CHAP I: THE SCRAMBLE AND PARTITION OF AFRICA.

At the beginning of the 19th century Europeans knew nothing about Africa and referred it as the
“Dark continent”. They regarded “as a mass primitive” and” disorganized society” but they
also saw Africa as “a source of slaves”.
European countries such as Britain, France, Portugal and Holland had trading posts along the
coasts but they never went in interior of Africa.
During the 19th century this changed and Europeans started to be interested in Africa and started
exploring the interior of African continent.
By the year of 1914 almost African countries were under the European rule except Ethiopia and
Liberia which remained independent.
The term” Scramble” means the time or course of European powers to Africa where they were
hushing to acquire a part of the continent. The term Partition means the division of Africa among
the European powers and this term was used to express the action of dividing Africans countries
as” a cake” among European powers.
This partition of Africa was also done into 2 steps:
-Firstly, during the Berlin conference of the 1884-1885 which was called by Otto von Bismarck a
German chancellor.
THE REASONS/FACTORS FOR THE COLONISATION OR FOR THESCRAMBLE
AND PAARTITION OF AFRICAN CONTINENT.
The of Africa was due a combination of various factors such as political economic and social as
explained in the following paragraphs:
1.The search of law materials: The Europeans wanted the law materials like gold, coffee, iron,
sugar cane etc…for using in their industries.
2.The needed o markets: The Europeans needed markets for selling their final products from
their industries.
3.The high demand of oil products: The European wanted the oil products like palm oil and
groundnut for the lubrication of their machines.
4.The problem of unemployment: Due to the industrial revolution in Europe, the people were
replaced by the machine and become jobless this pushed some Europeans to come in Africa
searching for a job.
5.The appeal for protection of their home government: This was done by the mining compa-
nies in order to fight against foreign competitions.

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6.The need to spread the Christianity/evangelization: It was necessary for European to come
in Africa and teach the word of God through the Bible.
7.The need to civilize African continent: The Europeans had in their mind that Africa is uncivi-
lized society which needed to have the western way of living.
8.The need of land for settlement: Because of the demographic change where the European
population increased due to the high progress of medicine.
9.The search for the strategic areas: The African strategic areas were highly needed by Euro-
pean sin order to find many benefits, among these areas we can say:
-The Suez Canal in Egypt for England.
-The Gibraltar straits in Morocco for France etc...
10.The scientific research: The Europeans had curiosity to know how the interior of Africa,
they needed to observe the African people culture and nature.
11.The need to stop slave trade: This trade was considered by some Europeans as the bad trade
which would be replaced by the legitimate trade (legal exchange between Europeans and
Africans).
12.the need to stop the tropical diseases: The Europeans want to stop some tropical diseases
like Malaria, cholera etc… which were killing many people on African continent.
13.The Franco-Prussian war: This was the war between France and Prussia(Germany) which
led to the loss of Alsace and Lorraine of France to Prussian this pushed France to come in Africa:
-To occupy some territories for the compensation.
-To prove the world that France is still a powerful state.
-To recruit enough soldier which will be used I in the revenge against Prussia or German.
14.The need to invest the surplus capital: For Europeans Africa become a ground where they
could invest their surplus capital.
15.The Italian and German unifications: After 1870, the 2 new independent and unified coun-
tries (Italy and Germany) become very serious in the competition of the scramble and partition of
Africa to build themselves quickly.
THE AGENTS OF COLONIAL CONQUEST OF AFRICA.
The colonial conquest of Africa was done by using a lot of agents which are the following:
a. Explorers: The explorers were the first European geographers which come in Africa for the
First time and they played a big role in the process of colonization in the following ways:
1.They discovered the navigable rivers such as Congo, Niger, Nile, Senegal etc... which later fa-
cilitated the transport for European colonialists.

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2.They discovered the areas which were rich in raw materials necessary for European industries.
3.They signed treaties with the African chiefs which led to the colonization of Africa.
4.They reported to their home government the weakness of African countries like inferiority of
African arms such as spears, arrows, knives….
5.they encouraged missionaries to come in Africa for softening the hearts of Africans to become
obedient to the Europeans.
6.theyinformed the European colonialists about the hostile African people for preparing against
eventual resistance.
7.They informed about African diseases for making colonialists to find solutions
8.They checked the African fertile soil and this was preparing for them where they will cultivate
cash crops.
9.They took African soil sample by test if it is rich or not concerning the raw materials.
10.They drawn the African map that they will use after the Berlin conference.
11.They introduced and distributed too Africans some products like cloths, mirrors, shoes... for
making friendship with Africans.

b. The Missionaries: The missionaries consisted the second group of European who come in
Africa after explorers and they played a big role in the colonization of Africa as explained below:

1.Softening the hearts of African people: By giving to Africans the hindering words like don’t
kill, love your neighbor as you love yourselves.
2.Creating schools: that was teaching European languages to African, hen for solving linguistic
barriers and having auxiliaries in the European administration.
3.Giving information to the colonialists: For instance, about the hostile societies, then it was
giving to them a possibility to maintain the situation.
4.Treaty signings: It was being interpreters between colonialists and African chiefs.
5.Creating hospitals and health centers: This was the way to fight against tropical disease so
they are to maintain strong men necessary to the plantations and mining.
6.Creationof plantations in Africa: They were producing cash crops which could be sold by the
Europeans for their industries.
7.Appeal for their home government for support: In case of hostile tribes or against other
competition appealing for their government.

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8.Religious division: It was a serious conflict between Christians and Muslims so it was the
coming of colonialist after 1885 lack of unity to resist against them.
9. Condemning some Africa barbaric practices: E.g.: polygamy, excision of alcohol…., then
tis was making Africans to think that European institutions were better.
c. The charted companies: were the European trade societies which were granted permission to
perform the administrative role.

The major chartered companies.

There were many chartered companies which were operating in Africa such as:
 The British South African Company (B.S.A.C) which was led by Cecil RHODES.
 The Imperial British East African Company (I.B.E.A.C) and this was led by William
MACKNON.
 The German East African Company (G.E.A.C) that was led by Karl PETER.
 The Royal Niger Company (R.N.C) which was led by George Gold.
 Association International du Congo (A.I.C) which was led by Leopold II the king of Bel-
gium.
The role played by the chartered companies is explained below:
1.Pacifying the African territories: This was for neutralizing the African resistance.
2.Signing treaties: The were providing in legal basis for their home government to claim the
control of some areas occupied by the companies.
3.Stopping slave trade: This was creating peace and security even stability in African areas of
exploitation.
4.Solving conflicts between companies: That could be created among themselves.
5.Putting up the 1st infrastructures: This was building roads, hospitals etc…which could be
used by the colonialists after their withdrawal.
6.supressing of African resistance: which were organized against Europeans.
7.Land alienation policy: They were taking by force the African land especially the fertile and
mineralized.
8.Using colonial economic back home: This was concerned with imposing taxes to Africans
and, imposing to grow the cash crops to Africans and using African workers in plantations and
mining.
9.Using military force: It was pacifying as to avoid all resistances in Africa.
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THE BERLIN CONFERENCE (1884-1885)

“The Berlin conference” was an International diplomatic meeting held at Berlin the capital city
of Germany called by Otto von Bismarck a German chancellor from 15 November up to26No-
vember 1885 aiming to share African continent.
The Reasons of the Berlin Conference
 Solving European rivalries especially in strategic areas for instance France and Britain in
Egypt on Suez Canal.
 Making agreements in peaceful way of partitioning Africa and thus was by examining
peacefully how Africa could be divided.
 Bismarck’s ambition who wanted to become a central figure in the process of sharing
Africa.

 Desire to make German claims for colonies in Africa, it was very needed by Germany to
be recognized as other countries during the partition of Africa.

The participants of the Berlin Conference.

In the Berlin conference about 14 countries were represented in the meeting.
1.Britain. 4. Austria Hungary. 7.Spain 10. Portugal 13. Sweden.
2.France. 5. Belgium. 8.U.S. A. 11. Russia. 14.Italy.
3.Germany. 6. Denmark. 9.Holland. 12. Turkey.
N.B: No any African country was invited.
THE RESOLUTIONS OF THE BERLIN CONFERENCE.
1.Deciding to protect African indigenous and ameliorate their moral conditions
2.Stopping slovenly which depopulated African continent.
3.Fighting against drug consumption and all alcohol trafficking.
4.Recognition of Congo as the property of Leopold II the king of Belgium which become Congo
Free State.
5.Possibility of free trade on Congo Basin, Niger river and on all other water.
6.Right to officially to occupy African continent, It was any European country could make effec-
tive occupation of area in Africa

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7.Obligation for European countries to penetrate in the interior of Africa from the coastal.
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8.Obligation to defend themselves in case of any African resistance.

9.The conference drew the boundaries of different spheres of influence.
10.The conference instructed Britain to stop its habits of preventing other European powers to
occupy Africa.
11.The berlin provision of effective occupation was probably the most effective in the coloniza-
tion means to support colony claims by constructing infrastructures there.

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE BERLIN CONFERENCE

 The Berlin conference helped to avoid the serious conflicts among European powers in
Africa.
 It solved the Congo crisis because it was recognized by Leopold II of Belgium claimed
giving him Congo Free State.
 Increasing the speed of partition of Africa where each power could put infrastructures.
 Drawing boundaries of European spheres of influence each European power knows its
limits in Africa.
 The conference gave right to fight against the African resistance because all European be-
gan to destroy African resistance.

THE WAEKNESSES OF THE BERLIN CNFERENCE.

1.It created a lot of problems for future generation for instance the colonial boundaries ignored
the African tribal differences.
2.It did nothing to the benefit of Africans some countries were made big like Sudan, Congo, Al -
geria, South. Africa etc…while others were made small like Rwanda, Burundi, Togo, Ghana,
Lesotho….
3.The conference failed to stop the slave trade because in the North of Nigeria slavery continued.
4.In Africa there after 1885 were isolated cases conflicts like Fashoda Crisis of 1896 in Sudan
between Britain and France.
5.The 1884-1885 Berlin conference ignored the participation of Africans whose future was being
decided up on.
6.The Berlin conference failed to establish the organized body to keep supervision of the Berlin
Act which gave some powers too challenge some Berlin articles for instance: Leopold II did not
allow free trade on Congo river and navigation of Niger river was a monopoly of Britain.
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THE AFRICAN COUNTRIES AND THEIR COLONIZERS AS DONE BY THE 1884-
1885 BERLIN CONFERENCE.

BRITAIN
Uganda, Kenya, Sudan,
S.Africa,Nigeria,Ghana,Malwi,Zimbabwe,Lesotho,Swazland,Mouritius,Sierra-Leonne,Egypt and
Apart of Somalia.
FRANCE:
Senegal, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Ivory Coasts, Central-Africa, Niger, Mali, Burkina Fasso, A
part of Togo, Cameroon, Congo-Brazza, Mauritania, Gabon, Madagascar.
GERMANY
Burundi, A part of Togo, Rwanda, Tanganyika, Namibia (S.W.A), Cameroon.
ITALY:
Libya and a part of Somalia.
BELGIUM
Congo-Kinshasa.
PORTUGAL
Mozambique, Guinea Bissau, Angola, Sao tome and Principe.
SPAIN
Spanish Sahara and Equatorial Guinee.

N.B. There only 2 African countries which were not colonized which are Ethiopia and Liberia.

THE METHODS APPLIED IN ACQURING COLONIES IN AFRICA.

The acquisition of colonies in Africa by European was a process not an event. It was done gradu -
ally stage by stage and using some required methods in order to be well and certainly achieved.
These methods are the following:
1.The use of Explorers: They served Africa, they drew the map indicating the location of geo-
graphical features where located the strong and weak African kingdoms friend with their chiefs
and enemies with their chiefs.E.g:Dr.D.Livingstone, H.M.Stanley, Muno Park….

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2.The use of Missionaries: They come claiming that they were spreading the word of God they
had a mission of softening minds of Africans and they encouraged African leaders to sign colo-
nial treaties inform of protection. For instance, Moffart Treaty with Ndebele and the 1900
Buganda agreement.
3.The use of chartered companies: They were trading companies sent by European countries to
come and trade with Africans and to sign different treaties to occupy different areas of influence
to implement the infrastructures that will facilitate the colonial administrative policies. For in-
stance, The British South African Companies these companies also direct military confrontation
on some areas like Bunyoro and Zulu.
4.The use of military force: Europeans also used military force especially on societies which re-
sisted like Zulu and Bunyoro Kingdoms and Mandika under Samoure-Toure and Asante among
others.
5.The use of diplomacy and Treaty signings: To the Europeans these treaties meant h surren-
der of power and submission by Africa to their authority. Most treaties were Moffart treaties of
1888 between Revelant Moffart and Lubengula in Buganda and Makoko Treaty between the
chief Makoko and Pierre Savrogna de Brazza.
6.They used the “Divide and Rule “policy: this was mainly applied where Africa societies had
poor relations and the colonizers decided to use divide and rule policy so as to complete disunit -
ing them. For instance:
-Buganda against the Bunyoro.
-Asante against Fante.
-Masai against Nandi.
-Shona against Ndebele.
7.The use high commissioners: These were the representatives of diplomatic relations that had
developed between Africans and Europeans in their representation, however these commission-
ers served to weaken the strength of African.
8.The use of deployment method: this involved the distribution or deploying soldiers in chal-
lenging African societies and the building garrison or forts before establishing themselves in a
given area. This was to provide the high zones of interests for Europeans.
9.The use gun-boat diplomacy: This was a method where some Europeans could use treaties of
military force and occupation to force Africans into colonial submission unwillingly. It was also
important to intimidate these Africans who attempted to resist. In Africa this method was used by
British in Madi tribe in northern Uganda.
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THE AFRICAN STATES WHICH WERE NOT COLONISED/THAT ESCAPED COLO-
NIAL RULE.
I.ETHIOPIA
Reasons why Ethiopia escaped colonization successfully
1.The able leadership of MenelikII: The emperor Menelik II had capacity to mobilize the
Ethiopians in order to fight against the common enemy(Italy).
2.The Presence of strong unity among Ethiopians: The population of Ethiopia were united us-
ing the same language and their religion(Christianity)brought during the reign of the king Ezana
of Ethiopia in the 4th century.
3.The Geographical terrain of Ethiopia: Ethiopia is a country with many hills and mountains
which discouraged the Europeans.
4.The Ethiopian economic hardship: The economy of Ethiopia was still poor, then no need to
be concentrated on it during the colonization.
5.The presence of the strong army: Menelik II the emperor of Ethiopia had organized a well-
equipped and trained army, able to defend the country.
6.The presence of external support from Arabians: The Arabian countries provided the
weapons to Ethiopia in order to safeguard Ethiopia against colonization.
7.The payment of loans: Ethiopia had paid the loans the she had bent from Italy that could con-
stitute an occasion for them to colonize Ethiopia.
8.The lack of foreign support for Italy: So, any European county did not support Italy in the
struggle of occupying Ethiopia.
9.The absence of many European nationals: There was the absence of explorers, missionaries
and traders that could provide information about Ethiopia which interest the home government.
10.The presence of patriotic spirits among Ethiopians: Ethiopians were ready to fight even to
die for their country.
11.The Ethiopia God lucky: Ethiopia had natural lucky given by God which helped them to not
be colonized.
II: LIBERIA
An African state known as Liberia was a product of the effort to abolish slave trade and slavery
in America and Europe, Liberia was created in the situation similar to that of Sierra Leone, it was
an American negro-state that was found by American Society of Colonization (A.S.C) by a few
Europeans in 1816. By the 1800 the negro-slave had never freed in U.S.A, however critics said

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that in 1805, the negro-slaves have been freed. The freed slaves had suffered and discriminated
because there was a great social in America for e.g.: illiterate, poor, unemployed, homeless.
The American Negros were given a chance of either remaining in America or going to Africa
(West Africa), The American society of colonization, which moved some negro American
wanted to solve the problem of unwanted blacks’ American citizens and sent them to Africa the
continent of their own. They also wanted to lead the continent to the western civilization, Chris-
tianity… and began to the American trade alongside the West African Coasts).The first group of
black American group were settled in west Africa especially Liberia had a motto saying ”The
love of liberty brought us here” they formed a town called ”Monrovia” and later become the
capital city on the new colony of Liberia while Liberia is a Latin word ”Liberia” which means
free and Liberia was to be “a freed land” is a great significance in the history of West Africa be -
cause it was the only state of Africa that was not subjected to colonial rule and for that matter it
was the first independent state of west Africa and served as inspiration to African nationalism.
WHY LIBERIA WAS NOT COLONIZED?
By the 1914, almost African countries were under the colonization of European domination
Liberia was enjoying her total freedom and sovereignty for the following reasons:
1.Amercans had the upper hand on in the affairs of Liberia from 1800, therefore, Liberia was
able to obtain her independence.
2.Liberia was founded by the Humanitarian Ground as a settlement of ex-slaves, so this back-
ground made European countries to fear colonizing Liberia and she was able to win her indepen-
dence in 1847.
3.The independence of Liberia was recognized by “International Law” by which stopped Euro-
pean powers to take over Liberia.
4.The Afro-Americans settlers in Liberia were inspired the national motto” The love of liberty
brought us here” This brought them together to maintain their independence.
5.The culture and policies of Liberians were westernized like democracy, Christianity and they
spoke the same language which is American English.
6.Unlike other west African countries Liberia had not a big resource which could attract Euro-
peans investors capitalists. The population few to offer enough labor for their investment.
7.Liberia was greatly affected by the tropical diseases which discouraged European to colonize
Liberia.
8.The initial interests’ decision of American government protected Liberia from the interface of
European countries, this hence to protect independence of Liberia.
9.The presence of able leaders Liberia had good leaders who were able to mobilize people to
protect their independence and keeping diplomacy.
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CHAPII: THE AFRICAN REACTION TOWARDS COLONIAL CONQUEST

The African reaction was a response of leaders and societies towards the colonial rule. The
African response towards colonial conquest depended on the circumstances that prevailed in par-
ticular and also to the attitudes of colonizers. Therefore, some Africans cooperated while others
resisted.
1.The collaboration response.
This was a form of colonial response where some African leaders, societies and individuals ac -
cepted to work together with the colonial masters during the imposition of colonial rule in
Africa. This was the situation by which some Africans welcomed the Europeans and were will-
ing to accommodate them. Hey also assisted the Europeans in controlling a part of Africa.
The reasons for collaboration/why some Africans were collaborators?
1Africans had inferiority complex: some Africans had in their mind that European colonizers
are superior in military and technology aspects. For instance, the king of Dahomey called Gelele
said that who made weapons must win the war
2.Desire to be supported by b Europeans against neighboring enemies: Some African leaders
had fear of being attacked by other kingdoms who were enemies, therefore, they collaborated
with Europeans to be protected.
3.the need to own the European products: Many African leaders liked European products like
guns, cloths, mirrors etc... which forced them to collaborate.
4.Desireto be safeguard against the internal opposition: Many African kingdoms had internal
disorders concerning the succession disputes which caused Africans to collaborate in order to
have support from the whites.
5.Ignorence on real intention of European: many Africans knew that Europeans are humani-
tarians and visitors that one will go back home.
6.Wish to benefit from the European trade: Some Africans wanted to exchange with Euro-
peans for economic purpose, so they collaborated.
7.Need to acquire peace form slave trade: Many Africans were against the slavery and ac-
cepted to collaborate.
8.African wanted to benefit from European civilization: For instance, the Christianity and ed-
ucation.
9.The impact of missionaries’: Some people were preparing for softening the hearts of Africa
leading to collaboration.

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10 The effects of tropical diseases: These diseases weakened and populated African continent
which made her losing the sense to resist
11.The corruption of African chiefs: Some kings were having gifts and other products from
Europe as corruption.
Examples of African resistors

-Mutesa of Buganda(Uganda).
-Jaja of Opods.
-Lubengula of Ndebele(Zimbabwe).
-Gelele of Dahomey(Benin).
-Leinanika of Lozi.

The resistance response

This is referring to the action of African nationalists who took arms in order to fight against the
imposition of colonial rule.

THE REASONS FOR AFRICAN RESISTENCE

1.The African resisted because they had patriotism or the love of their homeland.
2.The need to protect the African economy.
3.Some Africans resisted because they wanted to protect their cattle.
4.Other Africans resisted because the hardship or aggression of colonial masters.
5.The imposition of European innovation like forced labor and cash crops growing…. made
some Africans to resist.
6.Some Africans because African leaders considered themselves being able to rule.
7.Some Africans resisted because of fear to lose their land in what was called” the land alien -
ation”.
8.Some wars led to some African to resist like the Franco-Prussian war of 1870 where France
was defeated and its colonies revolted thinking that she was tired.
9.Other Africans resisted because they were naturally hostiles.
10.The immorality of some Europeans over the wives of Africans.

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THE TYPES OF RESISTANCES

A. TEMPORALY DOMAIN.
i. Primary resistance: This refers to the Africans who refused to welcome Europeans immedi-
ately after the Berlin conference and this one was organized by some Charismatic leaders like
Samory Toure of Mandinka empire and Shaka Zulu of Zulu kingdom.
ii. Secondary resistance: This was the refusal after the settlement of Europeans especially after
the treaty signings.
Reason for treaty signings because of the harsh colonial reforms like taxation, forced labor….
B. MEANS DOMAIN
i. Active resistance: It consisted to military fight o direct confrontations between Africans and
Europeans.
ii. Passive resistance: This consists of the boycotts, sabotttage, pillages, absenteeism, example
African workers who burned the fields and plantations of Europeans.
THE CASE STUDIES OF AFRICAN RESISTANCES
I.SAMOURE TOUREY OFMANDINKA EMPIRE/OR WASSOULOU
H was also known as Almamy Ibn Samore Lafiya Toure was born in Guinea 1830 and died on
from Lafiya Toure his father and his mother de Konia Massoronan in Mandika peasant family
and he was the great-grandfather of the 1 st president of Guinea Seou Toure.He was converted to
Islam among Sunni moslims and involved in the Long distance trade in which he sold gold, iron,
slaves etc.. and received fire arms. In 1853 he was recruited in the army of chief Sere Burlay of
Sise kingdom.
By the year of 1856, he breaks away from Sere army and bringing up carious Mandinka states
while in 1867 conqueredthe Senakono and Sise kingdoms.
Results: There was the creation of full and strong Mandinka empire and by 1888 Mandinkaem-
pire was the 3rdbig empire after Sokoto Caliphate and Tokolor empires.
Soon: Samoure Touerey challenge the French imperialism in West Africa because they were col-
laborated with the chief of Tokolor empire.
Reaction: Samory Tourey allied with the English who were present in Sierra-Leone. In 1891 to
1898 there was the Franco-Mandinka war and sa result Samory tourey was captured by the
French and departed in the island of Gowe in Gabon where he died on 2 nd June 1900 at the age of
69/70 and as conclusion there was the colonization on Mandinka empire by French.

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THE CAUSES OF RESISTANCE OF SAMORY TOURE

1.His self-confidence to fight against French.
2.The presence of able leaders to help him.
3.The need to preserve independence.
4.The nationalist spirits.
5.The collaboration with Tokolor empire.
6.The presence of Islam as a unifying factor for Mandinka people.
7.The Franco-Prussian war of 1870-1871.
8.The need to protect his own economy and economy of his empire of Mandinka.
9.The need to protect the culture of his empire.
9.The development of the long distance trade.
10.The presence of good and strong administration.

THE IMPORTANCE OR ACHIEVEMENTS/SIGNIFICANCE OFSAMORY TOURE IN

THE HISTOY OF WEST AFRICA.
 He was the great emperor and statesman: He was creating a large empire becoming
the 3rd state after Tokolor and Kaliphate.
 He promoted the national unity and royalty among Mandinka people: so, all people
were behind their charismatic leader and empire.
 He created a complex administration: His empire was divided into 2 contains.
 He created the efficient and royal army: He was creating a well trained and equipped
army with the modern weapons.
 He was being diplomatically genius: He opposed the French and English in West
Africa, so he could get support from Britain.
 He was being national hero: He was ready to fight even to die for his empire and protect
the freedom of his people.
 He institutionalized Islam: He spread Islam in his empire as a unifying factor, therefore,
the Mandinka people could organize the holy wars or jihads against French.
 He was encouraged trade: He created the commercial relations with the coasts of
Africa.
 He was building the strong economy in the region: He was developing the agricultural
domain by increasing technology in in farming.
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 He was improving education: He was improving the teachers in Mandinka empire from
Arab countries and built many Islamic schools in his empire.

THE REASONS WHY SAMORY TOURE RESISTED FOR LONG TIME

By the 19th century Samory Toure resisted for long time due to a combination of various fac -
tors as explained in the following paragraphs:

1.Using the spy network: He being informed about the French fight before the battle.
2.The French fought on the foreign land: So, it was a terrain or ground was a cross rivers
and valleys with big vegetation which become a barrier for French.
3.The presence of strong army: The army of Samory Toure was well trained and well
equipped with strong weapons.
4.The presence of war shop factory: In which the blacksmith made and repaired weapons.
5.The support from some neighbored kingdoms: There was the appeal of neighbors like
Segou kingdom…
6.Avoiding the direct battle: Mandinka people were fighting by using the” Guerrillas” at-
tacking using group by group.
7.Using the scotched Earth Policy: He was burning fields, food and other properties to stop
the advance of the French troops.
8.Using Islam as a unifying factor: He was calling upon all Muslims to put together and to
join the holy wars against the common enemy which was France.
9.The abundance of Gold and Iron: These were the sources of revenue necessary to pur-
chase weapons and to pay soldiers.
10.Constant food supply: This presence of enough food supply helped soldiers to stage the
prolonged war.

THE REASON WHY SAMORY TOURE LOST THE WAR OR DEFEATED.

1.French determination: France was needing to occupy Africa in order to get compensation
after the loss of Alsace-Lorraine to Germany by 1871 and Egypt to England.
2.Scotcher earth policy: so by burning fields of plantations, Samory Tourey created the
famine for his empire.
3.Ploronged war: This was making the Mandinka soldiers being tired so without confidence
led to her defeat.

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4.Miltary capacity of France: so, the Mandinka soldiers were fighting against the well
trained and equipped French soldiers.
5.Divide and rule policy used by France: so, the French were using the Tokolor against
Mandinka empire making them not to support Samory Toure.
6.Lack of some neighbor support: The Tokolor empire refused to support Mandinka empire
but supported the French.
7.Outbreak of the famine in Mandinka empire: The famine caused by the prolonged war,
abandon of agriculture and the scotched earth policy.
8.The occupation of Mandinka manufactured weapons by the French: this reduced the
military capacity of Samory Toure even to lose confidence.
9.The capture of Bisandungu the capital city of Mandinka empire by the French: They
were making Samory Toure to establish a new capital at Dabakara(Eastwards) which was
distant from the coasts of Sierra-Leonne.
10.The economic crisis: Due to the disorganization of economic activities in Mandinka there
was the lack income that could finance the war.
11.The lack of money(capital): So, they were for buying weapons and paying soldiers to the
demoralized soldiers who preferred to desert.

B. MAJI-MAJI REBELLION (IN TANGANYIKA)1905-1907

1.THE ORIGIN OF THE REBELLION.
The “maji-maji rebellion” rose up in South-East Tanganyika against the Germans. It began
from 1905 and ended in 1907 by the defeat of the rebels(tanganyikans). T e movement united
several tribes in Tanganyika like the Ngoni, Pogoro and Sangara. The maji-maji derived its
name from the Swahili word” maji” which means magic water which was administered by
the Kinjikitire Ngware.
2.THE CAUSES OF MAJI-MAJI REBELLION
The harsh German administration: So, German colonialist were very oppressive and ex-
ploitative.
The brutality of Jumbes and Akidas: It was the local Swahili officials named by the Ger-
mans as administrators for tax collection, law enforcement officers.
The long traditional unity against the foreign invaders: These people have resisted
against Arabs slave traders and even against the Ngoni coming from South-Africa. Then en-
couraged them to resist

16
 The land alienation: Germans had occupied the fertile land in order to create the fields for
cash crops for their industries.
The over taxation system: The people of Tanganyika were paying a lot of taxes by force to
the German public works like roads, schools, offices…..
The confiscation of Cattle: It was an action done by Jumbes and Akidas on the population
in case of failure to pay taxes.
The abuse and imprisonment: Some Africans were imprisoned for long time in bad condi-
tions and were sent to work in plantations for the Germans.
The need to revenge against the German missionaries: Who burnt their local huts of tradi-
tional mediators to their gods.
The forced labor: So Africans worked in plantations, mining and in public works for long
time with law wages.
The sexual harassment over their wives: Some Africans were shocked by the abuse of their
wives by the new German mercenaries’ army.
The “Boma massacre” of 1807
The Ngoni people were killed by the Germans at Boma and many of their soldiers were im-
prisoned, so this caused the rebellion.
The national spirits: By the love of their country national or patriotism the people in Tan-
ganyika had the need to die in preserving their political and cultural independence.
The need to protect their economy: the people of Tanganyika were against over exploita-
tion of their natural resources to the profit of Germans.
3.THE COURSE OF REBELLION FROM 1905-1907.
In 1905: It was the beginning of the rebellion because the Pogoro refused to pick the cotton
for German as result there was attack and destruction of plantations and Swahili shops That was
the massacre of many people of German missionaries and government officials. There was also
the looting and burning of coastal town of Samongo(near Kilua).
In September,1905, The Ngoni joined the rebellion but there was also the reinforcement of Ger-
many troops from Germany. As result, there was the battle of UWEREKA and the death of the
half Ngoni soldiers.
In 1906, it was the assassination of the king of Ngoni Chabruma.
In 1907: It was the end of the rebellion with the capture and hanging of the leaders like Kinjiki-
tire and Mputagama.

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4.THE REASONS BEHIND THE DEFEAT OF MAJI-MAJI REBELLION
By the year of 1907 the Maji-maji rebellion was completely defeated by the Germans due to the
following factors:
1.Germans using collaboration with some African chiefs: For instance, the Hehe fought of the
side of Germans against the Ngoni, Pogoro and Sangara.
2.The maji-maji were founded on false protection: They were believing to the magic water
and refusing even to use the arms the Germans after this war many maji-maji rebels died.
3.The Germans were better armed than the Maji-maji: They used the strong weapons by a
well-trained army while Tanganyikans were using the traditional weapons like arrows, spears.
4. The use of the scotched earth policy by Germans: It was leading to the famine among the
maji-maji due the destruction of fields and plantations.
5. The lack of military strategies: The maji-maji people were poorly commended on the battles.
6.Different aspiration among tribes: These were serious misunderstanding between different
tribes which formed maji-maji armed struggle.
7.The lack of support from powerful communities: E.g.: Nyamwezi and Hehe refused to help
the Ngoni, Sangara and Pogoro.
8.The capture and hanging of Kinjikitire and Mputagama: this discouraged the rest of maji-
maji fighters.
9.The problem of economic crisis: This was caused by the scotched earth policy.
10.The lack of sufficient food: It was due to the abandon of agricultural activities.

THE EFFECTS OF THE MAJI-MAJI REBELLION 1905-1907

Maji-maji resistance left both negative and positive results as explained in the following para-
graphs:
1.The loss of lives: It was estimated that +_75000 died during the course of the war.
2.The destruction of properties especially farms and villages: This was leading to the scarcity
of needs of life and death.
3.The introduction of new reforms by Germans: It was the way of preventing the new rebel-
lion which may occur.
4.The famine and starvation: This was due to scotched earth policy and the abandon of agricul-
tural activities.

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5.The withdrawal of Jumbes and Akidas responsible for mistreatment of Africans: They
were replaced by the new educated men from the schools of Tanganyika.
6.The introduction of new policy of taxation, land and labor: after the Maji-Maji rebellion, There
was the reduction of forced labor, decrease of taxes and the regulation with distribution
of land.
7.The loss of confidence in religious leaders: Many people decided to become Christians or
Muslims.
8.The reforms in administration: It was the time of introducing administration in form of
Democracy by the Germans.
9.The migration of people: Many people were migrated due to the famine as result of the
rebellion
10.The spread of diseases: there was the spread of Malaria, cholera due to the bad conditions of
life.

III.THE NAMA-HERERO REBELLION IN 1904-1907 IN NAMIBIA

1.THE ORIGIN OF THE REBELLION
The Nama-Herero rebellion took place in South-West Africa in Namibia. It was organized
against German administration. It was mainly composed by 3 tribes: The Nama, Herero
and Okamba. But the rebellion was organized by the Nama and Herero from the 1904-
1907 under the leadership of Samuel Marero the leader of Herero and Hendrik Witbooi
the leader of Nama. The people of Namibia were mainly Pastoralists, therefore they had
land for pasture and agriculture.
2.THE CAUSES OF THE REBELLION.
1.The disrespect of African traditional institutions: The Germans removed all African tradi-
tional chiefs and were replaced by the whites from Germany. Then the Namibians wanted
to regain their political independence.
2.The land alienation: Germans occupied the fertile soil for the plantations of cash crops and
the natives were pushed into the reserves.
3.The displacement of the people: The villages were displaced by the Germans in their favor-
able terrain which were used to create the railways and exploit the minerals. Then the
people were put in Namib and Sahara Desert.
4.The loss of cattle: The Nama and Herero were forced to reduce their cattle because their pas-
ture was used in exploitation of plantations and other people lost their cattle which was
taken by the German settlers by force.

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5.The racial Segregation: The Nama and Herero were neglected by the Germans, they were iso-
lated in all social facilities like schools,
6.The presence of able leadership: Samuel Maherero and Hendrik Wit boot were considered as
the heroes of Namibia independence organizing their subjects to search for independence.
7.The need for independence: The Nama and Herero desired to restore their lost political inde-
pendence.
8.The 1903 credit ordinance law: This was a law proposing loans to Africans but at a high in-
terest later making the Germans to grabbed their cattle and other properties in order ob-
tain money which created crisis to the African people leading to the rebellion.
9.German policy of concentrating Africans into reserves: The Nama and Herero were force to
abandon their fertile land to the reserves leading to the famine and starvation.
10.The role of traditional religions: The leaders of religions promised the people the rapid vic-
tory against the Germans and even many profits after the war, this encouraged the Nama
and Herero to resist.
11.The disarmament policy: The Germans usually had suspicion of the Nama and Herero who
organized a resistance against them then they decided to disarm and disperse them in a bit
to disunite them.

3.THE COURSE OF THE REBELLION

In 1904, it was the beginning of the rebellion organized by the Herero under the leadership of
Samuel Maherero.
Result:100 Germans were killed both settlers and soldiers.
In June 1904, There was the German renforcement under the general Vontrofa and Lent We.
Result: The punitive expedition.
-Extermination of the Africans who were killed in thousands.
-The Herero were driven out towards the Karahari desert.
By December, 1905 the was the end of Herero rebellion and the Nama rebellion began under the
leadership of Witbooi who was assassinated by the Germens by the 1906 and replaced by
Morenga.
In 1907, There was the death of Murenga leading to the end of the rebellion with the treaty sign -
ing
between Germans and Nama under the leadership of Simon Cooper.

20
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THE EFFECTS OF THE REBELLION.

1.The loss of human being lives: +-54000 Herero and Nama were killed.
2.The increase pf forced labor: The Germans dictated a labor policy to Africans and brutally
exploited more than before.
3.The loss of land: All fertile land s was given to Germans
4.The Africans were put in concentration camps: Most of them were sent at Kalahari Desert
because there is sunny climate.
5.The loss of cattle: They were reduced to the German poor communities by force.
6.The increase of German settlers: The German population double in number after the rebel-
lion and also German administration become secured in order to avoid the new rebellion.
7.The banning of all ethnic Organizations practices: After the rebellion, the Nama and Herero
were not allowed to make any meeting together.
8.The increase of suffering of Africans: The Nama and Herero suffered from the famine, un-
employment, forced labor, diseases and starvation....
9.Destruction of properties: Many materials like roads, plants, houses were destroyed on a big
number.

THE RESONS BEHIND THE FAILURE OF THE REBELLION

 The internal disunity: They were great disputes among the societies by making Ger-
mans to exploit that occasion to increase their influence.

 The divisions of the resisting societies: For example, Maherero did not supported Wit-
booi in January 1904 and consequently each ethnic group fought alone and defeated
alone.

 The inferiority of African army: The Africans resistors were poorly armed by spears,
arrows… while Germans were equipped with fire arms.

 The economic hardship: The Nama and Herero being pastoralists fighting against Ger-
mans who were industrialized from the 18th century.

 The Nama and Herero being a small population: Even if they were mobilized for the
war but they were few, they could not form a formidable force to challenge the Germans.

21
  The determination of Germans: In S.W. Africa the Germans were determined to ac-
quire retain their African areas of influence whatever cost.

 The low level of political development: Most of Namibians societies which resisted
against Germans were poor in politic management while Germany replaced France in Eu-
rope by the 1871 as world power army.

 The weakness of African leadership: If Maherero of Herero and Witbooi of Nama were
strong their success could be realized. For instance, Simon Cooper was corrupt and
stayed out Namibia.

III: THE CHIMURENGA/SHONA-NDEBELE REBELLION(ZIMBABWE)1896-1897.

This was the fight between the Shona and Ndebele against the British bad administration in
South West Africa or Namibia from 1896-1897.
1.THE ORIGIN OFTHEREBELLION
December 10,1888 was the beginning of the relationship between Shona and Ndebele with
British by signing the RUDD concession between the chief Lubengula of Ndebele and Cecil
Rhodes of British South-African Company(B.S.A.C.)
Result: There was the coming of many whites to settle in the territory.
In 1891: was the occupation of Mashonaland and taking over control of all the land of the
Shona.
In 1894: There was the extension of the control to the Matabele land which was under the chief
Lubengula.
Result: The revolt of Lubengula who died in 1894, leaving his country under the control of
British.
In 1896-1897: There was the revolt of the Shona-Ndebele against the British hence the famous”
Chimurenga “rebellion”

2.THE CAUSES OF THE REBELLION

 The disrespect of traditional power: The British removed the Shona and Ndebele lead-
ers from their power which contributed to the revolt.

 The land alienation policy: There was the occupation of most fertile land of Shona-Nde-
bele by British pushing the indigenous in reserves under the protest that the chief Luben-
gula had signed the treaty giving them the country.

22
  The taxation system: There was the introduction of Hut tax by the British and in case of
the failure to pay Shona-Ndebele lost their cattle.

 The forced labor: The Shona-Ndebele were force to work in British plantations of cash
crops and to build roads, railway lines under harsh conditions.

 The British interface in African economy: The Shona-Ndebele were already doing the
commercial with Portuguese since, the 16th, by the coming of the British the Shona Nde-
bele were forced to buy products which were more expensive than Portuguese goods.

 The Jameson Raid of 1895: This was a war between British and Boers (Anglo-Boer
war) in Transvaal in which the British were defeated by the Boers.

 The forced cash crops: Shona-Ndebele: The Shona-Ndebele were forced to grow cotton,
coffee and abandoning their substance agriculture leading to the famine.

 The loss of cattle: The cattle has been distributed to the white soldiers some to police-
men and other were driven to South Africa.

 The presence of able leadership: The Shona and Ndebele were encouraging by the
chief Lubengula of Ndebele and Murenga of Shona who mobilized them against British.

 The presence of natural disasters: The Shona-Ndebele suffered from drought and lo-
cust attack and British government failed to find solution and this led to rebellion.

 The role of traditional Religion: The African traditional priests encouraged the people
to expel the whites and promising the victory and other material advantages

Eg: Kakubi and Nehanda of Shona proposed a religious war against the British due to all
miseries (famine, poverty)

 The role of Christianism: The Shana-Ndebele were deeply religious, but the Christian-
ity introduced by the British had impact on African people. E.g.: Burning status hanging
African priests.

 Disrespect of African way of life: E.g.: purchasing tax defaulter in public Haring oppo-
nents
 Arrogance of British: The British faulted freely with the Shona Ndebele regarding them
as inferior people
3.THE COURSE THE REBELION.

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In Dec 30th 1895, JAMESON Raid therefore, the British were defeated by the Beans in
Transvaal. This gave the Ndebele hope to defeat them also
In March,20th,1896, there was trouble in Matabeleland
Then: -143 Europeans were killed.
-English properties were destroyed (farms, mines, stones).

In June 15th 1896 there was trouble in Shona land.

-120 Europeans were killed.
-Destruction of forms and stones.
-Soon, reinforcement of British troops
- helped by Germany which sent well-armed soldiers with guns &machinery, to rescue the
British.
-Some African troops come from society that had collaborated. e.g.; King Khama of Lozi King-
dom
As conclusion, The Shona –Ndebele were the defeated & signed a peace treaty with Cecil
Rhodes

4.THE EFFECTS/THE RESULTS OF NHANA- NDEBELE REBELLION

 British promised a relaxed life.: e.g.; Adequate land Respect of African people & their
chief.
 Introduction of reform on taxation system: e.g.; abandon of increase in hut tax
.
 Loss of lives and property of Shona and Ndebele: Such as Trade & Agriculture were
dirige destroyed and there was also deterioration of financial position

 Mistrust of African Traditional Religion: there was the abandon of traditional religious
beliefs turning to the Christianism.

 Lesson taught to the African: They were realizing the important or first is assessing the
strength of the enemy /European, /before facing them on front lin

 The Ndebele were promised original land and some of them were employed in the ad-
ministration as paid servant of the state.

24
 Disarmament of Ndebele warrior: All weapons were given to Rhodes; the integrators
of the rebellion were arrested.

 Shana –Ndebele staged as significant impact to British colonies e.g. in Matebelelond:

143 British were killed and in Mashonaland 119 British were killed.

 Failure of British South African Company (B.SAC) in Africa: It discredited itself in

the eyes of the British government in its failure to maintain law and order.

 The Shona-Ndebele become vulnerable over British exploitation: Because all sorts of re-
sources were deeply exploited by British.

THE REASONS BEHIND THE FAILURE OF THE AFRICAN RESISTANCES

The Shona-Ndebele were finally defeated by British due to the factors that are explained in
the following paragraphs:

1.The military weakness of Africans: The Africans armies were poorly armed with spears,
arrows…. while European armies were well armed with powerful modern guns.
2.The disunity among resistors: There was no coordinated armed struggles against Euro-
peans. Each was fighting alone and defeated alone.
3.The disunity among Africans: There were the centralized states were divided because of
the succession disputes and other civil wars.
4.The role of missionaries: They were softening the hearts of Africans that could have sup-
ported the resistances.
5.The effect of the slave-trade: Europeans took Africans who were strong and left these
who were weak, old and sick who could not resist against Europeans.
6.The role of African traditional religion: There was false prophecy of religious leaders
which deceived people of Africa.
7.The role of collaboration: Some African chiefs who were collaborators provided food
shelter and military assistance against African resistance.
8.The natural calamities: The famine, disease, draught etc… the strength of resistance.
9.The geographical features: There was the lack of geographical barriers like rivers and
valleys and mountains. This made easy for Europeans to defeat African resistances.

25
 10.The determination of Europeans: There was the strong desire of European to occupy
Africa territories.
11.The cruelly of African leaders: Some African chiefs were harsh to their people and
were not supported against the Europeans.
12. The imprisonment and relegation of resistors: This made the majority of Africans to
not resist because of fear.

CHAP III: THE COLONIAL ADMINISTRATIVE POLICIES.

A.THE BRITISH INDIRECT RULE
Indirect rule was an administrative system used by British in their colonies where the African
chiefs were used to rule their own subjects on behalf of their colonial masters.
1.THE REASONS/CAUSES OF USING INDIRECT RULE.
 The British got the problem of enough personnel to the administration: They
were few in number they did not have enough man power.
 The need to solve decrease the language barrier.
 Desire to avoid new resistances in Africa.
 It was a way to prepare African for self-government.
 Indirect rule was a success in other continents in Asia(India) and North
America(Canada.).
 Indirect rule was economically and financially cheap.
 Africans obeyed their traditional chief easily.
 For the British, there was an existence of Africans organized institution that was very
hard to dismantle.
 The Africans were ignorant and illiterate: They could not be administrated by the
British who could follow the modern way of administration.
 Indirect rule was also an easy means of getting Africans support acceptance.
 The British needed to create different with the French.

2.WHY DID INDIRECT RULE SUCCEDED IN SOME PARTS OF AFRICA.

Indirect was firstly used in North Nigeria (West Africa) and Buganda (East Africa) and there it
recorded many successes.
Reasons
1.British indirect rule less African resistance he was compare to other European colonies.
2.Indirect rule spent less costs on administration.
3.British managed to rule their colonies with limited European personnel.

26
4.It minimized the linguistic barriers.
5.British managed to win the considerable confidence and support from African chiefs.
6.Nigeria and Buganda became a model of indirect rule for other British colonies in which they
decided use it.
7. The African leaders were cheap as expected by the British.
8.Law and order were maintained by African chiefs
9.Indirect rule prepared for gradual transformation for African self-rule.

3.WHY DID INDIRECT RULE FAILED IN OTHER PARTS OF AFRICA.

 Some African leaders were imported from other colonies or territories they were im-
ported to the local communities who could ever accept them.
 Opposition of African elites against their chiefs need to be associated to power.
 Interface of the British administration in the wars of Africans. So, this denied authority to
the traditional African leaders.
 The local chiefs had no real authority, they were simple agents of execution of others
from the British.
 African chiefs were chosen without checking their political performance or capacity.
E.g.: Some of them were given warranty powers and become dictators.
 Africans were not ready for this indirect rule policy.
 Some communities feared that indirect rule could interfere with their customs, religion
and culture.
 Local chief who were used under indirect rule got involved in the collection of taxes.

B.THE FRENCH ASSIMILATION

Definition: Assimilation term coming from the French verb” Assimiler” or” Ressembler”. The
French adjective “Assimile”. Means to be smilar to ressembler.
The assimilation was a policy used by French in their colonies which aimed to create African
people similar to French in all domains: political, cultural…except in skin color. In other terms
the Africans would change exactly the image of the Whiteman (colonial power).

THE CAUSES/REASONS OF USING ASSIMILATION

1.The role of French revolution of 1789, It developed the ideas of equality, justice, freedom, jus-
tice therefore, there was the need to allow to Africans equal rights with the French.
2.The assimilated people would easily exploit the natural resources.

27
3.French considered their culture to superior in the world.
4.The need to create the Great difference with other European powers.
5.Assimilation was considered to be cheap, so the African assimilated would be employed as ad-
ministration.
6.The need to have Africans as allies in the French army and this was to prepare awar for re -
venge against Germany (For the Franco-Prussian war of 1870).
7.The French thought that assimilation policy would procure the political prestige glory and re-
spect.
8.Itwas the way of appeasing Africans after losing their independence.
9.Assimilation was a way to save Africans from domination and dictatorship.

THE SUCCESS OF ASSIMILATION POLICY

The assimilation policy succeeded in the 1 st time in West Africa especial in Senegal and Ivory
Coast.
THE PROOFS FOR THE SUCCESS OF FRENCH ASSIMILATIION
 The Africans assimilated were able to speak the French language.
 Other Africans served even in the French army and were brought in the French laws.
 Some Africans assimilated who were elites were selected in the French parliament as
deputies. For example, Leopard Sedar Senghol of Senegal and Felix Houphoet Boigny.
 African people got democratic rights Like right to elect and to be elected.
 In Senegal, the state was divided into 4 communes Dakar, Goree, Refusk and S t Louis
and each commune had a council to deliberate on some issues.
 Introduction of French system of Education in Africa where the French Teachers were
imported from France and played a big role in the formation of Africans.
 In economy, African traders were allowed to work together with the French merchants.
 In African colonies, the French laws were applied as in France. There was the abolition
of traditional and Islamic laws.
 Africans well assimilation could bring natural resources to France.
 The application of the chain of French administration in Africa where all West African
colonies were governed together and ruled by a governor general.

28
  The French were able to stop slave trade in areas they were colonizing and assimilation
policy protected Africans against oppression and slavery.

THE FAILURES OF ASSIMILATION POLICY

1.Assimlation policy was very exp4ensive to the French government: There was op-
posed uniform development for France and its colonies.
2.opposition of the French intellectuals and politicians: Fearing to be dominated by
Africans in the parliament.
3.Activities of the French parliament and other institutions: they prepared the unfa-
vorable laws to the Africans.
4.The cultural diversity of Africans: It was very difficult to change several African cul-
tures into one French culture.
5.The opposition of French industrialists and traders: They feared the competition
with Africans in industrial domain, fear of lack of customers.
6. The insufficient of education given to Africans: Africans didn’t receive sufficient
education, then they were usually disfavored.
7.The competition for job between French and Africans: Africans were disfavored
comparatively to the French even if they could have the same level of study.
8.The discrimination of the part of the French: The Africans never received the free
education, medical care like the French of France.

THE EFFECTS OF ASSIMILATION POLICY IN AFRICA.

1.The loss of African independence: Al African kingdoms sub combed in the French colonial
rule

2.Introduction of forced labor: E.g.: compulsory job in building African roads.

29
3.Undermining of African languages: The French language being an official language in
schools and other public place.

4.The Brain drain: Many African intellectuals were sent to France to work as deputies.

5.The forced military conscription: Many Africans had to serve in the French army.

6.The introduction of direct taxation: Which greatly exploited Africans.

7.The rise of migrant labor: The Africans were transferred from one colony to another to work
in administration, industries and plantations….

8.The Introduction of French Catholic religion: It was to challenge Islam and other African
traditional religions.

9.The heavy exploitation of minerals: For instance, exploitation of iron for construction of iron
railway.

10.The forced cash crops growing: To feed the hungry of French industries. For example, there
was Cocoa and coffee in Ivory Coast, Mali and Dahomey (Niger) and the groundnut in Senegal.

11.The land alienation: French declaring all vacant land state virtue of conquest.

12.The influx of Europeans in West Africa: Many French people come in west Africa to ex-
ploit African resources.

13.Divisionof Africans into privileged and suffered subjects: Under the famous indigent sys-
tem of assimilation (divide and rule).

14. The introduction of French model oh local central government: Which destroyed
African political settings.

15.Destruction of African resistances: Under the name of assimilation, African resistors were
weakened and brought segregation among Africans themselves.

16. The abolition of slave trade: This was to end it and replace it by the legitimate trade.

17. the development of infrastructures: The French established many public facilities like
schools, hospitals, ports, railways….

30
 18. The rise of some African resistances: Some Africans remarked the French as injustice peo-
ple and took arms to fight against French.

THE COMPARISON BETWEEN THE BRITISH INDIRECT RULE AND THE FRENCH
ASSIMILATION POLICY

A. RESSEMLANCES.

 The important administrative policies were made in their home government with-
out consulting the native colonies.
 Undermining African authority, it was the choice of traditional chiefs stopping
serving for the interest of their people but these of colonialists.
 Destruction of African practices like circumcision, polygamy, offering sacri-
fices…
 A system drawn in such way that white should have key position.
 Method of using direct military conquest.
 Developing the superiority complex.
 The 2 systems meaning to carryout effective exploitation and control of their sub-
jects.
 The 2 systems become fiasco or failure and were either modified or abandoned.
 All used African to collect taxes.

DIFFERENCES

BRITISH INDIRECT RULE FRENCH ASSMILATION

31
-Blacks were not turn in Britain. -System aiming to make Africans French citizens.
-Africans were governed through the chiefs. -Africans were rule in direct manner.
-Linguistic tolerance. -Imposition of French language.
-Colonies were not attached to the Metropolitan. -Colonies were extension of France.
-Maintaining African culture and Religion. -Imposition of Christianity.
-Tolerance of traditional laws. -Imposition of French laws.
-Without depending on level of study -Taking into consideration the survey level.
-Generally cheap -Not generally cheap.

THE GERMANY DIRECT RULE.

Direct rule: Was an administration policy used by Germany into her colonies where African
chiefs were removed from the power and replaced by man power from Germany.

REASONS/CAUSES OF USING INDIRECT RULE

1.Desire to prove that their nationhood maturity by using a system differ from other European
powers.

2. After 1870 the population of Germany increased and there was enough manpower to exploit
Africa comparatively to other European powers.

3.Because Germany faced many resistances in Africa, that is why was better for Germany to ex -
clude Africans from the power by using the direct rule.

4.Direct rule was away of direct exploitation of Africa resources.

CHAPIV: THE COLONIAL ECONOMIC POLICIES

The main steps of colonial occupation of Africa are the following:

 Scrambling: By sending explorers, missionaries, charted companies. for information.

 Partitioning: During and after the berlin conference on paper and on land.
 Imposition and colonization: This was done after to destroy African resistances.

32
  Establishment of colonial administrative policies: such as indirect rule, assimilation
policy and indirect rule
 Establishment of colonial economic policies: To be supported by African indigenous.

The principal objectives of the colonial economic policies were to solve the economic prob-
lems of the Metropolitans/Europeans

A.THE CARACTERISTICS/METHODS OF COLONIAL ECONOMICPOLICIES

1.The taxation system: This was a main method of generating revenue for the metropoli-
tan in Africa. There were 2 kinds of taxes imposed on African.
a. Hut taxes: It was a tax in form of money which was paid by each family in a given
colony in Africa.
b. Tax in form of products like the agricultural and animal products.
2.The forced labor: This consisted of using Africans in mines, plantations, to build roads
…. and giving them low salaries.
3.Forced cultivation of cash growing: Africans were forced to grow cotton, coffee,
tea…for Europeans, this made Africans to abandon their substance food leading to the
famine.
4.Bad division of labor: Africans were made to produce what they could not consume
and to consume what they could not produce. Fr example: producing cotton, coffee, tea…
which were sold to the Europeans and buying European finished goods like cloths at high
prices.
6.Land alienation: African fertile land and mineralized ones were taken by force by Eu-
ropean and Africans were put in the reserves.
7.Discouragement of African industries: They were fearing of African completion
against.
8.Development of roads and Railways: The Network served served for the transporta-
tion of goods from Africa to Europe (natural resources) and from Europe to Africa.
9.European interface in African technology: Before the coming of Europeans, African
continent had many blacksmith making the hoes, spears, arrows, in Africa. They pro-
duced their better items leading to the abandon of African artisan.

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10.Exploitation of minerals: Europeans exploited gold, diamond etc…which ere brought
in Europe to be transformed into finished goods.
Then: Africa remained poor countries.

B.THE CONSEQUENCES OF COLONIAL ECONOMIC POLICIES.

1.Migration of labor: The European took by force many works from one colonies to an-
other to work in plantation, mine, …
2.Resettlement of Africans: During the creation of roads, railways…and exploitation of
minerals many Africans were removed from their areas to the reserves.
3.Over dependence of Africans in Europe: Many Africans were forced to buy Euro-
pean goods at high prices after selling their own products at low prices.
4.Over exploitation of African resources: All African resources were exploited by Eu-
ropeans leading to the poor conditions of Africans.
5.Development of transport network: Roads, railways, bridges etc… were built in
many areas of resources in Africa.

C. THE IMPACTS OF COLONIZATION

The negatives
1.Loss of African independence
2.Decline of African resources.
3.Economic exploitation of Africa.
4.Division of African societies.
5.Imposition of new types of taxes.
6.Imposition of forced labor.
7.Dispersion of people through the frontiers.
8.Racial segregation.
9.Birth of individualism
10.Abandon of substance agriculture.
11.Land alienation.
12.Bad division of labor.
13.Regime of Monopoly.

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 14.Death of African people.

The positives
1.Introduction of Christianism
2.Introduction of industries
3.Development of transport and communication network.
4.Introduction of new methods of agriculture.
5.Introduction of new commodities.
6.Development of trade.
7.Development of cities and towns.
8.Abolition of slave trade.
9.Introduction of new system of administration.
10.Abolition of slavery.
11.Improvement of health domains.
12.Expension of modern technology.
13.Formation of skilled workers.
14.Amelioration of habitant settlement.
15. Introduction of Europeans languages.
16.Improvement of health domain.

CHAPV: THE AFRICAN NATIONALISM ANDTHEPROSSESSOF INDEPENDENCE

A. Definition

The term “African nationalism “can be defined as:

 Desire or need for political, economic and cultural independence.

 The strong desire for African people for self -determination, self-rule and self-ad-
ministration.
 African natural love and pride for their countries and continent.
 The strong hate against foreign administration.

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 The strong hate against colonization.

B.THE CAUSES OF AFRICAN NATIONALISM.

1.The oppressive and exploitative policies: The Europeans were very harsh to
Africans like high taxes, land alienation and forced labor.

2.The Russian revolution of 1917: U.S.S.R: leaders claimed that the capitalism and
advised all dominated people to adopt communism.

3.The role African independent churches: They were created by African clergy-
men.

4.The Western education: The whites created schools in African and taught some
subjects like History, which taught for example the French revolution of 1789 which
brought ideas of equality, freedom…. Which inspired African nationalism.

5.The independence enjoyed by Ethiopia and Liberia: It motivated other African

countries to restore their lost independence.

6.The invasion of Ethiopia by Italy in 1935: In 1935, Mussolini of Italy attacked

and occupied Ethiopia to revenge against the defeat of Adowa of 1896. By reaction,
all African people organized themselves to fight against Italy which was again de-
feated. So, For Africans It was also possible to defeat other European countries.

7.The Egyptian revolution of 1952: In 1952, the Egyptian king Farouk in the re-
moved and replaced by colonel Abdel Nasser, Then Nasser become a big nationalist.

8.The independence of Ghana in 1957: In 1957 was the year of Ghanaian of inde-
pendence of the country from Britain. Ghana become a Republic under the rule of the
1st president Kwame Nkrumah. So, the African feelings giving financial and military
support to other African leaders in a war against colonization. Later, there was the
creation of Pan Africanism.

9.The creation of mass media: It was the creation of radios, newspapers, magazines
by some African elites. So, this was to criticize the atrocities of European in Africa.

10.The creation of political parties: E.g.: -C.P. P (Convention People Party).

36
 - A.N.C (African National Congress by
Nelson MANDELA, the leaders of these parties wanted to inculcate/spread the spirits
of nationalism to African people.

11.The effects of the WWII: In 1945, many Africans were recruited as soldiers in
European army and overserved Europeans dying and fearing. So, they return in Africa
in increasing nationalistic felling in Africa and there was the need to fight without
fear.

12.The rise of U.S. A. and U.S.S. R as world super powers: After the WW.II., it
was the weakness of Britain and France and was the rise of U.S.A. and U.S.S.R., So,
the 2 big powers advised France and Britain to decolonize Africa states in other to get
their financial support.

13.The independence of Guinea with the capital Conakry: By 1958, Guinea

Conakry obtained her independence from France and was rule by Sekou Toure. Then,
he become a big nationalist and he distributed financial support to other African lead -
ers.

14.The creation of O.A.U: It was created by 32 countries which were independent at

Addis-Abeba in Ethiopia and decided to search all ways to ask independence of other
African territories which were still under the European colonization.

15.The Creation of U.N.O. in 1945: It was having the objective of promoting the in-
dependence of colonies.

16.The Mau Mau rebellion (1952-1954) in Kenya: That was organized in Kenya
against British. This rebellion encouraged other Africans who concluded that the in-
dependence must be gained by arms.

17: The independence war of Algeria (1954-1962): It was the success of Algeria
against French and this taught other African countries that the independence must not
be gained peacefully but by blood.

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18.The Apartheid policy in South Africa: This was a policy of racial segregation of
White British and Boers(Hollands). This made African to conclude that Europeans
hated Africans.

19. The Atlantic Charter of 1941: This was the meeting organized between Roo-
sevelt of U.S.A. and Winston Churchill of Britain and they had a proposition that all
people in the world had right to rule themselves and these who are under colonial rule
must be restored into their self-governance. So, this encouraged African countries to
search for independence.

20.The independence of India: During the process of independence of India Ma-

hatma Gandhi advised other countries especially of African people to follow the ex-
ample of India.

- Example of propaganda on radios and newspapers and proposition and boycotts

with sabotages. So, this encouraged some Africans to rebel.

21.Economic development of Africa: During the colonization of Africa the Euro-

peans built the roads, railways, etc…. and these infrastructures facilitated the African
elites because they encouraged the communication and transport from towns to vil-
lages spreading their nationalist feelings.

22.The rise of Charles de Gaulle in France in 1958: He was chosen as the president
of the 2nd time in 1962.He accelerated the process of decolonization of many African
territories. He meets with the nationalist Nkrumah and shared ideas about decoloniza-
tion of Africa and he proposed the reforms of colonization like decreasing the forced
labor, over taxation.

C.THE DECOLONISATION IN ALGERIA (1954-1962)/ALGERIAN WAR OF

INDEPENDECE.

Algeria is a Northern African country which was colonized by France from 1830 until
1962.The 132 years under the French rule and occupation during which Algerians had
lost their political, economic, social and cultural independence. To obtain indepen-
dence from French domination Algerians took arms between 1954-1962.

38
THE CAUSES OF ALGERIAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE

1.Desire for total political independence: All Algerian chiefs were removed from
their posts and replaced by the French from Paris.so, the Muslims chiefs wanted to re-
store their authority.

2.Land alienation: French had taken all fertile lands of Algeria and the natives were
pushed in the reserves.

3.Forced labor: The French created the commercial plantation, mining activities.
they used Africans without payment.

4.Heavy taxation: The Algerians paid high taxes and methods of collecting these
taxes were very harsh.

5.French racism: The French preferred to live apart from the Algerians but with sep-
arated social facilities like schools, hospitals.

6.Religious differences: The French were catholic while Algerians were Muslims.
so, the natives were imposed to follow Christianity and turned mosques into churches.

7.The French intention of retaining Algeria as a white man’s country: The popu-
lation opinion in France was that Algeria had to be turned into the white man’s coun-
try which made the natives to take arms.

8.Erosion of Algerian culture: Like the replacement of Arabic language by the

French language and the intention of making the natives dressing, eating …as French
was another cause to fight.

9.Influence of the WWII: Having exposed to new weapons, tactics and liberal ideas
from Europe by Algeria ex-service men like Ahmed Bella and Belkhacem Crim back
with the spirits of independence.

10.Indiscriminative massacre of Algerians at Setif in 1945: Setif is a small town of

Algeria. On May.4,1945, there was the Algerian demonstration against French. Dur-
ing the time of 4 days, the Algerians revolted with writings like “Algeria for Algeri-

39
ans down with colonialism” and killed 100 at Setif and by reaction the French killed
about 2000 natives by bombs.

11.The defeat of French in Vietnam: In the battle of Dien Bien Phu in 1946-1954,
then there was the humiliation of French and it marked the end of their pride and in-
vincibility and followed by the withdrawal of French from Indo-China.

Then: Algerians who fought on the side French returned from Vietnam with ideas of
independence war against France.

12.Failure to get independence through the constitutional means: It was using

peaceful means to demand for reforms and democracy but French decided to suppress
elections and banished trade unions even political parties.

13.Theinfluence of the 1952 Egyptian revolution: Abdel Nasser gave asylum to

political refugees and he also gave equipment to F.N.L.

14.Unveilling of Algeria women by French policemen: All Algerians women were ar-
rested and unveiled because they were suspected of carrying dangerous weapons like
Grenades. This made many natives to fight.

15. The Twins independence of Morocco and Tunisia in 1956: This encouraged
the Algerians with the same promised independence why not to Algeria.

16. The emergency of able leaders: Like Ben Bella, Abbas, Messali Haj… were mo-
bilizing the people about the search for independence.

17.The Writings of Frantz Fanon: he was a black India and wrote many articles
criticizing the French oppression and exploitation in Algeria.so, this encouraged the
Algerians to fight against French and he became the chief editor of a newspaper
called Elmoujahid which spread anti-colonial propaganda.

THE OBSTACLES OF ALGERIAN PATH TO INDEPENDENCE

a. Disunity between the Berbers(north) and Arabs(South): Each of these groups

had its own interests to protect making the French to continue dominating.

40
b. French Assimilation policy: Creating a group of Algerians who were so loyal to
the French and opposed against any war to French regarding themselves to be French.

c. French military strength: The French had a good army well trained and equipped
with modern weapons.

d. Lack of common approach to the French: There were 2 appositive groups one
preferred peaceful /negotiation approach like Ferhat Abbas and Messalihaj while oth-
ers like Ahmed Ben Bella preferred war of independence.

e. Existence of a big number of French settlers: About 100.000 French were

present in Algeria by owning land. So, the French preferred to die for their land.

f. Divide and rule policy brought by the French: The French gave privileges to
their collaborators in return they were feeding with information about the rebel’s ac-
tivities.

g. Sympathy of Algerian youth to the French: They considered any resistance

against the French as a sign of backwardness and fighting against progress.

h. Internal power struggle between guerrilla commanders: This made difficult to co-
ordinate and giving chance to the French of killing a number of them.

i. Harsh French reaction to nationalistic activities: They were making several ar-
rests, killing some prisoners, burning villages and unveiling women who tried to
rebels.

j. Partial reforms done by the French: E.g.: Ferhat Abbas was allowed to form a
political party (ENA party), then there was no reason to resist against French.

k. The delay foreign support: This contributed to the delay attainment of indepen-
dence.

l. Creating concentrated camps: This was making life very hard for F.N.L rebels
and delaying them the support from the civilians.

3. THE COURSE OF ALGERIAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE (1954-1962).

41
 Before 1954: It was the concentration of Agrarian nationalists in Exile in
Egypt. There was also the creation of National Liberation Front (F.N.L) gain-
ing financial and military support from El Nasser of Egypt.

 November,1st,1954: It was the beginning of the war the members of F.N.L. at-
tacked the French posts in different parts of Algeria.

 In 1955: The French were attacked by colonel Boume Dienne in Aures moun-
tains.

 In 1956: It was the meeting of F.N.L, leaders at Soumman valley. There was
also the creation of Army for National Liberation a military wing of F.N.L led
by colonel Houari BOUME DIENNE.

 In 1958: There was the formation of provisional Government of Algeria

(G.P.R.A) with support from Egypt, Russia, China…. There was also the be-
ginning of negotiations with De Gaulle.

 In 1960: There was the signing of Cease fire agreement at Evian(Switzerland)

between the French and Algerians represented by Belkacem Krim for
G.P.R.A.

 In April July 1962: There was the referendum in France and in Algeria. In
France 90% of people supported the Algerian independence and in Algeria
99.5% wanted self-government also.

 In September,1962: It was the proclamation of independence of Algeria with

Ahmed Ben Bella as the 1st president.

THE FACTORS FOR THE SUCCESS OF ALGERIAN WAR OFINDE-

PENDENCE.

42
1.Determination of Algerians nationalists: Algerians told the French” This
Muslim’s Algeria is not France, cannot be France and will not be France
and doesn’t want need to be France”.
2.The role of Algerian Women: They acted as spies and liaisons, carrying
passports and money to the guerrillas. They also smuggled grenades, bombs
and identity cards in the veils.
3.The topography of Algeria: The desert environment, intense draught and
hot temperature. So, this was providing problems to French.
4.The hit and run tactics of guerillas: It was attacking the French posts sta-
tions, railways lines…. And running away into mountains.
5.The external support: E.g. From Nasser of Egypt political asylum, training
bases, military support and access to radio.
6. The formation of liberation movements like F.N.L and A.L.N to carry out
the sporadic attacks.
7.The charismatic leaders: Messali Haj, Ahmed Ben Bella, Ferhat Abbas,
Houari Baume Dienne championed for Algerian freedom.
8.The rise of Charles de Gaulle in France: Rising on power in 1958, he in-
troduced some political reforms like the creation of political parties by Ferhat
Abbas. He opened up peace talks with FNL leaders.
9.The creation of mass media: E.g. Radio Cairo, Voice of Free Algeria. All
these were for calling upon all Algerians to unite behind F.L.N.
10.The 2nd WW: Algerian had chance to be interacted with USA soldiers
preaching a gospel of democracy and liberalism.
11. The reforms of liberated areas: FNL introduced free education, law
taxes and democratic government in liberated areas and this made other areas
to be liberated.
12. The general union of Algerian workers: They brought about mobiliza-
tion of funds, food and medicine for the guerillas.
13. The French brutality: E.g.: Setif massacre of 1945 and bombing of Kas-
sah of 1956.

43
Then: There was determination for Algerians and to end the French brutality
pressure from U.N.O and NATO to France to decolonize African states.
14.Theindependence of Morocco and Tunisia: This encouraged the Algeri-
ans to fight for independence.
15.Urbanisation: Easy transport and communication bringing various Mus-
lims together by the unity leading to the success.
15.The War fatigue in France: After the disastrous Vietnamese war, then the
French ex-soldiers’ men become less to involve in other war.
16.The writings of Frantz Fanon: He was exposing the French evil which in-
cited people to fight.

THE EFFECTS OF ALGERIAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE.

1.The loss of lives: +-1 million of people was killed.
2.The destruction of properties: +- 8000 villages were burnt by bombs and
heavy guns’ fire.
3.The creation of refugee’s problems: +-3000000 Algerians fled to Tunisia,
Morocco and Egypt and 2 million internally displaced.
4.The economic ruin stagnation: This was due to the destruction of indus-
tries, schools, factories, hospitals, offices….
5.Destabilisation of traditional family life in Algeria: +- 5000 widows and
+-3000 orphans and there was also the increase in prostitution of Algerian
women.
6.The independence of Algeria: It was the end of 132 years of exploitative
French rule and French intention of turning Algeria into Whiteman’s country.
7.The rise of democratic governance: It was the end of dictatorship and the
beginning of the free elections, liberty, freedom of associations, public de-
bates and religions.
8.The land reforms: It was the recuperation of land which was taken by the
French to Algerians.
9.The improving work conditions: There was the abolition of forced labor
and increasing salaries for workers.

44
10.Agriculture modernization: There was the increase of green dams to pro-
vide water for irrigation, extension of credit facilities for fertilizers and the
creation of 6000 cooperative unions.
11.The creation of new cooperation between France and Algeria: There
was new phase of cooperation and assistance from France.
12.The creation of law and order: There was the creation of new disciplined
Police Force to keep law and order and there was also the creation of National
Army to defend the border territorial integrity.
13.The adaptation of social ideology: The nationalization of all production
means industries and land…. and the importation of foreign socialists’ intel-
lectuals advising Ben Bella for industrialization.
14.The increase of national consciousness amongst Algerians: It was call-
ing for unity among Algerian Muslims of economic and social background.
15.The formation of Maghreb’s Union: This was the creation of economic
union between Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia.
16.The rise of African nationalism: It was quick peace political develop-
ment of the country.
17.The diplomacy of Algeria and outside countries: It was the international
sympathy for the Algeria by foreign countries.
18.The liberation of prisoners: After the Algerian war of independence all
political nationalists’ prisoners were released.
19.The rise of Charles de Gaulle: when he became the only one to end the
Algerian war and he was very supported.

E.THE DECOLONISATION IN GHANA

The British colony known as Gold coast obtained its independence on

March,5th, 1957 under Kwame Nkrumah as the 1st President from the British
colonial rule. Ghana obtained independence easily than any black African
colonies.
1.THE FACTORS FOR EARLY INDEPENDENCE OF GHANA

45
a. The ethnic unity: there was homogeneous population leading to the ab-
sence of ethnic differences. For example:50% were AKAN speakers. And oth-
ers like EWE, TWI and GWI. Adopting the AKAN culture and language.
b. The historical perspectives: The people of Ghana hated he colonization
long time ago. For example, in the 19 th the Asante were victorious on the
British during the imposition of colonial rule. So, even if they were defeated
during the 3rd battle the nationalistic feelings remained.
c. The manageable population of Ghana: The size and the population of
Ghana is small and compact and manageable. E.g.: Easy population to mobi-
lize and organize.
d. The influence of the elites: The Gold coast had a well-developed educa-
tion system, it had lawyers, doctors, teachers and journalists… then all these
groups provided good leadership like Dr. Danquah, Ako Adjel, Kwame
Nkrumah.
e. The stable economy: Ghana had wealth obtained out Cocoa and Gold sale
which gave revenue to finance the struggle for independence.
f. The efficient communication network: Ghana was developed in roads,
railways to facilitate the movements of the nationalists.
g. The influence of the 2nd WW: These were the ex-service men explained the
nature of the Western democracy and awakened the nationalistic feelings.
h. The economic exploitation: The monopoly of imports and exports by the
British, the imposition of law prices to the cocoa farmers and gold minerals
aroused the anger and encouraged the natives to fight.
i. The cutting of cocoa trees: It was due to the cocoa swollen shoot disease
that the British ordered to cut down the cocoa trees without compensation.
Then: Because of this, the people become annoyed and agitated for indepen-
dence.
j. The Atlantic charter of 1941: It was the starting of all colonized people to
advocate for the self-rule.
k. The inadequate constitutional changes: It was the BURNS constitution of
1946 expanding African representatives in the Legislative Council(LEGCO).

46
  It was the appointment of African chiefs without real authority.
 The executive chamber was dominated by the whites/British

l. The role of Political parties: E.g. The United Gold Coast Convention
(U.G.C.C) created by Dr. Danquah in 1947 and the Convention People Party created by Kwame
Nkrumah in 1949.

Then: These political parties made easy mobilization of mass for independence.

m. The presence of charismatic leadership of Nkrumah: He was arrogant, young and tall. He
was a friend of school leaders, ex-service men, elites, traders and jobless people. He turned to
Ghana from abroad by giving to new political life of Gold Coast.

The role of governor BURNS: He was understanding, sympatric, cooperator and accommodative
of nationalistic views.

n. The 1946-1947 riots: These were revolts organized by the ex-service men joined by the farm-
ers and the businessmen and consequently, there was the imprisonment of Nkrumah an Dr.Dan-
quah. This was making people political awareness in Gold Coast.

o. The role of Sir Arden Clarke: He was the new governor of Gold Coast working closely with
Nkrumah. The, he was leading to early independence.

p. The role of press: The newspapers like Accra Evening News and Cape Coast Daily Mail
were exerting pressure to the British and leading to political awareness in Ghana.

r. The influence of U.N.O: It was advocating for decolonization as was included among its main
objectives of Africa and increasing pace of nationalism.

s. The influence of Asian independence: The independence of India, Cambodia, Vietnam, Bir-
mania and Indonesia encouraged the people of Gold Coast to ask for their independence.

t. The influence of Labor Party: It was advocating for the decolonization of entire British
Colonial Empire.

2.THE OBSTACLES/BARRIERS OF GOLDCOAST IN SERCHING FOR INDEPENCE.

a. The attitudes of the 1st political party’s leaders: The leaders of UGCC were principally
lawyers and were a little paid. So, it was the failure to reach out to the common man.
47
b. The moderation of UGCC: It was insisting on the use of constitutional method by using ne-
gotiation while other like CPP were radical.

c. The antagonism between Nkrumah and Dr. Danquah: Nkrumah was breaking from UGCC
to form his own party called CPP. Nkrumah was accused by Dr. Danquah of being self-seeker.

d. The personal attitudes of Nkrumah: He was winning the 1951 elections and he became later
dictator, he was stopping listening from his colleagues and expelling to a number from CPP.

Then: This scared other members of CPP who resigned from the Party.

e. The tribal and regional feelings: The Asante felt proud and feared that the nationalism will
submerge their traditional greatness.

f. The formation of National Liberation Movement(NLM): It was created by Dr. Busia of

NLM become antagonist with CPP.

Then: It was leading to a conflict about support of the 2 parties.

g. The religious division: I n Ghana there was the formation of Muslims of Kumasi and this
party was working for only the interests of Muslims.

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