including cut flowers, loose flowers, potted plants, bedding
plants, shrubs, and avenue trees used for landscaping and gardens. It also
involves the production of various ornamental plants such as cacti, succulents,
bromeliads, climbers, foliage plants, orchids, and palms. Additionally,

Page | 123
floriculture encompasses the cultivation and management of grasses, ferns,
and other flora used in the creation and maintenance of gardens (Niname et
al., 2016).
The significance of floriculture extends beyond the mere cultivation of
flowers and plants. It also involves the processing and value addition of floral
products, such as essential oils, pigments, and dried flowers, which find
applications in perfumery, cosmetics, food industry, and handicrafts.
Floriculture is a highly dynamic and market-oriented industry that caters to
the demands of various sectors, including the floral trade, event management,
hospitality, and gifting.
The practice of floriculture takes place in a variety of settings, ranging
from open fields to controlled environments such as greenhouses. With
advancements in technology, high-tech floriculture has emerged as a
significant aspect of the industry, allowing for year-round cultivation under
controlled conditions to meet the demands of both domestic and international
markets.
Floriculture plays a crucial role in enhancing the aesthetic appeal of
spaces, whether it be private gardens, public parks, commercial landscapes, or
interior spaces. The beauty and fragrance of flowers have a profound impact
on the human senses, creating a positive and visually pleasing environment.
Flowers also hold cultural and symbolic significance, being used in
ceremonies, celebrations, and rituals across different cultures.
Floriculture industry in India
The floriculture industry in India encompasses a wide range of activities,
including the commercial production of cut flowers, loose flowers, cut greens,
fillers, seeds, bulbs, landscape plants, and value-added products derived from
flowers. It is a specialized branch of horticulture that plays a significant role
in the economy, social and cultural aspects, and environmental planning of
both urban and rural areas. The industry is characterized by the cultivation,
marketing, and distribution of various types of plants and plant materials,
contributing to the beauty, symbolism, and emotional expression associated
with flowers.
Cut flower cultivation is a prominent sector within the Indian floriculture
industry. Popular flowers such as roses, gerberas, tuberoses, gladioli, and
chrysanthemums are widely grown across several states, including West
Bengal, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh, and
Gujarat. These states have favourable climatic conditions and suitable
infrastructure for commercial cut flower production.

Page | 124
 Loose flowers like marigold, China aster, jasmine, crossandra, and
barleria are extensively cultivated due to their high domestic demand. Andhra
Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka are the leading states in loose flower
production. Protected cultivation, including the use of polyhouses and net
houses, has witnessed significant growth in recent years, expanding from 500
hectares to approximately 5,000 hectares. Major flowers grown under
protected cultivation include roses, gerberas, and carnations, primarily in
states like Maharashtra, Karnataka, Uttarakhand, and Gujarat. Orchids and
Anthurium are also cultivated under protected environments in Sikkim,
Arunachal Pradesh, Goa, and Kerala.
The cultivation of high-value flower crops is gaining traction in India.
Flowers such as Asiatic ginger lily, protea, heliconia, orchids, and bird of
paradise are grown in relatively smaller areas but yield higher returns per unit
area due to their high market value. Southern states of India are prominent
regions for the cultivation of these high-value flowers.
Essential oils and flower perfumes are another aspect of the floriculture
industry in India. Flowers like rose, jasmine, and tuberose are known for their
rich essential oils. Rosa damascena is exclusively cultivated in Haldighati
(Rajasthan) and parts of Kanauj (Uttar Pradesh) and Himachal Pradesh for the
extraction of essential oils, rose water, attar, and gulkand.
The production of flower seeds and bulbs is a lucrative business in India,
with Punjab and Karnataka being well-established regions for seasonal flower
seed production. Bulbs, corms, and tubers of various flowering plants are also
in high demand, driven by the increasing preferences of consumers. Hybrid
seed production plays a crucial role in ensuring quality flower production.
Landscape gardening is an integral part of the floriculture industry,
involving landscape consultancy, planning, designing, and establishment and
maintenance contracts. This business segment benefits from the growing
industries, population, and increasing eco-friendly awareness, as well as the
need for green spaces. There is a consistent demand for systematic avenue
plantation, traffic island landscaping, and the beautification of public places
and residential societies. Several allied industries have emerged alongside
floriculture in India, such as greenhouse construction and installation, shade
net manufacturing, and grading-packaging machines. These industries thrive
due to the expanding area under protected cultivation and the demand for
associated infrastructure and equipment.
Nurseries specializing in ornamental plants are flourishing throughout the
country, catering to wholesale and retail markets. These nurseries offer a wide

Page | 125
range of indoor/shade-loving plants, tissue culture plants, commercial
flowering plants, shrubs, climbers, tree seedlings for landscaping, annual
plants, and bulbous flowers. Additionally, there is a high demand for lawn
species for landscaping and plant rental services in nurseries. Floristry, which
encompasses bouquet designing, flower arranging in both western and eastern
styles, and decoration for various occasions, shows, weddings, and
celebrations, is a highly remunerative flower-based business. It yields high
returns within a comparatively short period.
Value addition is an essential aspect of the floriculture industry. Drying
or extracting colour pigments from flowers can significantly increase their
value by 30-100% compared to fresh flowers. Dry flowers contribute around
70% of total floriculture exports, with India holding a 10% share of the global
dry flower market. Major export destinations for Indian dry flowers include
the USA, UK, the Netherlands, Germany, and Italy. Various flowers, such as
lotus pods, poppy seed heads, camellias, strawflowers, statice, delphiniums,
lavender, dahlias, bell caps, African marigolds, jute flowers, and wood roses,
are air-dried and utilized in the production of dry flower arrangements.
Additionally, natural dyes, colours, and potpourri made from flowers like
marigold, hibiscus, Bixa, Butea monosperma, etc., serve as substitutes for
synthetic colours and contribute to value-added products in the industry.
The floriculture industry in India has been recognized as a sunrise
industry by the government, with a 100% export-oriented status. It has
witnessed steady growth and has become an important commercial trade in
agriculture. Commercial floriculture, conducted under controlled climatic
conditions in greenhouses, is seen as a high-growth industry with significant
export potential. The liberalization of trade policies and the availability of
international varieties have further boosted the development of export-
oriented floriculture units. Major floriculture centers have emerged in Tamil
Nadu, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, Andhra
Pradesh, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Assam, and Maharashtra.
The floriculture industry in India holds significant economic importance.
The country's flower business is estimated to be worth 400 USD million at the
retail level, with approximately 100 USD million in international flowers
(Vahoniya et al., 2018). Export-oriented floriculture in India is a growing
sector, with the country being the second-largest grower of flowers globally,
surpassed only by China (Senthil, 2017; Sundar, 2016).
The domestic demand for flowers in India is increasing exponentially,
particularly in metropolitan areas and larger cities (Balamurugan, 2019). The

Page | 126
aesthetic value of flowers and the cultural significance attached to them
contribute to the growing demand for floricultural products. Additionally, the
demand for flowers in international markets presents significant opportunities
for Indian exporters. However, Indian exports are currently limited to a few
flowers, namely roses, gladiolus, chrysanthemums, jasmine, and orchids
(Vahoniya et al., 2018).
In the year 2021-22, around 283,000 hectares of land were dedicated to
floriculture cultivation, resulting in an estimated production of 2,295.07
thousand tonnes of loose flowers and 833.16 thousand tonnes of cut flowers.
The floriculture industry in India has witnessed steady growth and expansion.
Indian floriculture industry reached INR 9000 crore in 2016-17. The Indian
floriculture market was worth INR 157 billion in 2018. The market size of the
Indian floriculture industry was INR 188.7 billion in 2019, and has reached
231.7 billion in 2022, whereas the market is projected to reach INR 460.6
billion by 2028, growing at a CAGR of 13.1% during 2023-2028 (IMARC).
The total area under flower cultivation in India has shown fluctuations over
the years, but there has been an overall increase in flower production from
2392 thousand tonnes in 2016-2017 to 2865 thousand tonnes in 2018-2019
(Anumala and Kumar, 2021). Loose flower production has been leading with
a gradual increase, while cut flower production has shown slight fluctuations
(NHB).
The global floriculture industry is largely export-oriented, with cut
flowers being the most important segment, followed by pot plant production
of ornamentals. The Netherlands has traditionally played a central role in
global flower trade, but newer players, including Sub-Saharan African
countries, are challenging its dominance (Janakiram, 2017). India has made
significant strides in floriculture exports, with 23,597.17 metric tons of
floriculture products worth Rs. 771.41 crores (103.47 USD million) being
exported in 2021-22. The United States, the Netherlands, Germany, the United
Kingdom, the United Arab Emirates, and Canada were the major importing
countries during the same period.
India's floriculture industry has experienced substantial export growth, as
evident from the data sourced from APEDA for the year 2021-22. The United
States emerged as the largest importer of Indian floriculture products, with a
significant quantity of 3,520.05 metric tons and a value of Rs. 222.31 crores.
This highlights the strong demand for Indian flowers in the American market.
Following closely, the Netherlands imported 2,206.37 metric tons of
floriculture products, valued at Rs. 147.11 crores. The Dutch market's
preference for Indian flowers signifies the industry's ability to meet stringent

Page | 127
quality standards. Germany and the United Kingdom also showcased
noteworthy import figures, demonstrating their affinity for Indian floriculture
products. Germany imported 1,208.63 metric tons worth Rs. 50.71 crores,
while the UK imported 917.69 metric tons worth Rs. 39.62 crores. These
numbers emphasize India's successful penetration into European markets,
where consumers appreciate the diversity and quality of Indian flowers.
Additionally, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) stood out as a key destination
for Indian floriculture exports, with imports amounting to 3,074.79 metric tons
and a value of Rs. 36.60 crores. The UAE's prominence as an import hub
reflects the growing demand for floral products in the Middle East.
The floriculture industry in India offers substantial employment
opportunities for youth and women, particularly in peri-urban and rural areas,
driven by improved standards of living and growing consciousness among
citizens to live in an environmentally friendly atmosphere (Chawla et al.,
2016). India's position in global floriculture exports is still relatively small,
but the country has the potential for growth and expansion due to its proximity
to major flower-importing countries and favourable climatic conditions
(Janakiram, 2017). It is a dynamic and fast-growing industry, witnessing
important changes in the distribution network. The production of floricultural
products has consistently increased over the past two decades, with an average
yearly growth rate of 6 to 9%. The industry's export potential is significant,
and efforts to develop and promote value-added products, including dried
flowers and essential oils, can further enhance India's position in the global
floriculture market. Moreover, the cultivation of high-quality varieties under
protected conditions, along with proper packaging and storage, can create a
niche for Indian flowers in the global market (Kachru, 2012).
Challenges and issues in floriculture
India has the wide range of agro-climatic conditions required for the year-
round cultivation of numerous flower crops. Floriculture is an age old farming
activity having immense potential for generating self-employment among
small and marginal farmers. Due to improved living standards of people in
recent years, it has emerged as a profitable agri-business in India and
worldwide. The Government of India identified floriculture as a sunrise
industry and accorded it 100 percent export oriented status.
The floriculture is an agricultural sector characterised by the use of
innovative and advanced technologies. The floriculture market is worldwide,
experiencing fierce competition, at the economic level, floriculture products
are non-essential goods, and their commercialization is closely tied to the

Page | 128
economic well-being of the consumer. However, due to modernization,
government initiatives, and increased export levels, the floriculture business
has recently seen a huge increase in market size. However, there are some
major obstacles in flourishing the floriculture industry in India.
High initial investment
Some of the high value flower crops like Rose, Gerbera, Carnation,
Anthurium, Lilium, Orchids and Chrysanthemums, need to be grown in
protected condition. Growing crops in greenhouses would require a high initial
expenditure. However, economic returns from the high value flower crops can
be increased substantially and there is an option for going for loan/subsidy in
case of constructing a greenhouse.
Limited availability of quality planting material
Quality of seed in India is legally controlled by the Seed Act, 1966 and
according to that, seeds of notified/popularized varieties sold to the farmers
must meet the minimum standards of germination and physical purity.
However, inadequate availability of quality seed and planting materials
(seeds/cuttings/bulbs/corms etc.) are the important deterring factors in
development of sound floriculture industry.
Environmental challenges
In India 97 percent of production is under open cultivation and 2.11
percent of floriculture cultivation is under Hi-tech cultivation. The effects of
climate change on flowering plants are significant, especially when they are
grown commercially in open fields. The impact of excessive heat and cold
continuous or unpredictable rainfall with storm damage the flower production
in the blooming span. Temperatures that is normally required for flowering of
numerous ornamental plants, such as rhododendron, orchid, tulip, primulas,
etc., will change as a result of the melting of the Himalayan ice cap. The effects
of a changing climate scenario include an increase in soil-borne pathogens,
viral and phytoplasmal infections, nematodes, foliage and flower pests, and
the re-emergence of previously controlled pests and pathogens that have an
impact on both crop quantity and quality. As a result, the climate change is the
biggest issue facing the Indian floriculture business because it directly affects
flower quality.
Lack of infrastructure facilities
Economic success in the floriculture sector can be attained if the entire
production chain is optimised, starting with the genetic potential of planting
material, new cultivation strategies and opportunities, postharvest storage, and
marketing logistics.

Page | 129
 The flower market should be close to floriculture growers because flowers
are a perishable produce. To preserve their quality and freshness, they must be
transported in similar conditions. For this, cold-chain vehicles for road
transport and enough storage room at the airport until they are loaded into the
aircraft are required. Inadequate cold chain and storage facilities are a concern
in India, which leads to poor supply chain management. Centers for Perishable
Cargo (CPCs) at airports and a vacuum cooling facility - especially at the
Mumbai airport - for fresh flowers are also lacking.
The dry flower industry requires chemicals for bleaching and fixation of
dyes for which the range is vast due to different composition and properties.
The industry is presently lacking enough expertise in this field.
India also needs to develop indigenous protected cultivation technologies
to reduce the establishment cost of protected cultivation units. Preference of
cultivating the same crop of the same variety by a large number of farmers is
also resulting in surplus which is leading to price-crash.
Flower demand is event oriented
In India demand of flowers quickly increase during festivals, wedding
seasons, Valentine Day, Christmas etc. Due to inadequate supply chain and
cold storage facilities seller cannot fulfil market demand and during these
season, flowers price increases
Seasonal demand in European markets
According to a report by APEDA, 80% of the total import of flowers by
the EU takes place during the winter season i.e. November 1 to May 31. Only
20% Flowers are imported in summer (www.producenews.com).
Insect-pests management challenges
Greenhouse- and field-grown floricultural crops are susceptible to an
array of insect pests such as aphids, leafminers, mealy bugs, thrips, and
whiteflies. Most of these insect pests cause direct damage when feeding on
plants; however, a number of insect pests are capable of transmitting or
vectoring certain plant diseases such as fungi and viruses.
Marketing system
In India, marketing of cut flowers is much unorganized. Flowers are
brought to wholesale markets, which are often located in open yards. From
here the flowers are distributed to the local retail outlets which more often than
not operate in the open on-road sides, with different flowers arranged in large
buckets. However, there are some good florist showrooms in the larger cities,

Page | 130
where flowers are preserved in temperature-controlled environments with a
focus on value-added services. Currently, the packing and movement of
flowers from flower farms to retail marketplaces is unscientific.
The packaging and transportation of flowers from the farms to the retail
markets at present is very unscientific. Depending on the type, the flowers are
delivered by road, rail, or air to markets in gunny bags, bamboo baskets, plain
cartons, or simply wrapped in old newspapers. However, the government has
provided some assistance for buying refrigerated cargos and built up a large
number of export oriented units with excellent facilities of pre-cooling
chambers, cold stores and reefer vans.
Export constraints
In spite of an abundant and varied production base, India’s export of
floricultural product is not encouraging. The Indian floriculture industry is
facing with a number of challenges such as high import tariff, low availability
of perishable carriers, higher freight rates and inadequate refrigerated and
transport facilities. Currently, export of flowers from India to the European
Economic Community (EEC) is subject to custom duty at 15% during summer
and 10.5% in winter. Countries such as Kenya, Israel are exempt from this
charge.
Market competition
India ranks second considering flower crop area allocation (3,39,390
hectares during 2018-19) next to China. India’s present share in the global
floricultural export market is negligible (around 0.61%) compared to the
Netherlands (58%), Columbia (14%), Ecuador (7%), Kenya (5%), and Israel
(2%). The industry in India has to shift from traditional flower cultivation to
export oriented flower cultivation. India has its considerable weaknesses to
compete in the international floriculture market. Lack of information to the
producers is a challenge in planning for domestic and export markets.
Excessive charge for air freight has also been a considerable problem for the
Indian exporters. Heavy duty levied on Indian flowers in Europe - 18% in
summer and 13% in winter - has impacted India negatively. Price fluctuation
in both domestic and international markets is also a threat for the sector. The
recent demand for artificial flowers rather than original products in the global
market is also a challenge.
With the inclusion of new African nations in international trade, the
competition in an international arena has been increasing. The competition in
an international arena has been increasing with the entry of new African
countries in the global trade. The major marketing challenges faced by the

Page | 131
Indian flower growers and exporters are related to low level of product
diversification and challenges related to quality concerns.
Government initiatives and schemes to promote floriculture
Department of Agriculture and Cooperation under the Ministry of
Agriculture is the nodal organization responsible for development of the
floriculture sector. It is responsible for formulation and implementation of
national policies and programmes aimed at achieving rapid agricultural
growth through optimum utilization of land, water, soil and plant resources of
the country. Production of cut flowers for exports is also a thrust area for
support.
The central government is promoting the floriculture industry through a
network of organisations such as the Agricultural and Processed Food
Products Export Development Authority (APEDA), the National Bank for
Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD), the National Horticulture
Board (NHB), and the state horticultural departments.
Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH) is a
centrally Sponsored Scheme for the holistic growth of the horticulture sector
covering fruits, vegetables, root and tuber crops, mushrooms, spices, flowers,
aromatic plants, coconut, cashew, cocoa and bamboo. Under MIDH,
Government of India (GOI) contributes 60%, of total outlay for developmental
programmes in all the states except states in North East and Himalayas, 40%
share is contributed by State Governments. In the case of North Eastern States
and Himalayan States, GOI contributes 90%. MIDH also works closely with
the National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) towards enhancing
agricultural productivity especially in rainfed areas focusing on integrated
farming, water use efficiency, soil health management and synergizing
resource conservation. The National Horticulture Mission aims (NHM) to
promote half a dozen agri-export zones in association with the State
Government with the objective of providing remunerative returns to farming
community in a sustained manner and to increase their competitiveness. About
150 export oriented units (EOUs) are planned in and around the major
floriculture hubs including Pune, Chandigarh, Bangalore, Delhi and
Hyderabad with the objective of providing remunerative returns to farming
community in a sustained manner and to increase their competitiveness. There
are at present six operational AEZs for floricultural development in India
Table 1: List of agri-export zones for floriculture development

Sl. No. State District/State

1. Tamil Nadu Dharmapuri

Page | 132
 2. Uttaranchal Districts of Dehradun, Pantnagar
3. Maharashtra Pune, Nasik, Kolhapur and Sangli
Bangalore (Urban), Bangalore (Rural), Kolar, Tumkur,
4. Karnataka
Kodagu and Belgaum
5. Sikkim East Sikkim
6. Tamil Nadu Nilgiri District

APEDA, the nodal organization for promotion of agri-exports including

flowers, has introduced several schemes for promoting floriculture exports
from the country. These relate to development of infrastructure, packaging,
market development, subsidy on airfreight for export of cut flowers and tissue-
cultured plants, database up-gradation etc. It is giving financial assistance for
various horticulture activities. It has established four flower auction centres in
Bengaluru, Noida (UP), Mumbai and New Delhi and set up marketing centres
at Aalsmeer, Dubai, and Tokyo to promote Indian products. It has established
Centres for Perishable Cargo (CPCs) at Bangalore, New Delhi, Chennai,
Thiruvananthapuram, Hyderabad, and Mumbai with varying capacities.
Setting up of walk-in type cold storage has been allowed at the international
airports for storage of export produce. Direct subsidy up to 50 percent is also
available in cold storage units. Import duties have also been reduced on cut
flowers, flower seeds, tissue-cultured plants, etc. To attract entrepreneurship
in floriculture sector, NABARD is providing financial assistance to hi-tech
units at reasonable interest rates.
Schemes, Integrated Development of Commercial Floriculture aims at
improving production and productivity of traditional as well as cut flowers
through availability of quality planting material, production of off season and
quality flowers through protected cultivation, improvement in post-harvest
handling of flowers and training persons for a scientific floriculture. Many
state governments have set up separate departments for promotion of
floriculture in their respective states.
Research and development in floriculture
Research work on floriculture is being carried out at several research
institutions under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research and Council of
Scientific and Industrial Research, in the horticulture/floriculture departments
of State Agricultural Universities (SAU). The All India Coordinated Research
Project (AICRP) on Floriculture was established during IV Five-Year Plan in
the year 1970-71 to carryout nation-wide interdisciplinary research by linking
ICAR Institutes with State Agricultural Universities (SAU's).

Page | 133
 The focus research areas in floriculture include crop improvement,
standardization of agro-techniques including improved propagation methods,
plant protection and post-harvest management. In recent years, however,
technologies for protected cultivation, tissue culture for mass propagation, use
of marker assisted breeding have also received attention. A large number of
promising varieties of cut flowers have been developed. All of these initiatives
show the dedication of government to improve the floriculture industry and
foster the growth of entrepreneurship in it.
Government of India acknowledges the potential of Floriculture industry
and has conferred it 100% export oriented status. Various incentives offered
by Government of India have enabled the setting up of a number of floriculture
units for producing and exporting flowers which have obtained technical
know‐how from Dutch and Israeli consultants. Other recent developments to
boost the flora industry are as under:
Model floriculture center
Model Floriculture Centre is centre for developing floriculture and these
centers are established in states like Maharashtra, Karnataka with the financial
assistance of Government of India during the eighth plan period. These centers
demonstrate advances in cut flower cultivation technology, conservation of
wide flower crop diversity, act as quality planting material source for area
expansion and serve as training cum demonstration centre for post-harvest
management of cut flowers.
Flower auction center
Keeping in view the unorganized flora sector, regulation of cut flower
market is very important to stabilize this industry. Flower auction centres may
be essential since they provide a common platform for growers and buyers.
By collective efforts of Karnataka Agro Industries Corporation (KAIC) and
South Indian Flower Growers’ Association (SIFA), first flower auction center
was established in Bangalore during 2002 with a vision to showcase the flower
potential of through auctioning off all kinds of flowers and floral accessories
and to link reputed auction centers of the world through e-auctioning of
flowers. This is the first International Flower Auction Company in Asia.
Flower auction centres have also been established at Noida, Bangalore, Pune,
Chennai, etc.
Floriculture infrastructure parks
Tamil Nadu Industrial Development Corporation and Private Investors
promoted TANFLORA – the Tamil Nadu Floriculture Infrastructure Park by

Page | 134
the support of Govt. of India. It was established in 50 ha farm Dharampuri
near Hosur in Tamil Nadu. The APEDA has extended financial assistance for
this park. Such parks will prove to be an integrated approach in terms of
cultivation, post-harvest management and marketing of cut flower. Likewise,
there are proposals to establish infrastructural parks for floriculture in Uttar
Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, and South Gujarat.
Flower growers association
Associations formed by the flower growers collectively deal with the
government bodies and marketing organizations without interference of
middlemen. Various flower growers associations have been established
namely, Horti & Flori Association Belgaum, Surat Region Flower Grower
Association, South Indian Floriculture Association (SIFA), Maharashtra
Flower Grower Association, and Gujarat Floriculturists Association.
Growers’ Flower Council of India (GFCI) is an association of independent
growers, exporters of cut-flowers and ornamentals, input suppliers, florists,
wedding decorators and each beneficiary in the chain of flower consumption
by end users. This platform ensures sustainable floriculture industry in India
through encouraging consumers to buy flowers and plants on daily basis.
Future prospects and opportunities
Emerging trends in floriculture
As the demand for floral products continues to rise globally, the
floriculture industry is evolving rapidly, driven advancements in technology,
shifting consumer preferences, and environmental concerns.
Sustainable and environmentally friendly practices
In response to the growing environmental concerns, the floriculture
industry is increasingly adopting sustainable practices. This includes the use
of organic fertilizers and pest control methods, water- efficient irrigation
techniques, and reduced chemical usage. Additionally, there is a rising
emphasis on responsible sourcing and ethical labour practices. These
sustainability efforts aim to reduce the ecological footprint of floriculture and
meet the demands of environmentally conscious consumers.
Use of biotechnology and genetic engineering
Advancements in biotechnology and genetic engineering offer significant
opportunities for the floriculture industry. Researchers are exploring genetic
modifications to enhance flower quality, colour. Fragrance, and shelf life.
Biotechnological techniques such as tissue culture and genetic transformations
have facilitated the development of diseases-resistant varieties and novel

Page | 135
flower traits. These advancements are expected to revolutionize the industry
by introducing new flower varieties with improved characteristics.
Rise of urban floriculture and vertical farming
With the increase in urbanization and limited land availability, the
concept of urban floriculture and vertical farming is gaining traction. Urban
floriculture involves the production of flowers and ornamental plants in urban
areas, using innovative techniques such as rooftop gardens, hydroponics and
vertical farming systems. This trend not only helps meet the demand for fresh
flowers in urban centers but also reduces transportation costs and carbon
emissions associated with long- distance flower supply chain.
Technological advancements and innovative techniques
As the demand for flowers continues to grow and consumer preferences
evolve, the integration of technology and innovation provides opportunities to
enhance production efficiency, quality, and sustainability. This section
explores the emerging trends in technological advancements and innovative
techniques within floriculture.
Precision agriculture and sensor technologies
Precision agriculture techniques, coupled with sensor technologies, are
revolutionizing the way flowers are cultivated. Sensors embedded in the soil
monitor moisture levels, temperature, and nutrient content, enabling growers
to optimize irrigation and fertilization practices. Additionally, remote sensing
technologies, such as aerial imagery and drones, provide real-time data on
crop health, allowing for early detection of diseases and pests. The application
of precision agriculture and sensor technologies improves resource
management, reduces costs, and enhances overall crop performance.
Vertical farming and controlled environment agriculture
These two techniques hold immense potential for the future of floriculture
by providing optimal light, temperature, humidity, and nutrient conditions,
vertical farming and CEA enable year- round flower production, regardless of
external weather conditions. This approach reduces water usage, eliminates
the need for pesticides, and maximizes land utilization, making it a sustainable
solution for future floriculture.
Diversification and value addition in the floral industry
They are the essential strategies in the floral industry, enabling businesses
to expand their offerings, create unique products, and meet evolving
consumers’ demands.

Page | 136
Floral design and arrangements
Businesses are increasing focusing on creating unique and artistic floral
designs to cater to different occasions, themes, and customer preferences. This
includes experimenting with novel colour combinations, flower combinations,
and using non-traditional materials in arrangements. Additionally,
personalized and customized floral arrangements are gaining popularity,
allowing customers to express their individuality and create memorable
experiences.
Floral-based products, e-commerce and online marketplaces
Activities like development of floral fragrances, essential oils, cosmetics,
home décor items, and even food and beverages infused with flower flavours,
businesses can tap into new markets and leverage the growing interest in
natural and botanical products. The digital age has opened new avenues and
aids in expanding the access to global customers.
Export opportunities and market expansion
The floriculture industry holds immense potential for market expansion
through strategic export opportunities. To capitalize on this potential,
businesses must target emerging markets, leverage trade agreements,
differentiate products, and utilize export promotion initiatives.
Emerging markets in counties like China, India, and Brazil offer untapped
potential due to their expanding economies and increasing consumer
purchasing power. By entering these markets, floriculture businesses can
access new customer bases and establish strategic partnerships, leveraging the
rising demand for flowers in these regions.
Trade agreements provide significant market access opportunities.
Compliance with import regulations and quality standards allows exporters to
gain a competitive advantage in international markets. Additionally, a strong
branding and products differentiation based on unique flower varieties or
arrangements attract loyal customers.
Government support through export promotion initiatives, trade shows,
and marketing campaigns facilitates market expansion. Thorough market
research, understanding local regulations, and building efficient supply chains
are essential for successful market penetration. In conclusion, strategic
targeting of emerging markets, trade agreement utilization, effective branding,
and export promotion are key to unlocking market expansion opportunities in
the flourishing floriculture industry.

Page | 137
References
1. Agoramoorthy, G., and Hsu, J. M. (2012). Impact of floriculture
development enhances livelihood of India’s rural women. Journal of
Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Sub Tropics, 113:
69–76.
2. Agricultural Statistics at a Glance. (2021). Ministry of Agriculture and
Farmers Welfare, Government of India.
3. Anumala, N.V. and Kumar, R. (2021) Floriculture sector in India: current
status and export potential. The Journal of Horticultural Science and
Biotechnology, 96(5): 673-680,
4. APEDA. (n.d.). Floriculture. Retrieved from
https://apeda.gov.in/apedawebsite/floriculture.htm
5. Balamurugan, L. (2019). An economic analysis of cut flower industry in
India. Our Heritage, 67: 1609–1624.
6. Bhagat, A.A., Badgujar, C.D., Bhosale, S.S., and Supe, V.S. (2019). An
economics analysis for export of fresh cut rose flowers from India.
Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 8: 291–298.
7. Chakraborty, R. (2019). Floriculture in Northern West Bengal of India-A
dream sunrise is on wait. EC Agriculture, 5(2).
8. Chandler, S., & Tanaka, Y. (2007). Genetic modification in floriculture.
Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 26(4): 169-197.
9. Chawla, S. L, Patil, S., Ahlawat, T. R, and Agnihotri, R. (2016). Present
status, constraints and future potential of floriculture in India.
In: Commercial Horticulture (Patel NL, Chawla SL and Ahlawat TR
eds.). New India Publishing Agency, New Delhi, India. pp. 29–38.
10. Dennis, J. H., Lopez, R. G., Behe, B. K., Hall, C. R., Yue, C., & Campbell,
B. L. (2010). Sustainable production practices adopted by greenhouse and
nursery plant growers. HortScience, 45(8): 1232-1237.
11. Desh Raj. (2016). Floriculture at a glance. Importance of ornamental
horticulture (pp. 17). Ludhiana: Kalyani Publishers.
12. Dutta, S.K. (2019). Present status of research on floriculture in India. An
International Journal of Life Sciences, 8(2): 71-93.
13. Harisha, B. N. (2017). An economic analysis of floriculture in India.
International Journal of Academic Research and Development, 2: 225-
231.

Page | 138
14. Janakiram, T. (2017). Employment and entrepreneurship opportunities in
floriculture. Advances in floriculture and landscape gardening. Souvenir
of National Conference on Advances in Floriculture with focus on North-
East and Hill Region. GOI, pp. 266–275.
15. Kachru, R. P. (2012). Agro-processing industries in India growth, status
and prospects. New Delhi: Institutional Report- Indian Council of
Agricultural Research
16. Kalmegh, S., and Singh, N. (2016). Review of floriculture as a promising
industry for Marginal farmers in Maharashtra. International Journal of
Scientific and Technology Research, 5: 141–142.
17. Misra, D., and Ghosh, S. (2016). Growth and export status of Indian
floriculture: A review. Agricultural Reviews, 37: 77–80.
18. Naveen, K.P., Tarak, N.S., Ganesh, B.K., Raju, D.V.S., and Prasad, K.V.
(2018). Certified farm advisor in floriculture. Training manual.
Hyderabad: Organized by ICAR – DFR, Pune & sponsored by
MANAGE.
19. Niname, A.P., Sipai, S.A., Khadayata, K.G., and Patel, P.C. (2016).
Floriculture in India - Problems and prospects. Advances in Life Sciences,
5: 1150–1153.
20. Padgham, J., Jabbour, J., & Dietrich, K. (2015). Managing change and
building resilience: A multi-stressor analysis of urban and peri-urban
agriculture in Africa and Asia. Urban Climate, 12: 183-204.
21. Parmar, N., Singh, K.H., Sharma, D., Singh, L., Kumar, P., Nanjundan, J.,
Khan, Y.J., Chauhan, D.K. and Thakur, A.K. (2017). Genetic engineering
strategies for biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and quality enhancement
in horticultural crops: a comprehensive review. 3 Biotech, 7: 1-35.
22. Randhawa, G. S., and Mukhopadhyay. (1986). Floriculture in India. New
Delhi: Allied Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
23. Roy, R. K. (2008). Floricultural boom in India. Chronica Horticulturae,
48: 14–17.
24. Senthil, K.R. (2017). Cultivation and marketing of flowers in India-An
empirical study. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences, 7:
244–271.
25. Shreeram, K. P., and Leelavathi, D. S. (2017). Export status of floriculture
in Karnataka: An analytical perspective. International Journal of
Research in Social Sciences and Humanities, 7: 141–153.

Page | 139
26. Singh, A. K. and Sisodia, A. (2017). Textbook of Floriculture and
Landscaping. New India Publishing Agency. New Delhi, India.
27. Sundar, I. (2016). Agribusiness scope, opportunities and challenges in
India. EPRA International Journal of Economic and Business Review, 4:
171–178.
28. Vahoniya, D., Panigrahy, S.R., Patel, D., & Patel, J. (2018). Status of
floriculture in India: With special focus to marketing. International
Journal of Pure and Applied Bioscience, 6: 1431-1438.
29. Wani, M. A., Nazki, I. T., Din, A., Iqbal, S., Wani, S. A., Khan, F. U., and
Neelofar. (2018). Floriculture sustainability initiative: The dawn of new
era. Sustainable Agriculture Reviews, 27: 91-127.
30. Xia, Y., Deng, X., Zhou, P., Shima, K., and Teixeira da Silva, J. A. (2006).
The world floriculture industry: Dynamics of production and
markets. Floriculture, Ornamental and Plant Biotechnology, 4: 336-347.

Page | 140

View publication stats