HKDSE (2012 SP,PP, 2012-2013)

Chemistry Paper 1
Past Paper Questions Analysis

Chan Kyle
S.K.H. Tang Shiu Kin Secondary
School
14 August 2024
1. 2012 SP Chem P1A Q10

Issue: Forgot the examples of exothermic and endothermic reactions

Note:
- These reactions MUST be exothermic:
(1) Displacement reactions (including displacement by hydrogen ions)
(2) Neutralization reactions
(3) Combustion reactions
(4) Production of slaked lime Ca(OH )2 (aq) from quicklime CaO
(5) Precipitation reactions
- These reactions MUST be endothermic:
(1) Cracking of hydrocarbons
(2) Thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate CaCO3

2. 2012 SP Chem P1A Q19

Issue: Did not take the mass of KCl added into account when
calculating the standard enthalpy change of neutralization
Explanation:
10
Number of moles of KCl dissolved = = 0.134048257 mol
35.5 + 39.1
Total amount of heat energy absorbed = [100(1) + 10](4.2)(5.5) = 2541 J
(Q = mcΔT)
2541
Standard enthalpy change of solution ΔHs∘ = + J/mol
0.134048257
= + 18.96 kJ/mol

3. 2012 SP Chem P1A Q20

Issue: Did not consider the coating of impermeable Cu(OH )2 layer +

Overlooked an observable change of neutralization (warmer flask)
Explanation:
(1) If dilute sulphuric acid is added to the powder with copper(II) oxide,
neutralization occurs and this turns the flask warmer. Hence, the
black powder can be identified.
(2) Adding sodium hydroxide can allow precipitation reaction to form
pale blue Cu(OH )2 precipitate if CuO is present. However, due to
coating of impermeable copper (II) hydroxide on the surface of solid
copper (II) oxide, the black powder MAY NOT be able to be
identified.
(3) Heating the powder strongly causes the extraction of reddish brown
copper solid if CuO is present. The black powder can be identified.
4. 2012 SP Chem P1A Q21

Issue: Did not consider the whole process of the experiment

Explanation:
(1) At the instant that the circuit becomes complete, the
concentration of Cu 2+ around X is much lower than that of H +
there. Hence, gas bubbles of hydrogen are evolved at X at first, then
reddish brown solid deposits around X after a period of time.
(2) ✓
(3) ✓

Mistake Prevention:
- When encountering experiment deduction questions, try to consider
the whole process rather than merely deducing by a certain concept.
- For double checking, experiment deduction questions shall be give
the priority.
5. 2012 SP Chem P1A Q32

Issue: Answering with a wrong target

Note:
- Rate of reaction is determined by overall concentration of
reactant(s) in the reaction mixture.
- This is a typical type of trap question for the unit “Rate of
Reaction”!!!!!!!!
- All the solutions have equal volume of 90 cm^3
-> (short cut) should consider the no. of moles of sodium
thiosulphate in each conical flask!!!!!

[Na2S2O3 (aq)] in W = 1 x 0.08 / 0.09 = 0.889 M

[Na2S2O3 (aq)] in X = 1.5 x 0.06 / 0.09 = 1 M
[Na2S2O3 (aq)] in Y = 2.5 x 0.03 / 0.09 = 0.833 M
[Na2S2O3 (aq)] in Z = 3 x 0.02 / 0.09 = 0.667 M

∴ The rate of reaction is fastest in conical flask X.

6. 2012 SP Chem P1B Q1(b)

Issue: Missing exact hazard that may occur (how “dangerous”?)

Marking Scheme:
- The dilution of conc. H2SO4 is highly exothermic (1) ✔
- The large heat given out causes the splashing out of acid (1)

7. 2012 SP Chem P1B Q2cd

Q2(c) Issue: Unfamiliar with the properties of different addition
polymers!!!!!!!!
Memorize:
1) Properties of PE (no matter LDPE or HDPE):
(1) Light
(2) Chemically inert
-> used as wrapping film, bags (low density polyethene)
// milk bottles, water buckets (high density polyethene)
2) Properties of PP
(1) Rigid
(2) Strong
(3) Water repelling
(4) Strong resistance to abrasion (wearing)
-> Furniture, kitchenware, carpets, athletic wear
Properties of PS
(1) Transparent
(2) Brittle
-> Transparent containers
Properties of expanded PS
(1) Very light
(2) Low thermal conductivity
(3) Shock-absorbing
-> Packaging / foam cups
Properties of PVC
(1) Hard
(2) Brittle
-> Pipes, bottles
Properties of plasticized (softened) PVC
(1) Flexible
(2) Water-resistant
(3) Good insulation to electricity
-> Sheath of electrical wire, curtain
Properties of PMMA (Perspex)
(1) High refractive index
(2) Dense
(3) Transparent -> Glass substitute
Q2(d) Issue: Unfamiliar with disposal methods of plastics
Memorize:
(1) Incineration
- Advantage: Can reduce the volume of solid waste + convert plastic
wastes into energy
- Disadvantage: Release of air pollutants
(2) Landfilling
- Advantage: Does not cause air pollution + Produces methane
(LPG)
- Disadvantage: A large area of landfill sites are required +
underground water pollution

(3) Recycling
- Advantage: Can help to conserve plastic materials
- Disadvantage: Recycling is energy-consuming + Difficult to separate
PE from other wastes

8. 2012 SP Chem P1B Q6c

Issue: Conceptual error regarding the principle of deflection of jet

Note:
(1) Polar molecules
-> Permanent partial charge on one side
-> Stronger attraction between partial charge and oppositely charged rod
-> Deflection
(2) Non-polar molecules
-> Induced partial charge is much weaker than permanent partial
charge
-> Attractive force between partial charge and charged rod is too weak
(But not “no attractive force”!!!!!)
-> No deflection

9. 2012 SP Chem P1B Q10a

Issue: Not aware of the implied requirements of “deduce”

**** Deduce = explanation + conclusion
- 1 mol of P reacts with 2 mol of Q to form 1 mol of R (1)
- P(g) + 2Q(s) → R(g) (1)
10. 2012 SP Chem P1B Q12c

Issue: Missing anti-bumping granules in boiling set-up

** Function of anti-bumping granules
-> Allow even and smooth boiling of reaction mixture
-> Remember to put them into diagrams involving distillation/heating
under reflux/simple fractional distillation
** Moreover, as a matter of convention, pear-shaped flasks are used for
heating under reflux

11. 2012 PP Chem P1A Q7

Issue: Unfamiliar to the process of separation of air components
1. Purification:
(1) Filtration of dirt and dust
(2) Solidification of water vapor and carbon dioxide under −80∘C and
filtration
-> Remaining air mainly contains: Nitrogen, oxygen, argon
2. Liquefaction:
(1) Increased pressure, decreased temperature
-> purified air is compressed and cooled to prepare for liquefaction
(2) The compressed air is passed into the expansion chamber at −200∘C
-> Any non-liquefied air will rise and return to exapansion chamber
for another attempt for liquefaction; successfully liquefied air is
condensed at the bottom of the chamber to enter the fractionating
tower.
3. Fractional distillation of liquid air:
(1) The liquid air is warmed slowly from −200∘C
-> ∵ b.p. of N2(−196∘C ) < b.p. of Ar(−186∘C ) < b.p. of O2(−183∘C )
-> The columns in fractionating tower: (from up to down)
N2 → Ar → O2

*** From the process above, how to separate O2 and CO2 from air?
-> CO2 is removed from purification (H2O is removed in this stage too!)
-> O2 is separated by fractional distillation (if the aim is just to separate
oxygen from air, the mixture should be first heat by about -184∘C, then
at −183∘C
-> O2 and “nitrogen” (containing both nitrogen and argon) are separated
12. 2012 PP Chem P1A Q17

Issue: Unsure how to determine the means of dissolving in water

Note:
Ways to dissolve in water:
(1) Ionization/Dissociation -> Strong acid/strong alkali/ionic
compounds
(2) Formation of hydrogen bonds -> Weak acid/weak alkali/non-
acid-alkali molecules with highly electronegative atom with lone pair of
e−
-> Why?
For (1), all particles are ions after dissolving in water
-> attraction between ions and water molecules are predominant
For (2), only a small portion is ionized, while most are molecules held
together with water molecules with hydrogen bonds
-> hydrogen bonds are predominant.

13. 2012 PP Chem P1A Q18

Issue: Did not consider the addition of phenolphthalein!!!!!

Add Ba into water -> Ba(OH )2 , which is an alkali formed -> The
resulting solution shall be pink!!!!!
14. 2012 PP Chem P1A Q23

Note: Environmental impacts of disposal of chemical cells

1. Zinc-carbon cells
- Contain mercury which is toxic
2. Alkaline manganese cells, silver oxide cells
- Contain corrosive KOH
3. NiMH cells
- Contain corrosive KOH
- Contain carcinogenic Ni(OH )2 in its positive electrode
4. Lead-acid accumulators
- Contain corrosive H2SO4
- Contain toxic Pb (-ve electrode) and Pb compounds (+ve electrode
PbO2)
Conclusion: Lithium-ion batteries are the cleanest!!!!!!

15. 2012 PP Chem P1A Q33

Note: Different methods for one organic conversion*
(1) Substitution reaction of alcohols with halides
Method 1: R1OH + HX → R1X + H2O (heat under reflux)
Method 2: 3R1OH + PX3 → 3R1X + H3PO3 (heat under reflux)
(2) Dehydration of alcohols into alkenes
Method 1: Alcohol + conc. H2SO4 (catalyst) + heat
Method 2: Alcohol + Al2O3 (catalyst) + heat
(3) Amide formation
Method 1: 1) PCl3 2) NH3 (no need to hear under reflux!!)
Method 2: NH3 + heat

16. 2012 PP Chem P1B Q1c

Marking Scheme:
- remove impurities on the crystal surface (1)
- reduce the loss of salt (1)
17. 2012 PP Chem P1B Q2

Issue:
(1) Did not understand “unpalatable” (unpalatable = not tasty)
(2) Did not know that oxygen can oxidize alcohol
** O2 can oxidize ethanol into ethanal and hence into ethanoic acid!!

Issue: Did not know the principle of “method of displacement”

1. Basic principle: Dense air sinks, less dense air rises
-> If a gas denser than the atmosphere is injected into the bottle, the
atmospheric air inside the bottle is displaced by the injected gas
2. How to determine the relative density of a gas:
- All gas have nearly equal molar volume of 24 dm^3/mol under r.t.p.
- Larger molar mass -> Larger mass per unit volume -> Larger density
18. 2012 PP Chem P1B Q3b(ii)

Marking Scheme:
- The central atoms of both molecules have 3 bond pair of electrons
and 1 lone pair of electrons (1)
- The repulsion between electrons pairs cause them to adopt a
trigonal pyramidal structure (1)
19. 2012 PP Chem P1B Q6bd
(b) Marking Scheme:
- A, B and C all can form 1 hydrogen bond per molecule (1). The
strength of intermolecular forces is mainly determined by the strength
of van der Waals’ forces.
- The strength of van der Waals’ forces increases with molecular
size (1)

(d) Issue: Failed to identify the factor affecting the sinking speed of
the ball
*** Surface tension -> Is it able to float on water surface?
Viscosity -> How long does the ball take to reach the bottom?
Note: Surface tension only acts on the surface molecules, but not on
the molecules under the surface!!!!!!!
- High viscosity -> difficult for molecules to slide past each other
-> the ball has to overcome a large resistance to reach the bottom

20. 2012 PP Chem P1B Q8b(i)

Issue: Lack of skill making use of the chemical equation/ionic

equation given/found
- Pure methanol does not contain any water / hydrogen ion
- Anodic reaction CH3OH + H2O → CO2 + 6H + + 6e − requires water
- Cathodic reaction O2 + 4H + + 4e − → 2H2O requires hydrogen ion
- No water / hydrogen ion -> Cannot initiate the reaction
21. 2012 PP Chem P1B Q10b(ii)

Issue: Did not consider the addition test of Mn 2+(aq)

*** If Mn 2+ is a catalyst for the reaction, upon further addition of Mn 2+,
the rate of reaction (the absolute value of the slope of the graph) will be
increased.

22. 2012 PP Chem P1B Q12b

Mistake Prevention:
Check whether duplication of monomer/repeating unit occurred for
all questions related to condensation polymers!

23. 2012 PP Chem P1B Q13c

Marking Scheme:
- Neutralization of NH3 by H2SO4: H2SO4 + 2NH3 → (NH4)2SO4 (1)
- Concentration of NH3 decreases -> equilibrium position is shifted to
the left, increasing the concentration of Cu 2+ (1)
- Since ammonia is a weak alkali, OH − is predominant in the mixture
(1)
- Due to Cu 2+ + 2OH − → Cu(OH )2, precipitation of pale blue copper
(II) hydroxide occurs (1)
- Basic Cu(OH )2 is neutralized by H2SO4 to form a blue solution of
CuSO4: Cu(OH )2 + H2SO4 → CuSO4 + 2H2O (1)

24. 2012 DSE Chem P1A Q16

Issue: Unfamiliar with different methods of corrosion prevention
Memorize:
(1) Coating -> Prevent the contact of the iron object with air and water
- Painting: Cheap; scratched off easily
- Oiling/Greasing: Has lubricating effect; dirt may stick to oil and is
not ‘once and for all’
- Plastic coating: Good appearance and durable; expensive than
painting
- Tin-plating: Non-poisonous; tin (Sn) is corrosion-resistant; cannot
provide sacrificial protection and rusting occurs more quickly than
iron alone when damaged
- Electroplating: Elegant shiny appearance; extremely expensive
- Galvanizing (before the damage of zinc layer): can provide sacrificial
protection; zinc and zinc ions are poisonous
(2) Cathodic protection:
- Connect iron to the -ve electrode/cathode of an electrolytic cell ->
provide continuous supply of e − to iron -> prevent oxidation of Fe to
Fe 2+.
(3) Sacrificial protection:
- Iron connected/attached to more reactive metal -> the more reactive
metal loses electrons readily to Fe -> prevent oxidation of Fe to Fe 2+
- Long Question Answering Pattern: (e.g. sacrificial protection by Zn)
* Zn is a stronger reducing agent than Fe (1)
* Zn loses electrons more readily to Fe that the oxidation of Fe to
Fe 2+ is prevented, i.e. Zn provides sacrificial protection to Fe. (1)
(4) Anodization of aluminum
- When aluminum is connected to the positive electrode of an
electrolytic cell, electrons are lost readily from Al that Al is oxidized
to Al 3+. Aluminum reacts with water in the electrolyte to form Al2O3:
- 2Al + 3H2O → Al2O3 + 3H2
- Al2O3 is impermeable to water and air. It prevents the contact of Al
object to water and air. The aluminum object becomes more
corrosion-resistant and can also be dyed easily to give attractive
colors.
25. 2012 DSE Chem P1A Q18

Issue: Unfamiliar with the features of hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells

Features:
1. Hydrogen is the fuel (R.A.) ; oxygen is the oxidant (O.A.)
-> Electrode with hydrogen supply = anode ; electrode with oxygen
supply = cathode
-> Half equations involved:
- H2 + 2OH − → 2H2O + 2e − …(1)
- O2 + 2H2O + 4e − → 4OH − …(2)
Overall ionic equation: 2 x (1) + (2): 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O

2. Porous platinum/nickel electrodes are used:

- Porous -> Allow gases (hydrogen, oxygen) to pass through
- Platinum/nickel -> catalyst -> expensive
3. Advantages and disadvantages
- Pros:
(1) No air pollutant/GHG produced (only water is produced)
(2) Can operate continuously given that there is continuous supply of H2
and O2
(3) High energy density
(4) High energy conversion efficiency
(5) Does not cause noise pollution ** (2021 DSE Chem P1A Q22)
- Cons:
(1) Hydrogen is produced from fossil fuels -> persistent reliance on
fossil fuels
(2) Difficult to transport hydrogen due to its low density
(3) Expensive due to platinum/nickel electrodes
(4) Hydrogen is flammable -> may lead to explosions

26. 2012 DSE Chem P1B Q5b(ii)

Issue: Incorrect wording selection

- Hydrogen produced from the electrode does not necessarily
“expand” since the gas pressure is unknown. The deposition of
copper layer is hindered due to its presence.
27. 2012 DSE Chem P1B Q13a

Common Mistake: Mixing Type Questions

**** When the two solutions are mixed, the initial concentration is
calculated!!!!!
**** Common mistake in “rate of reaction” and “chemical
equilibrium”!!!!
- Correct Method:
0.01(0.025)
[Fe 3+(aq)]initial = (2)M = 0.01M
0.05
(0.01)(0.025)
[SCN −(aq)]initial = M = 0.005M
0.05
Hence,
[SCN −(aq)]eqm = 7 × 10−4 M and [Fe 3+(aq)]eqm = 5.7 × 10−3M
[Fe(SCN )2+(aq)]eqm = 4.3 × 10−3M
4.3 × 10−3 −1
∴ Kc = M = 1078 mol^-1 dm^3.
(7 × 10−4)(5.7 × 10−3)
28. 2012 DSE Chem P1B Q14a(ii)

Answering technique: Start from the findings from the previous

sub-question!!!
- Previous sub-question showed: X has a chiral carbon, while Y does
not.
- Answering Pattern: Start with presence/absence of chiral carbon!!!!
* Molecules of X consist of a chiral carbon while molecules of Y do
not consist of chiral carbon. (1)
* Molecules of X exhibit optical activity while molecules of Y do
not exhibit optical activity since only X exhibits enantiomerism.
Hence, there is a change in optical activity. (1)
29. 2012 DSE Chem P1B Q15

Issue: Time management issue + improficiency in illustration of

monosubstitution reaction
- Process 1: Initiation (halogen -> radical)
(1) Under light/UV light/heat: Br2 → 2Br·
- Process 2: Propagation (radical + reactant)
(1) Br ⋅ +CH4 → HBr + CH3 ⋅
(2) CH3 ⋅ +Br2 → CH3Br + Br ⋅
- Process 3: Termination (radical + radical)
(1) CH3 ⋅ +Br ⋅ → CH3Br
(2) CH3 ⋅ +CH3 ⋅ → C2 H6
(3) Br ⋅ +Br ⋅ → Br2

30. 2013 DSE Chem P1B Q1c

Marking Scheme Analysis:

- In the structure of ice, water molecules are held predominantly by
hydrogen bonds. (1)
- Since hydrogen bonds are directional, water molecules are held in
tetrahedral arrangement in the structure of ice to give an open
structure (1)
- Water molecules have relative motion in water. The open structure
of ice is collapsed that water molecules are held closely together.
The density of ice is lower than that of water. (1)

31. 2013 DSE Chem P1B Q2c

Marking Scheme Analysis:
- A boron atom in a BF3 molecule has a vacant site in its outermost
electron shell. (1)
- To attain the stable electronic arrangement of the nearest noble
gas, the vacant site forms a dative covalent bond with the lone
pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom on an NH3 molecule. (1)

32. 2013 DSE Chem P1B Q4c, e(i)

(c) Issue: Lack of knowledge (did not encounter this question before)
Q: Why standard sodium hydroxide cannot be directly prepared by
weighing NaOH(s) and then dissolving it in water?
A: Under moist air with water vapor, NaOH may react with carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere: 2NaOH + CO2 → Na2CO3 + H2O
(e)(i) Issue: Lack of extensive explanation
The volume of standard H2C2O4 is larger than 25 cm^3
-> More NaOH is required to meet the end point -> inaccurate
titration

33. 2012 DSE Chem P1B Q8b(ii)

Marking Scheme Analysis:

- Caesium chloride consists of a giant ionic structure where ions are
strongly bonded together with ionic bonds. (1)
- Due to relative movement of ions, same-charged ions are brought
together to cause repulsion to break the structure (1)
-
34. 2013 DSE Chem P1B Q14ac
(a) Issue: Unfamiliar with the properties of vegetable oil compounds
- Vegetable oils are predominantly unsaturated alkyl alkenoates!!!
- Saturated hydrocarbons refer to hydrocarbons whose covalent bonds
between C atoms are all single covalent bonds.
-> To convert F to a saturated fat, hydrogenation is required
-> Answer: H2(g), Ni(s)/Pt(s)/Pd(s)
- Without knowing the properties of vegetable oils, it still can be
deduced to be unsaturated by observing the hydrocarbon tail C17 H33,
which is in the form Cn H2n−1.

(c) Issue: Did not consider whether the fuel is cleaner

- G has a much smaller relative molecular mass
- The strength of van der Waals’ between molecules of G is smaller
than those between molecules of F. -> boiling point of G is lower than
that of F -> G can be vaporized more easily. (1)
- G burns more completely than F. G is a cleaner fuel than F. (1)
35. 2013 DSE Chem P1B Q15c
Issue: Lack of vigilance against identical compounds (+question
reading)
** Note:
1) The two compounds drawn above are identical, but are arranged in a
laterally inverted way.
-> Mistake Prevention: Whenever finished drawing isomers, check
whether they are actually identical! If they are identical, then there
must be careless mistakes!!
2) The question mentioned that the two alkenes have the same
structural formula. Hence, they are NOT structural isomers, but
stereoisomers. Since there is NO chiral carbon, the only type of
isomerism possible is cis-trans isomerism (geometric isomerism).
Correct answer:

36. 2014 DSE Chem P1A Q17

Note: Natural gas V.S. Coal as a fuel
1) Coal consists of C5 − C10 compounds, while natural gas consists of
C1 − C4 compounds. Hence, natural gas burns more completely
than coal.
2) Coal contains a significant amount of sulphur-containing
substances that may form toxic SO2 upon combustion, while
natural gas does not.
3) Both natural gas and coal are not renewable energy sources.

37. 2014 DSE Chem P1A Q19

Issue: Lack of sensitivity against reaction between metal and oxygen

Note:
- Reaction between metal and oxygen = reaction between metal and air
(Ch 11.1)
- Which metals react with oxygen? -> All metals reactive than Ag (K,
Na, Ca [reacts to give flame with gentle heating]// Mg, Al, Zn, Fe
[reacts to give flame upon strong heating]// Pb, Cu, Hg [reacts with
strong heating without flame])
- Hence, both Fe and Cu reacts with oxygen to cause the total volume
of the system to reduce by 25 cm^3
38. 2014 DSE Chem P1A Q32

Issue: Unfamiliarity to features of aspirin

Note:
(1) Aspirin consists of three functional groups: a benzene ring, an ester
group and a carboxyl group.
(2) It can be used for reduction of inflammation, reduction of risk of
cardiovascular diseases, pain relief and fever reduction.
(3) It may cause bleeding in stomach lining and slow blood clotting.

39. 2014 DSE Chem P1B Q1c

Marking Scheme Analysis:
- Fullerene consists of a simple molecular structure, whose molecules
are held together by weak van der Waals’ forces (1)
- Fullerene has a spherical structure. The contact area between
fullerene molecules is small. The strength of van der Waals’ forces
among fullerene molecules is weak. (1) (* missed)
- As the strength of van der Waals’ forces among fullerene
molecules and that among most organic solvents is comparable,
organic solvent molecules are easily attracted to fullerene molecules
that fullerene molecules are soluble in some organic solvents. (1)

40. 2014 DSE Chem P1B Q2

Issue: Overseen the effect of hydrocarbon chain length to solubility

of organic compounds in water
Note:
- Not all compounds that can form hydrogen bonds with water are
water-soluble!!!
- For compounds whose hydrocarbon chains are too long, the bulky
alkyl group blocks the formation of hydrogen bonds that less
hydrogen bonds are formed with water. -> Low solubility in water
Marking Scheme:
- Correct structure (1)
- The compound contains -OH groups, so it can form hydrogen
bonds with water (1)
- The alkyl group is short, so it does not hinder hydrogen bond
formation (1)

41. 2014 DSE Chem P1B Q4

Issue: Poor presentation

Note:
- Silver indeed can be obtained from silver oxide by direct heating, but
also by carbon reduction and electrolysis of molten ore. However,
due to relatively high costs, we obtain it by direct heating.
- Copper (II) oxide can be obtained by both carbon reduction and
electrolysis of molten ore, but NOT by direct heating; MgO can be
obtained ONLY by electrolysis.
- Therefore, to order the thermal stability of ores, we should emphasize
that one can use a certain easier method while others cannot.
42. 2014 DSE Chem P1B Q5c

Issue: Did not know that copper would react with concentrated
sulphuric acid due to its position in E.C.S.
Explanation:
- Concentrated sulphuric acid has a higher position in the
Electrochemical Series compared to copper.
- However, due to the high concentration of H2SO4, it still can act as
an oxidizing agent to reduce itself, forming colorless SO2 gas
bubbles.

43. 2014 DSE Chem P1B Q7c

Note:
- Usually, “suggest a reason of error” type question does not accept
manual experimental mistakes as an answer, but only uncontrollable
errors.
- Concentrated HCl is a volatile liquid. (conc. HNO3 as well)
- The most possible uncontrollable error comes from the loss of
volatile concentrated HCl due to vaporization.
44. 2014 DSE Chem P1B Q9bii(2)

Issue: Misunderstanding on the wording “ionic equation”

- Half equation ≠ ionic equation !!!!
- Half equation refers to a half chemical equation, representing the
transfer of electrons in half of the reaction (reduction/oxidation).
- Ionic equation refers to the whole reaction, just in a format that
omitted spectator ions that do not participate in the reaction.
-> When the question asks for the ionic equation of the reaction, DO
NOT ANSWER THE HALF EQUATION!
i.e. MnO4− + 8H + + 5e − → Mn 2+ + 4H2O (XXX)
2MnO4− + 5SO32− + 6H + → 2Mn 2+ + 5SO42− + 3H2O (✓✓✓)

45. 2014 DSE Chem P1B Q11bi

Issue: Poor presentation

- Specify how many electrons are transferred per/each particle
- Specify the type of particle
- Correct Answer: 2 electrons are transferred from each VO2+ ion to
each SO42− ion.
46. 2014 DSE Chem P1B Q12av

Note: Steps of obtaining dry benzoic acid sample from product

mixture with benzoic acid
1. Carry out suction filtration of the product mixture
2. Wash the residue with deionized water
3. Dry it by heating it in an oven

47. 2015 DSE Chem P1A Q22

Explanation:
(1) Nuclear energy is not a renewable energy source since nuclear
fuels like uranium are finite material found from the ground.
(2) Tidal energy -> tide (wave) always occur -> renewable
(3) Biomass -> energy from remains of animals and plants -> can be
replaced quickly -> renewable

48. 2015 DSE Chem P1A Q23

Issue: Overseen the different solubilities of these chemicals in water

Explanation:
- Limestone -> CaCO3 -> insoluble in water
- Table salt -> NaCl -> soluble in water
- Therefore, adding water can achieve such distinction.
Mistake Prevention:
** Upon chemical distinction questions, consider water solubility
besides their chemical properties!!!!!!

49. 2015 DSE Chem P1B Q1a

Issue: Did not read the question carefully!!!!!!!
- In general, in HKDSE exams, electron diagram questions only
require to show the electrons in outermost shells only.
- However, from this question, we can know that there is a possibility
that the question asks for electrons in all shells.
Mistake Prevention:
** Whenever encountering electron diagram questions, look carefully
whether the question asks to show outermost shell electrons only/
electrons in all shells!!!!

50. 2015 DSE Chem P1B Q3c

Marking Scheme Analysis:

- Zn is a stronger reducing agent / more reactive than Fe (1)
- Zn loses electrons more readily that the oxidation of Fe to Fe 2+ is
prevented, i.e. Zn provides sacrificial protection to Fe. (1)

51. 2015 DSE Chem P1B Q9b

Issue: Wrong analysis of experiment!!!! The hydrogen in the gas jar
is not collected, but is being used!!!!!!
Correct Answer:
- To prevent the entry of water into the reacting flask through the
delivery tube. (1)
Mistake Prevention:
- Upon questions that involve unfamiliar experimental analysis, re-
check it in the first priority
- Drink water when thoughts are chaotic
52. 2015 DSE Chem P1B Q10a

Answering format for “behavior in water” questions:

*** Solubility + Acidity/alkalinity of resultant solution (if applicable)
Marking Scheme Analysis:
10(a)(i)
- Correct electron diagram (1)
- Sodium oxide dissolves in water to form an alkaline solution. (1)
10(a)(ii)
- Correct electron diagram (1)
- Dichlorine monoxide dissolves in water to form an acidic solution.
(1)

53. 2015 DSE Chem P1B Q11b

Correct Answer: (Memorise!)

- Because [H2O(l)] ≫ [H +(aq)], [OH −(aq)] (1)
- Note that if the molar concentration of water is much larger than
those of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions, the change in molar
concentration of water does not significantly affect the values of
[H +(aq)] or [OH −(aq)]. Therefore, the above explanation is true.
54. 2015 DSE Chem P1B Q13

Marking Scheme Analysis:

- Correct structure of pair of enantiomers of C2 H5CH(OH )CH3 (1)
- The mirror images of the compound are not superimposable (1)
- A chiral carbon / chiral centre is present (1)
- They exhibit optical activities, where the two enantiomers exhibit
opposite optical activities towards plane polarized light (1)
- Communication mark (1)
55. 2016 DSE Chem P1A Q15

Issue: Poor question skimming

Note:
- By experience, DSE Exams may ask for the recharging equation,
given the discharging equation!!!
- Beware for this discharging-recharging type of question!
56. 2016 DSE Chem P1A Q29

Issue: Mistakenly thought that “Since carboxylic acids must be at

two ends, the cis-trans isomer is the only isomers of X”
Explanation:
- Carboxylic acids must be at the ends of the main carbon chain, but it
does not mean that no branch chains could occur. (e.g.
methylpropanoic acid)
- Therefore, we MUST consider cases with branched carbon chains.
57. 2016 DSE Chem P1A Q31

Issue: Unfamiliar to the naming of nylon

Note:
- Nylon is a condensation polymer, which arises from the repeated
condensation reactions between diamine molecules and dioic acid
molecules.
- Repeating unit of condensation polymer:
1 remains of diamine molecule (without 1 terminal H atom*) + 1
remains of dioic acid molecule (without 1 terminal OH*)
*: 1 H atom + 1 OH group -> water (eliminated small molecule)
- Naming of condensation polymer: e.g. nylon-6.6
The first ‘6’ stands for the number of C atoms for the diamine
molecule; The last ‘6’ stands for the number of C atoms for the dioic
acid molecule
- Since the dioic acid molecule involved in the formation of the nylon
with repeating unit in (3) has 8 C atoms, option (3) is incorrect.
- Correct answer: A
58. 2016 DSE Chem P1A Q36

Issue: Logical assertion reasoning

- In HKDSE, option B stands for “both statements correct, while the
2nd statement is the reason supporting the 1st statement”.
- Logical interpretation:
*** Since P4O10 is an acidic oxide, it can react with NaOH
(Correct, since all acidic oxides can react with NaOH)
*** Since P4O10 can react with NaOH, it is an acidic oxide
(Wrong, since amphoteric oxides like Al2O3 can also react with
NaOH)
-> Check whether (2) supports (1), but NOT whether (1) supports
(2)!!! They are logically different!!!!!!
59. 2016 DSE Chem P1B Q2d

Issue: Poor presentation

- No change is observed ≠ nothing is observed !!!!!!
- Beware of word selection - especially in short essays!!!
Mistake Prevention:
Double-checking priority (Applicable from 2021 DSE Chemistry P1):
‘Mixing’ experiments -> Complicated Experiments (LQ->MC) ->
“Deduce” questions -> Presentation in essays -> Re-checking of
question words (LQ->MC) -> Presentation in LQ
60. 2016 DSE Chem P1B Q4b

Note:
- According to HKDSE standards, any bonds that have
electronegativity difference are regarded as polar bonds. Therefore,
although the electronegativity in C-H bonds is nearly negligible, we
still have to regard it as a polar bond.

61. 2016 DSE Chem P1B Q7a

Note:
In general, ΔH = ΔU + Δ(PV )
Under constant pressure (open system): ΔH = ΔU + PΔV
Under constant volume (closed system): ΔH = ΔU + VΔP
When both ΔV = ΔP = 0,Δ(PV ) = 0 ⟺ ΔH = ΔU
(ΔH enthalpy change, P gas pressure, V volume of system, ΔU heat
change)
-> For this type of question, better check whether the experiment
involves closed/open system, then answer!
(1) Closed system (e.g. aqueous solution, no effervescence)->
V already constant -> Emphasize constant pressure
(2) Open system -> P already constant (= 1atm)
-> Emphasize constant volume

62. 2016 DSE Chem P1B Q8a, cii

(a) Issue: Not familiar
with different colors of
bromine in various states
-Br2(g)/(l): Reddish brown
-Br2(s): Pale yellow
-Br2(aq): Brown
-Br −: Colorless
Correct Answer:
-Reddish brown fumes
occur at X. (1)

(c) Issue: Did not know how to balance redox reactions involving 3
reactants, including ammonia
Procedures of balancing half equations involving 3 reactants
including ammonia: (e.g. 16 DSE Chem P1B Q8cii)
(1) Write down the oxidizing agent and the product:
2MnO2 → Mn2O3
(2) Balance the half equation just as acidic environment:
2e − + 2H + + 2MnO2 → Mn2O3 + H2O
(3) Since ammonia is alkaline, convert the half equation into the format
for alkaline environment:
2e − + H2O + 2MnO2 → Mn2O3 + 2OH −
(4) Identify the neglected ion that participates in the reaction, and
also the spectator ion. DO NOT include the spectator ion in the half
equation.
- Participate in reaction: NH4+ → NH3
- Spectator ion: Cl −
(5) Considering the product, add suitable number of NH4+ to both
sides.
2MnO2 + 2NH4+ + H2O + 2e − → Mn2O3 + 2NH4OH
(6) Ammonium hydroxide is equivalent to ammonia dissolved in
water. Separate the terms. Simplify both sides.
2MnO2 + 2NH4+ + 2e − → Mn2O3 + 2NH3 + H2O (Correct answer)

63. 2017 DSE Chem P1A Q5

Note:
- Priority of functional group > priority in smaller numerals
- In consideration of the C=C bond, the numerals are given from the
right end to the left end.
- Systematic name: 5,5-dichloropenta-1,3-diene (D)
64. 2017 DSE Chem P1A Q28

Discussion: Both A and D produces a solid product without coating.

Why is D is the answer but not A?
- The reaction involved in A is a simple combination of mobile ions:
Ca 2+ + SO42− → CaSO4. It occurs immediately after the mixing of
solutions.
- The reaction involved in D is not a simple combination of mobile
ions. The reaction proceeds for a continuous period of time.
- Therefore, the rate of reaction in A is nearly non-meaningful to be
followed ( → ∞), while that of D can be measured over a certain
time interval. The answer is D.

65. 2017 DSE Chem P1A Q36

Severe Mistake: Intrinsically thinking that everything with an -OH

group can react with O.A.
- Only primary and secondary alcohols can be oxidized. Tertiary
alcohols are resistant to oxidation!!!!!
- Beware to tertiary alcohols whenever encountering questions asking
whether oxidation is available!!!!!
66. 2017 DSE Chem P1B Q2bi

Note:
1) soldering = welding = 焊接
2) Lead can lower the melting point of soldering materials. (Similar
function to cryolite for producing molten bauxite for electrolysis)

67. 2017 DSE Chem P1B Q3a

Marking Scheme Analysis:
- A propene molecule has a C=C bond, whereas a propane molecule
does not. (1)
- Note that DSE Markings prefer explanation with regards to the
presence of C=C bonds rather than whether the compound is
unsaturated. This is due to the presence of aromatic hydrocarbons,
which consists of C=C bonds (unsaturated) but are chemically
inert.

68. 2017 DSE Chem P1B Q4cii

Issue: State an observable change VS State any changes

- When the question asks to explain/state/suggest any changes, stay
alert whether the experiment has two or more observable changes.
Write all observable changes when they are seen!!!
- For example, for 17 DSE Chem P1B Q4c(ii), the observable changes
are that:
1) Colorless bubbles evolve (no change)
2) Phenolphthalein remains colorless, not turning pink (change)

69. 2017 DSE Chem P1B Q7b

Memorize (Definition of Hess’s Law)

- The total enthalpy change of a chemical reaction is independent of
the pathway between the initial and final states.

70. 2017 DSE Chem P1B Q8c

Counter-argument to the “FOR”: How about the increased CO2

emissions due to the increased use of electricity?
- Another POV:
By improved carbon capture technologies, carbon dioxide produced
in power plants can be recaptured (e.g. electrostatic precipitation),
thus the emission of carbon dioxide will be reduced.
(Since those emitted by petrol-driven cars are difficult to be oxidized in
catalytic converters in a large percentage)
71. 2017 DSE Chem P1B Q10a
Issue: Did not read the question carefully
- The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is not within the HKDSE
Chemistry curriculum. There MUST be products given.
- This type of question aims for the skill of balancing chemical
equations for unknown reactions. We cannot “guess” the reactants and
products.
72. 2018 DSE Chem P1A Q17

Note:
- Increase in temperature
-> increase in average molecular kinetic energy
-> molecules vibrate more vigorously in average
-> spaces (distances) between molecules increase (although not as
much as in state change)
∴ Don’t think that since molecular PE increases during change of state,
molecular distance increases only during state change!!! In fact,
molecular PE also slightly increases upon increase in temperature
within the same state.

73. 2018 DSE Chem P1A Q21

Note: Detailed structure of zinc-carbon cells
- Negative electrode: Zn case (Zn → Zn 2+ + 2e −)
- Electrolyte: Moist paste of ammonium chloride NH4Cl
- Positive electrode: Graphite rod dipped in a mixture of graphite
powder and MnO2 powder:
2NH4+ + 2e − → 2NH3 + H2
- Function of MnO2 powder: To remove excess hydrogen gas to
prevent explosion due to high internal gas pressure:
2MnO2 + H2 → Mn2O3 + H2O
∴ Overall equation:
Zn + 2NH4+ + 2MnO2 → Zn 2+ + 2NH3 + Mn2O3 + H2O
- Drawbacks of zinc-carbon cells explained by chemical reactions:
1) Perform poorly in high-drained electrical devices
High drained electrical devices
-> produce a large amount of NH3 in a short period of time
-> since ammonia is an electrical insulator, the accumulation of NH3
drops the internal resistance of the battery
2) Persistent risk of explosion
Production of gaseous ammonia -> internal gas pressure in the cell
increases -> possess the risk of explosion

74. 2018 DSE Chem P1A Q23

Issue: Unfamiliar with the positions in the ECS + Thought that H2
cannot dissolve in water to participate in there reaction
Killer Analysis:
- Note that electrons flow through the external circuit from
compartment B to compartment A. Hence, the electrode in B is the
anode, while the one in A is the cathode.
- Consider compartment A. Since A is the cathode, while there are
H +, Cl −, H2, OH − present in the solution, as only H + and H2 are
possible to be reduced, consider the two substances only. H2 may
be reduced to form H −, which is chemically reactive (unstable),
while H + can be reduced to form relatively stable H2. Hence, it is
deduced that 2H + + 2e − → H2 …(A) occurs in compartment A.
- Consider compartment B. As B is the anode, while only
H +, Na +, OH −, H2 are present in the solution, by selecting
substances that can undergo oxidation (OH −, H2), deduction can be
done. According to the Electrochemical Series, H2 has a higher
reducing power than OH −, H2 is oxidized. Note that the oxidation is
done in an alkaline environment. ∴ H2 + 2OH − → 2H2O + 2e − …
(B)
- MC Deduction:
(1) In compartment A, H + ions are consumed. ∵ pH = − log[H +(aq)],
the pH in A increases -> (1) is false.
(2) In B, hydrogen is oxidized to form water. ∴Hydrogen gas is the
reducing agent in B -> (2) is correct.
(3) Overall equation: (A)+(B):
2H + + 2OH − → 2H2O ⟺ H + + OH − → H2O
i.e. (3) is correct.
Therefore, the answer is C.
Skill: By deducing that (1) is incorrect, C can be sorted as the correct
answer since C is the only answer that states that (1) is incorrect
(Applicable to 12/13/23/123 type deduction MC)
75. 2018 DSE Chem P1A Q31

Issue: Did not know that the -OH group can be anywhere as long as
it is bonded to C-2
Note:
- Consider C-2 as the central atom. No matter the position of -OH /
methyl group / H attached to C-2, as long as they are attached to
C-2, they are identical compounds or enantiomers, which have the
same chemical properties. (Imagine tilting the tetrahedral
structure - it is basically identical)
- Consider the 3rd structural formula. Since one of its end consists of
an -OH group whereas the another end consists of a -COOH group,
condensation polymerization can occur as repeated esterification of
monomer molecules occurs.
76. 2018 DSE Chem P1B Q2a

Severe Mistake: Did not consider the solubility of ammonia in water

- ammonia is very soluble in water!
Note: Two things to consider before collecting gas:
1. Density ρ of gas
m m Mn
- ρ = , M = . ∴ ρ = .
V n V
n
- Note that molar volume of gas is a constant. Therefore, ρ = k M
V
- ∴ ρ ∝ M. We can find the relative density of a gas compared to air
by comparing their molar masses.
- Relative density of air ≈ 78% x (14x2) + 21% x (16x2) = 28.6
- If the molar mass of the gas is smaller than 28.6, it is less dense than
air. We should use upward delivery of gas.
- If the molar mass of the gas is greater than 28.6, it is denser than air.
We should use downward delivery of gas.
2. Solubility of gas in water
- If the gas is water-soluble, DO NOT USE displacement of water. Not
using displacement is fine since the air rises/sinks and it is not likely
to escape if the correct direction of delivery is done.
- If the gas is insoluble in water, perform displacement of water to
reduce the escape of gas to the largest extent.
77. 2018 DSE Chem P1B Q6bii

Note:
- Note that water in the beaker may not evaporate in a such fast rate.
The error due to loss of water by evaporation is insignificant.
- 100% Correct Answer:
Due to incomplete combustion of methanol/heptane. (1)
- Risky answer: Evaporation of methanol/heptane. (1)
78. 2018 DSE Chem P1B Q9

Marking Scheme Analysis:

- Its monomer molecule is tetrafluoroethene, which is an unsaturated
hydrocarbon with C = C bonds. (1)
- The monomer molecules CF2 = CF2 (structure 1) undergo repeated
addition reaction to form Teflon, with a repeating unit:
−CF2 − CF2− . (structure 1)
- No small molecules is eliminated during the polymerization. (1) **
- This process involves high temperature, high pressure and suitable
catalysts. (1)

Summary:
- Structure of monomer + repeating unit (2)
- Conditions for formation: Chem prop (C=C/unsaturated) + Phy
conditions (high temp, pressure, presence of catalyst)
- Unique property of reaction: No small molecules eliminated
79. 2018 DSE Chem P1B Q11aiii
Issue: Did not refer to the graph!!!!!
Marking Scheme Analysis:
- The vertical axis represents the absorbance, which is directly
proportional to the concentration of Br −(aq). (1)
- The concentration of Br − at A is higher than that at B since the
absorbance at A is higher than that in B. Hence, the frequency of
effective collisions in A is greater than that in B. (1)

80. 2019 DSE Chem P1A Q15

Issue: Statement Wording: “Connect to cathode” ≠“Make it a

cathode”
- Connect iron to cathode of a chemical cell
-> The cathode of the chemical cell is connected to the iron electrode
(electrolytic electrode). The iron electrode is the anode and electrons
are continuously lost
-> NOT cathodic protection; it in fact speeds up the progress of
rusting!!
- Cathodic protection
-> iron is the cathode of the electrolytic cell
-> iron is connected to the anode of the chemical cell
81. 2019 DSE Chem P1A Q29

Issue: Inaccurate concept about ring-structured organic compounds

- Functional groups in non-benzene rings are functional!!!
- Therefore, the C=C bond in the ring structure indeed undergoes
hydrohalogenation!!!!
- Only benzene rings do not take part in the reaction due to its stable
aromatic structure!!
- Correct answer: B
82. 2019 DSE Chem P1B Q2b(ii)

Note:
- The Avogadro’s constant has a unit!!!! (mol^-1)
83. 2019 DSE Chem Q5d(i)

Common Mistake: Overlooking the question requirements

Mistake Prevention:
- “Structure + Systematic name” is a common type of question that
appeared in HKDSE for several times.
- Whenever the question asks for the structure, check whether the
question also asks for the systematic name.
84. 2019 DSE Chem Q12b

Common Mistake: Mixing Type Questions in Equilibrium

- Problem: Mistakes in dilution process due to over-focus on
equilibrium
- Consider this type of question as a cross-topic question: Book 2A
Ch15 Dilution + Book 4A Ch40 Chemical Equilibrium
- Write more steps for dilution before starting the ICE Table!!! (e.g.
M1V1 = M2V2). This will secure 1 method mark!!!!!

85. 2019 DSE Chem Q13a(ii), c

(a)(ii) Issue: Not “lower” but low - Ethanal is too volatile, so it
vaporizes readily to form the distillate before further oxidation to
ethanoic acid, but because it is “more volatile” than ethanoic acid!!!

(c)(i) Issue: Difficulty in finding the repeating unit of non-addition

polymers
Steps for finding the repeating unit:
1) Identify the monomer (LHS)
2) Consider whether the polymer is formed by a single repeated
reaction, or multiple reactions (e.g. hydrolysis followed with
condensation), i.e. identify the reaction involved**
(** common reactions: esterification, acid/alkanline hydrolysis of
ester, amide formation, acid/alkaline hydrolysis of amide, acid +
amine <-> amide linkage)
3) If two or more monomers are involved, make sure that the repeating
unit includes all monomers!!!!!!! (e.g. nylon -> both dioic acid /
diamine must be shown)
Analysis of 19 DSE Chem Q13(c)(i):

1. Self-breakage of amide linkage -> 1 amine group and 1 -COOH at

terminal positions (bifunctional), 1 water molecule required
2. Formation of amide linkage between -COOH and -NH2 of
neighboring molecules -> 1 water molecule eliminated
-> hydrolysis followed by condensation
∴ The repeating unit should reveal the bifunctional molecule produced
in (1). The repeating unit is:
(c)(ii) Answering Skill:
- For questions asking whether the type of polymerization is
condensation, consider two approaches: (1) whether the reaction
involves condensation; (2) whether small molecules (e.g. water,
hydrogen chloride) is eliminated.
- For this question, although it involves condensation reaction (2nd
reaction), there is no net elimination of small molecules.
(Hydrolysis followed by condensation) Therefore, there is a view that
the above polymerization does not involve condensation (in view of
overall reaction)

Model Answer:
- No small molecule is eliminated throughout the polymerization. (1)
86. 2020 DSE Chem P1A Q1

Issue: Did not consider that quicklime is a base

Note:
- Indeed, thermal decomposition of limestone
CaCO3 → CaO + CO2 is irreversible.
- However, the reaction CaO + CO2 → CaCO3 exists in the concept
of neutralization. (CaO is a base; CO2 is an acidic gas). It is an
exothermic reaction.
- Therefore, C is not incorrect. B is incorrect since
CaO + SO2 → CaSO3.
87. 2020 DSE Chem P1A Q15

Issue: Thought that the “yellow solid” is gold

Note:
- To show that the yellow solid is gold, the wording “shiny” /
“golden” / “brilliant” should be present before the word “gold”.
- Moreover, gold is extremely inert. It nearly cannot lose electrons to
form ionic compounds. Therefore, AuCO3 should not exist. (Within
DSE Syllabus)
- The yellow solid shall be a metal oxide ZO, but not a metal Z. Metal
Z should be extracted by heating the ZO with carbon:
2ZO + C → 2Z + CO2
- Therefore, Z is more reactive than X since only X can be extracted by
direct heating of ore. (thermal stability of X2CO3 < ZCO3)
- Note that the steps of carbon reduction of metal ores are as follows:
88. 2020 DSE Chem P1B Q3b(ii)

Issue: Wrong concept on criteria for formation of hydrogen bonds

- The formation of hydrogen bonds require two criteria:
(1) Presence of highly polar bonds (e.g. H-N, H-O, H-F bonds)
(2) Lone pair of electrons on the highly electronegative atom
-> Since there is no lone pair of electrons on the highly electronegative
N atom, H3 NBH3 molecules are not held together with hydrogen bonds.

89. 2020 DSE Chem P1B Q7b

Note: There are two definitions for alkali, so to play safe, write both!
- Alkali refers to water-soluble bases, which dissolves in water to
form OH −(aq) as the only anion.
- Alkali refers to substances which react with acids to form salt and
water as the only products.
90. 2020 DSE Chem P1B Q11d(ii)
Issue: Not aware of the question wording “explain”!!
Marking Scheme Analysis:
- Only X has the functional group -COOH, i.e. it is the only carboxylic
acid. Therefore, X is the only substance that reacts with a carbonate.
(1)
- X reacts with Na2CO3 that effervescence of colorless gas bubbles
occur, while the other does not show any observable change upon
mixing with sodium carbonate. (1)

91. 2020 DSE Chem P1B Q13

Marking Scheme Analysis:

- Correct graph (2)
- Carry out the test with two identical set-ups (1) except that the
concentrations of HCl are different (1)
- Measure the volume of hydrogen gas formed at different time
intervals. (1)
- Slope of curve represents the rate of reaction. (1)
- Communication mark (1)
92. 2021 DSE Chem P1A Q20

Note: Similar type of question to 2019 DSE Q13c(ii)!!!!]

Explanation:
- Ester linkage present -> Formed by esterification
-> monomers: diol + dioic acid
- 2 C for the non-acid component (alcohol component) -> monomer 1
-> ethane-1,2-diol
- Monomer 2 -> enzene dioic acid
- The repeating unit should reveal both monomers 1 and 2. Therefore,
(1) is wrong.
- (2) is correct (dioic acid correct); (3) is wrong since it is not a diol.
- Correct answer: B
93. 2021 DSE Chem P1A Q35

Common Mistake: Note that amide group refers to O = C − NH2!

Check once more whether the nitrogen atom is bonded to the C
atom with C=O!

94. 2021 DSE Chem P1B Q5a

Marking Scheme Analysis:
- Covalent bonds are broken during the breaking down of reactants
while covalent bonds are formed during the formation of products
(1)
- Amount of heat released during bond formation is greater than
the amount of heat absorbed during bond breaking. (1)

95. 2021 DSE Chem P1B Q6a(i)

Explanation:
- Steam is formed during the process. They would condense on the
inner wall of the tube.
- If the set-up is tilted in the opposite way, condensed water (cold) may
flow backwards to the heat source. This causes cracking of glass tube.

Correct Answer:
To prevent the cracking of glass tube by preventing the back flow of
condensed water droplets to the heat source.

Note: This is a commonly asked

question in HKCEE/HKALE
Chemistry Papers. This is likely to
appear again.

** Cracking of glass tube occurs

when cold water meets a hot glass
surface.
96. 2021 DSE Chem P1B Q7c

Issue: Did not know that discrepant data must be discarded in

calculation of average volume used in titration
- Correct answer: Discard the Trial and the data from the 3rd titration.
(The data obtained in the 3rd titration is discrepant)
- Average volume of HCl used =
(28.75 − 1.5) + (28.3 − 1) + 27.5
= 27.27 cm^3
3
97. 2021 DSE Chem P1B Q11a, d(ii)
(a) Memorize
- In the hydrohalogenation of alkene by hydrogen halide HX, the
major product has its hydrogen atom bonded to the carbon atom
with the greater number of hydrogen atoms, while the X atom
bonded to the carbon atom with the smaller number of hydrogen
atoms.
(d)(i) Memorize
- An optically active substance refers to substances that are able to
rotate the plane of plane polarized light.

98. 2021 DSE Chem P1B Q12b

Issue: Unfamiliar to dissolving reactions of oxides of Period 3

elements with water
Note:
Na2O + H2O → 2NaOH (sodium hydroxide formed)
MgO + H2O → Mg(OH )2 (magnesium hydroxide formed)
Al2O3 (not soluble in water)
SiO2 (not soluble in water)
P2O5 + 3H2O → 2H3PO4 // P4O10 + 6H2O → 4H3PO4 (phosphoric
acid formed)
SO2 + H2O → H2SO3 (sulphurous acid formed)
Cl2O + H2O → 2HOCl (hypochlorous acid formed)
99. 2021 DSE Chem P1B Q13

Marking Scheme Analysis:

- Correct names of monomers: hexane-1,6-diamine, hexanedioic acid
(1)
- Monomers are bifunctional (1)
- Repeated condensation of monomer molecules result in condensation
polymerization. Small molecules are eliminated. (1)
- Amide linkage is formed upon condensation (1)
- Correct structure of repeating unit / polymer (1)
100. 2022 DSE Chem P1A Q7

Issue: Did not know the criteria for calcium salts to dissolve in
ammonia + disprofidciency in redissolving of salts in excess alkali
Note:
- Ca 2+(aq) is soluble in ammonia, but not Ca 2+ in any state. If the
calcium ion is not mobile, it cannot dissolve in ammonia.
- CaCO3 itself is insoluble in water. Therefore, when it is put into
excess aqueous ammonia, it does not dissolve in water in the solution.
Hence, mobile calcium ions are not formed to dissolve in ammonia.
Memorize
1) Cations of salts that redissolve in excess NaOH: Al 3+, Zn 2+, Pb 2+
-> form Al(OH )− − −
4 , Zn(OH )4 , Pb(OH )4 respectively
2) Cations of salts that redissolve in excess NH3: Zn 2+, Cu 2+, Ag +
-> form Zn(NH3)2+ 2+ +
4 , Cu(NH3)4 and Ag(NH3)2 respectively
101. 2022 DSE Chem P1A Q29

Issue: Have not encountered reactions between amine and acid

Note:
- Amine groups (-NH2) can be treated as ammonia
- After the breakage of amide linkage, a carboxylate group and an
amine group forms. When excess HCl(aq) is added, the carboxylate
group becomes carboxyl group (-COOH) while the amine group is
“neutralized” to form −NH3Cl group.

102. 2022 DSE Chem P1B Q5b(ii)

Issue: Missed question wording “using”
- The question asked for one disadvantage of using hydrogen-oxygen
fuel cell.
- When it is in use, it is already bought, so DO NOT CONSIDER
PRICE ISSUES!
- Correct answer: H2 is flammable and explosive // It relies on hydrogen
supply which comes from fossil fuels // Hydrogen is difficult to store
and transport (1)

103. 2022 DSE Chem P1B Q7c

Severe Mistake: Given the “standard” enthalpy change of

neutralization, the coefficient of water must be 1!!!!!
- First time encountered this type of question
- Mistake Prevention: Check whether the question wording included
“standard” when encountering enthalpy change questions
- Correct Answer:
ΔH = − 186 + 2(+58.6) = − 68.8 kJ/mol
104. 2022 DSE Chem P1B Q11c

Issue: Insensitivity towards the wording “reduction”

Sensitivity Training:
Reduction to primary alcohol -> carboxylic acid // aldehyde
Reduction to secondary alcohol -> ketone
Oxidation to carboxylic acid -> primary alcohol // aldehyde
Oxidation to ketone -> secondary acid

Correct Answer:
(c)(i) 2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid // 2,2-dimethylpropanal
(ii) Li AlH4 in dry ether (all correct) // NaBH4 (only for aldehyde)
105. 2023 DSE Chem P1A Q36

Issue: Not aware of the principle behind saponification

- Soap (Soapy detergents) are indeed in the form of sodium
alkylcarboxylate, with carboxylate group COO −.
- Although the above compound is a sodium alkylcarboxylate, we still
have to consider the principle of saponification:
- Saponification is the alkaline hydrolysis of triesters originating
from vegetable oil / animal fats. These fats has a carbon chain of at
least 12C.
- Therefore, since there is only 5C in the alkylcarboxylate tail, it is
NOT originated from vegetable oil / animal fat!!!!! -> Not soap

**** Supplementary Explanation

- Moreover, if the carbon chain is too short, since the alkyl group is
not bulky enough, the formation of hydrogen bonds with water is not
blocked.
-> The whole ion can dissolve in water, but not partially soluble with
hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail. This disobeys the property of
detergents.
106. 2023 DSE Chem P1B Q5b(ii)

Issue: Thought that all molecules with a tetrahedral shape are

symmetrical (though succeeded to identify that Q is polar)
- Although CH3F is a tetrahedral molecule, it is still asymmetrical due
to uneven shapes of side atoms:
- Therefore, as the question asked for explanation in molecular level,
we should state that the molecule is asymmetrical in shape.

107. 2023 DSE Chem P1B Q7a

Issue: Did not check for redundancy!!!!!

- When we double-check IUPAC Naming Questions, besides checking
for ambiguousness, redundancy in naming should be checked as
well!!!!
- If the methyl group is attached to C-1 (C-3 is also claimed as C-1),
the main carbon chain becomes C-4 and is no longer a propane.
Therefore, the information “2,2” is redundant. The correct answer is
dimethylpropane, but not 2,2-dimethylpropane.