Chapter 1 :SCRAMBLE OF AFRICA

INTRODUCTION
It was the mad rush by European powers to secure colonies in Africa inorder to
make economics, social and political gains .The powers involved were;Britain,
France, Portugal,Italy,Spain, Germany and Belgium.
This mad rush let to the colonization of Africa by 1914 except Liberia
and Abssinia(Ethiopia)
Why did the scramble not begin before 1879(reasons for the Europeans
reluctance to aquire colonies in Africa.

SOCIO-CULTURAL REASONS FOR THE SCRAMBLE

 The Europeans powers went for colonies in Africa because they wanted to
spread Christianity.
 The European powers wanted to spread their culture and civilization to the
African people who were considered backword and uncivilized.
 The European powers also has an important motive to surpress the slave
trade and other inhuman practices such as killing of twins, worshiping of
idiols
 Europeans powers also wanted to secure extra living space for their
growing population.
 European powers like Portugal scramble for Africa because they wanted to
use Africa.
 The desire for Europeans to create a variety of fruits,vegetables and other
items in Afica inorder to feed their growing population encouraged the
scramble.
 Europeans also wanted to acquire territories in Africa because of pressure
from scientist and tourist who wanted to acquire areas so that they could
carry out scientific research and discoveries
POLITICAL REASONS
 Most Europeans powers scramble for Africa for prestigious reasons . The
greatness of a European power was measured by the size of it overseas
territories.
 Also the search for territorial compensation in Africa provoked scramble
e.g; France wanted to compensate the lost of Africa of Alsace Lorraine,
when she lost the franco-prussian war.
 The colaps of strong African empire such as songhan, Ghanan opened the
way of the scramble for Africa.
 The berlin conference on colonization held between 1884/1885
encouraged the scramble because it laid down the rules for acquiring
territories in Africa.
 The Italians and the germans had, their reunification there by solving some
of the major domestic problems they had. This encourages them to get into
the colonial raise there by encouraging the scramble.
HOW DID INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ENCOURAGE THE SCRAMBLE
FOR AFRICA
 Industrial revolution facilitated the scramble for Africa in the following
ways.
 It led to the production of morden zeapons which the Europeans used in
suppressing African resisitances.
 The revolution led to the production of quinine in 1857 which protected the
Europeans against malaria in Africa .
 The revolution improved the mean of transport especially in 1875 when the
streamship was inverted
 The revolution generated the money and goods which were used as brides
and gifts to the African chiefs.
 HOW AFRICA WAS PARTITIONED
 Britain gains in the greatest share followed by France, Germany, Belgium,
Portugal, Italy and the least was Spain.
 Britain
 Britain in west Africa gains the Gold coast, Gambia, Nigeria, and Serria
Leone.In North Africa she gains Egypte and Sudan. In central and South
Africa she gain Southern Rholesia, Northern Rholesia and Nyassaland. In
North Africa she gains Algeria,Morroco and Tunisia. In North East Africa she
gain French Somaliland.
 French
  In west Africa France gain Senegal, Guinea, Niger, Volta, Ivory Coast and
Mauritania.
 In Equatorial Africa France gain Gabon, Chad, Congo.
 German
 The Germans colonies
 Togoland, Tangayika, South West Africa, Rwanda.
 Portugal
 Portugal gains
 Angola, Mozambique, Guinea Bissau, cap vert highlands, Saotome and
principe.

EVENTS WHICH SPARKED OFF THE SCRAMBLE

 The decline of the Turkish empire created a vacuum (hole) which
encourage the colonization of the Africa.
 The decline of West African Empires as the Asante and Mandinka created a
vacuum for the british and the French to occupy west Africa
EUROPEAN RIVALITY/CLASH DURING THE SCRAMBLE
 Britain and France over Egypte(suez canal crisis)
 The British occupation of Egypte in 1882 leading to the decline of French
revenue around the suez canal made the French to refuse the recognition
of the British protectorate. They opted to punish the British by diverting the
flow of the river nile.
 Italy and France clash over Tunisia following the French establishment of
her protectorate in Tunisia in 1883 this affected the economic interest.
 The clash between British and France in the Niger Basin.
 The British trader George Goldie establish Trade monopoly in the Niger
leading to the evacuation of French traders. This cause tension between
the French and the British.
 The clash/ rivality over the Congo Basin.
 The congo was rish in resoursces and was an important gateway across
Africa king Leopol’s decision to monopolise the Congo monted
tension.
The French rushed and secured the Bank of river Congo for
themselves.Portugal also reacted by claiming the Basin of the Congo.
Portugal was supported by the British while the Fench were supported by
the German. This created tension and avoid war Jules Ferry who was the
 French Prime Minister and Otto Von Bismark the German chancellor
summoned.
 The British occupation of Egypte in 1882 made France to suffer commercial
losses(trade) eg cotton. This forced the French to rush and colonise.
 The French occupation of Tunisia seriously affected the Italians who rushed
Libia for compensation.
 The British obstructed of freedom of trade in the Niger made the French to
rush.
 King leopold’s activities in the Congo Basin provoked the reaction of the
others powers such as Britain this was because king leopold decided to
monololise trade and navigation in the Congo Basin. This provoked powers
like France to try to sign treaties.
 Germans seizure of Alsace and Lorraine from France
 The unification of Italy made her Military and economically strong.
METHOD USED BY THE EUROPEANS IN ACQUIRING TERRITORIES
1. SIGNING OF TREATIES
Some Europeans based their claim to African territories signed with the African
rulers.Most of the treaties were fake as they were obtained through briberies,
intimidation and persuasion.
2. MILITARY CONQUEST
Most territories were colonized through outright military conquest. The
European launched military attacks on the Africans territories which were
defeated ans subjugated e.g French invasion empire of samori in the 1830,
Tunisia 1881 and mandika empire of samori in the 1890.
3. GUNBOAT DIPLOMACY/THREAT OF WAR
This entailed the use of intimidation whereby the European fired shot in their
ship along the coast to simply frighten the Africans. Some brought giant boats
and ships that impressed the fricans who, out of fear, accepted to surrender
their territories to the Europeans e.g The British consult, John Kick used the
British flect to force the Sultan of Zanzibar to surrender his island to British in
1873. The British also employed gunboat diplomacy to acquire territories at
the Bight of Benin and Bight of Bafia in West Africa during the 1880.
4. THE MANDATORY SYSTEM
 This method was introduced after the First World War on internantional
conference.
Other clash which came uplate included
 The Fashada crisis of 1898 between Britian and France.
 France and Germany over morocco (tangiers/incident) in 1905.
 The anglo-French rivery in Buganda in 1980.

CHAPTER 2 : THE BERLIN WEST AFRICAN

CONFERENCE 1884-1885
INTRODUCTION
 European powers discuss the terms on futher acquisition of territories in
Africa without war.
 They wanted to formulate rules for effective occupation of Africa.
 They wanted to guarantee free access into the interior of Africa by trader,
missionaries and other agents of all countries.
 They wanted to sit down and see how legitimate trade should be promoted
and slave trade suppress.
 When Germany was defeated and ousted from her colonies, the colonies
like Kamerun, Togoland and Tanoayika were seized from Germany and
given to British and France as mandates of the League of Nation.
AIMS/OBJECTIVES OF THE CONFERENCE
 European powers discuss the terms on futher acquisition of territories in
Africa without war.
 They wanted to formulate rules for effective occupation of Africa.
 They wanted to guarantee free access into the interior of Africa by trader,
missionaries and other agents of all countries.
 They wanted to sit down and see how legitimate trade should be promoted
and slave trade suppress.
DECISIONS OF THE CONFERENCE
HOW FAR DID THE CONFERENCE ACTIVE OF IT OBJECTIVE(SUCCES
ACHIEVEMENT)
 There was peaceful partition of Africa without war.
 It achieve the abolition of slave trade and other inhuman practices.
  Europeans adopted the effective occupation and developed establishment
of plantation such as trading sectors, roads construction and other society
aminities were provided.
 It promoted cooperation amoung Europeans
 It confirms king leopold claims the congo which was handed to him as free
state.
 It let to the recognition of colonies that had already be secured before the
conference.
FAILURES OF THE CONFERENCE
 The conference failed guarantee freedom of trade and navigation in the
Niger Basin.
 Effective occupation was maintain only in the coastal areas. This created
much tension until the Brussels conference of 1890.
 Free access into the interior or by all European traders missionaries and
explorers was not respected.
 It failed to promote all aspect of a European cultivation such as the
introduction of the European technology.
 The conference failed to guarantee the hintherland because of not
penentration started from the coast to the interior.

EFFECTS OF THE BERLIN WEST AFRICA CONFERENCE

1. POSITIVE
 It prevented European powers from going to war over African territories.
 The conference encourage the promotion of Christianity which reduced
paganism.
 It lead to the opening of plantation, firms, construction of administrative
units, which created jobs.
 Roads were constructed, schools,hospitals which reduced illetracy and they
introduce the cure of some tropical disease such as ; malaria.
 Telephone lines post offices were opened.
 It promoted European trade in the interior of Africa and this made Africa to
engage in trade with Europeans.
2. NEGATIVE
 The promotion of European civilization led to the destruction of Africa
cultures.
  The conference encouraged the partition of Africa which resulted in some
tribes being separated as they were put under two different colonial
masters.
 The conference encouraged the destruction of the Africa middleman
monopoly of trade enjoyed by the coastal tribes.
 The promotion of European civilization led to the destruction of Africa
culture e.g polygamy etc.
 The conference encouraged the establishment of Europeans forms which
exploited Africa raw material to the benefits of Europeans.
 It led to the lost of African fertile lands.
 Access to the interior for traders, explorers, missionaries led to African
dependence on European good since traders flooded their goods.

BRUSSELS CONFERENCE OF 1890

Reasons for the Brussel conference
 Europeans powers wanted to further ensure that peace was maintained
since when European powers became involved in the scramble.
 The wanted to make sure effective occupation has stipulated by the Berlin
act was actually practice.
 They wanted to make sure European powers were respected in the
provison of development of the people supres slavery and slave trade.
 European powers also wanted to prevent any military alliance between
African’s state and European powers.
 They also wanted to place an arm embargo African inorder to prevent them
from resisting colonial rule
DECISION TAKEN AT THE CONFERENCE
 Emphases were further proote on effective occupation extended in Africa.
 European agreed not to sell any money land, morden armsor weapons to
Africans.
 They agreed against the use of war to settle colonial disputes.
 Europeans were urged to continue the fight against slave trade and other
inhuman practices.
 They were also encouraged to continue the promotion of Europeans
civilization in Africa.

EFFECTS OF THE SCRAMBLE AND PARTITION AFRICA

POSITIVE EFFECTS
1. POLITICAL
 The partition also weakened the authority of ruthless despotic African
rulers who had imposed a lot of suffering and misery on their subject such
as leaders like Samori Toure were removed from powers and replaced by
stooges who were less despotic. The Europeans created modern
administrative structures which reduced the infleunces of rudeless African
leaders because they were brought under the central of European
administrations or deposed.
 Similarly, many Africans who had remained separated and hostile to one
another were brought under a common European government. For
example, the Hausa,Yoruba and ibo were brought under their British
control in Nigeria. The Fanta and Asante who were traditional enemies
were brought under British control in the Gold coast.
2. ECONOMICS
 The partition led to the introduction of new methods of cultivation based
on plantation agriculture cash crops forming and livestock. The Europeans
equally opened agricultural schools in their colonies where technicians
were trained to teach modern agriculture and animal husbandary to the
African.
 It led to the development of an internal legitimate trade in African to be
wealthy especially those who acted as middlemen. The living standard of
such people increased and this enabled them to educate their children.
 It led to the cultivation of new crops like cotton, rice, cocoa, rubber, tea and
banana. Africans were encouraged to cultivate these crops in their private
farms thereby making it possible for many of them to become wealthy.
 It led to the suppression of the banter system of trade and the introduction
of coin currency. In the british colonies of west Africa, Silver coin were
introduced in 1886.
3. SOCIAL
 The partition of Africa finally brought to an end the era of slave trade and
slavery in the continent. The evil ghost of the internal slave trade and
slavery was finally laid to rest in Africa during and After the partition. The
occupation of Africa facilitated the penetration into the interior by the
Europeans who attaked the chiefs who were still practicing slave trade and
slavery.
  After the partition, European began to develop western education through
the establishment of primary, secondary and university schools in their
African colonies. The earlies schools were establish in serria leonne, Ghana
and Nigeria. The establishment of western education was beneficial to the
Africans because it reduced the rate of illetracy. Also the educated Africans
were given employment in the colonial administration. Through education
an elite class emerged in Africa and it was also this class of people that led
the National ist struggle who made Africans to gain independence. This
very class people became Africa After independence.

CHAPTER 3 : AFRICAN REACTION TO

COLONIALISM
INTRODUCTION
Africans reacted in various ways to European penetration, occupation; some
Africans stayed submitted, some states which resisted some states which resisted
included: West Africa (Yorubaland) those allied who collaborated with the British
included: The Fante and the Asante.
Those who resisted include; Ascente, Mandinka, Abyssina etc.

REASONS FOR AFRICAN RESISTANCE AGAINST COLONIAL RULES

 Some Africans hated the introduction of new system of administration
which led a lost of the powers of the traditional rules.
 Some Africans also hated the introduction of new policies which were use
to govern them.
 Some African leaders were badly treated and disrespected by the colonial
masters which provoked resistance.
 Some Africans were not happy with the lost of their independence and
souvereignty.
 Europeans powers violated treaties signed with the local chiefs. They
converted treaties of annexation, friendship, protection, trade.
 Europeans adopted divide and rule and favoured some tribes against other
which let to resistances.
SOCIAL
 Europeans were against African cultural practices like: polygamy,idole
worshiping etc which provoked resistances.
 Most Europeans traders and officials were very immoral towards native
womens which led to resistance.
 European practiced racism and treated Africans as black monkeys and apes.
 Important areas in Africa were reserved for Europeans setlers.
ECONOMICS
 They imposed light taxes
 Africans experienced poor working conditions in the factories were
subjected low working wages which pushed them to resist.
 The seizure of natives lands to open plantations and European settlements
with little or no compensation.
 Europeans brought crops at very low prices to Africans which made the
natives to revolte.
 Europeans destroyed the African middlemen monopoly of trade and
dominated in port and exports trade this provoked resistance.
 Europeans subjected Africans to force labour in the Plantations and other
colonial working scheme(project).
CASE STUDIES OF SOME FAMOUS AFRICAN RESISTANCES
THE MANDIKA RESISTANCE
1882-1898
(Samori Toure’s resistance against French)
Introduction: Samori was born between 1830 and 1835 at sanakoro present day
guinea.
He organized one of the longest and lasting resistance against the French in
Africa. He was nicknamed the French as the Bonaparte of sudan or the Black
napoleone.
REASONS FOR THE RESISTANCE
 Religious differences between samori and the French samori was a moslem
and wanted to build the moslem empire but the French invaders came with
their own religion and the threatened samori.
 Samori wanted to put an end to the French expansion and imperialism
which affected her northern boundaries.
 Samori soldiers were well equipped with modern weapons imported from
the European traders into an advance of the French troops.
 Samori also had well trained soldiers who were ready to fight.
 He also wanted to protect the natives trade monolopy against French
traders who were buying at very low prices.
 He also wanted to protect his empire against French expoitation especially
of mineral resources.
 Samori was afraid to loose it Administratives and judicial powers of the
French.
 Hatred for French disrespect of their traditional institution and culture to
resist the French.
COURSE(EVENT) OF THE RESISTANCE (HOW THEY RESISTED)
They were two forces, the first phase lasted from 1882-1886 While the
second phase from 1891-1898;
At the first phase of resistance fighting to take place mostly in the northern
part. Samori and his soldiers adopted the scorched earth policy where by
everything that could benefit were burned down.
HOW THE MANDIKA PEOPLE RESISTED(SECOND PHASE)
During this time the French organized the war in many front by 1891,
Bisandugu his capital was captured and he escaped with his army and founded a
new capital however in 1898. Samori was captured by the French and his wariors.
He was exile to the exile of ogowe where the remained until he died in 1900.
 Samori had a very large supply of weapons from European traders and
some black smith in the empire.
 He adopted the scorched earth policy and guerilla method of fighting which
made him successful.
 His professional army was well trained and equipped with modern guns.
 Islamic solidarity and support against the French infidels elped to prolong
the war.
 Samori enjoyed a lot of domestic support from the mandika people.
 His empire was well organized politicaly and made him attaind victory for
some time.
 Economicaly his empire was rich to fight a prolong war. They got their
riches from the trade in salt and gold.
WHY SAMORI WAS FINALY DEFEATED
 The prolonged nature of the fight let to the mass improvement of the
mandika people.
  Some people in his empire regarded the French as liberators from the
samori harsh rules and decided to joint the French.
 The French had superior armament and technics
 His scorched earth policy also dealt with samori forces as there was
shortage of food.
 The Europeans also passed an arm embargo on Africans including samori
arms.
CONSEQUENCES OF THE MANDIKA RESISTANCE
 The resistance led to lost of lives and properties.
 The scearch earth policy introduced by samori plunged the mandika people
in farmine.
 It led to the colonization of the mandika empire by thefrench and the rest
of north east.
 Samori Toure who was the leader of the resistance was exiled.
 It led to separation of families due to migration.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE MANDIKA RESISTANCE
POSITIVE
He was a great empire builder in west Africa. Samori has a place in the
19thcentuary history of west Africa because he united the hostile mandika
people and brought them under his authority. He promoted mandika unity
and solidary. In this respect he was a symbol of Africa unity at least in the
upper Guinea region.
 Samori Toure was an inventor in civil administration. He established an
effective administration over his large empire. He decided the
administration in two parts namely the provincial and province powers was
share between the governors, his close friends and relatives to key
positions in his empire. This ensure their loyalty and allegiance to him.
NEGATIVE
 Samori’s protracted and ceaseless war inflicted a llot of pown and fordship
on the people of the upper Guinea region he insisted that his subjects must
continue the war against the French even though it was affecting than
negatively. So many people died because of samori’s resistance. Others
were exposed to farmine and starvation samori was indifferent to the plight
of his supporters. He did not sympathise with the trouble with his
resistance brought to bare on the mandika people.
THE MAJI RESISTANCE(RESISTANCE AGAINST THE GERMANS)
1905(TANGAYIKA)
Introduction
The people of southern tangayika revolted against the germans in 1905.
The resistance was caused by a number of factors.
CAUSES
 The germans harsh tax policy on the people provoked the resistance.
 The germans forced the people of Tangayika to work on colonial project
with little or no pay.
 Low prices were paid for the production of cotton which was the main cash
crops giving the people.
MAIN REASON
The natives were forced to work on communal scheme.
 The resistance was also caused by the germans seizure of natives land for
communal work
COURSE/EVENTS
Anti-German revolt began in southern Tangayika in 1905.Prophet Ngwode
was the leader of the revolt and conviced his people to unit and fight for their
freedom. The Germans hanged him in 1905 and his brother succeded him.
As the resistance continued Tangayika traditional doctors claimed they
have discover medcins will treat German bullets into water( the name of the
medicine was Mayimaji) however the Germans succeeded in suppressing the
resistance by 1907.
CONSEQUENCES OF THE RESISTANCE
 The resistance left Germans and thousand of tangayika death.
 There was also material destruction such as: farmlands; houses etc
 It forced the Germans toreform the colonial structures especially the
recruitment and treatment of workers.
 Southern Tangayika sufferd from famine.
 Trade was completely discrupted etc.
 THE ABYSSERMIAN RESISTANCE(RESISTANCE AGAINST THE
ITALIANS)
 Origin
  Mandika II the emperor of Ethiopia(1894-1896) resisted the Italians
attempt to conquer his territory between 1894-1896
 In 1869 italian imperialsm in N.Africa started. She occupied areas like
Masawa,Eritea samaliland and dreamed of an Italian East Africa.
 In may 1889 the treaty of Uccialli was signed between Italy and
menelik as terms of the treaty
 Menelik gave up off part of his northerns territories to Italy.
 Italy was to supply menelik with arms and ammunition.
o As soon as the treaty was signed the Italians mis interrupted the
treaty as they claimed that Italian protectorate. Consequently in
1891 the Italian foreign office notified the power which were present
during the berlin conference of italy’s claim overe Ethiopia. In
response menelik send a circular letter to the Europeans power that
Ethiopia powers had not surrendered any part of her sovereignty to
Italy.
o In 1894 Menelik cancelled the treaty of uccinzlli. The Italians were
not willing to take the humiliation and consequently invaded
Abyssianian order to force menelic to accept Italian protectorate.
o General Baratieri commanded the Italian forces.A few battles were
faught and the Italian forces were defeated at the famous battle of
Adowa in 1896. This war was concluded by a peace treaty of Addis
Abeba on the 20th of October of 1896 with Italy confirming defeat.

 REASONS FOR THE ABYSSINIAN RESISTANCE

 MISINTERPRETATION OF THE TREATY OF UCCALLI
 There was the struggle for power in Abyssinia between Menelik and
Mangsha in 1889 after the dead of the emperor John II. The struggle gave
Italy the opportunity to attack Abyssinia in 1895 hopping that a disunited
Ehiopia would not be powerful enough to resist the French.
 Military preparedness on both sides also provoked the resistance for
e.g in 1893 Abyssinia imported arms such as Canons and rifles from
European colonies of Somaliland and Eritrea which were sharing a common
border with Abyssinia. This military preparedness made war unavoidable.

REASONS FOR ITALIAN DEFEAT IN ABYSSINIA

  When menelik came to power in 1889 he carried out many economic and
political changes which fortified his country.This enable his people to be
strongly behind him in an effort to defeat the Italians. Due to the support
he had in 1895 when the Italians invaded Ethiopias Europeans supported
him with all their strength leading to the defeat of the Italians.
 The Abyssinia were also monesuperior to the Italians in terms of numerical
strength. Menelik had a standing army of about 80000-100000 men who
were well armed with five arms. on the other hand the italians numbers
lessthan 20000. As a result the Abyssians easily defeated the Italians.

 One of the reasons that led to the Italian defeat was the fact that Italy was
still poor after her unification in 1870. The process of unification caused
Italy much as many wars were fought to expelled.Italy was not yet capable
of sponsoring a long resistance like the Abyssinian resistance.
 The Italian General Baratieri played a big role in the defeat of Italy. He
under estimated the strength of the Abyssinia forces. He was also
deceived by Abyssinian souble agent who provoked him with false
information that meneliks army had speat and were retricting from the war
front. Above all he was unable to maintain the unity of his forces and this
encourages Abyssinian defeat of the Italians.

REASONS FOR THE ABYSSINIAN VICTORY

 The Abyssinian were united during the strangle.
 The Abyssinian armies were more familiar with the terrain of their country.
 European powers who had colonies near Abyssinia did not support Italy.
 The Italians were deceived by false rumours that menelik had died.
SIGNIFICANCE OF ABYSSINIA VICTORY
 Italy was greatly humiliated and was forced to recognize the independence
of Abyssinia.
 Abyssinia preserved her independence.
 The war caused massive destruction to the Africans nationalist who led the
struggle to achieve independence of various countries.
 The victory encourages menelik to consolidate his rules.
It further encourages menelik to import arms and make his army stronger
Chapter 4 : CAMEROON AND THE FIRST
WORLD WAR
INTRODUCTION
The first WW broke in Europe in the 1914 and was extended to Africa and in
Cameroon. The war was fought between two main camps known as the triple
alliance headed by Germany and Austria and the triple intense headed by France
Holy J Russia.
The immediate cause of the first WW was the assassination of Arch Duchtrenz
Ferdinand of Austria. Although this was an European prince which did not concern
the Africans the triple indents also known as Allied forces extended it do Africa
and particular to Cameroon. The Germans were defeated and lost Cameroon and
the territory was later partitioned in 1916
When Germany was defeated and ousted from her colonies, the colonies like
Kamerun, Togoland and Tanoayika were seized from Germany and given to British
and France as mandates of the League of Nation.

REASONS WHY THE FIRST WORLD WAR EXTENDED TO CAMEROON

 The allied forces attacked German-Cameroon because they wanted to
prevent Germany from both human and material resources
 The allied forces wanted to weaken the german military powers by making
her fight of many War front
 Britain and france wanted to revenge the fact that Germany over took
them during the scramble of Cameroon
 France wanted to revenge from territory seized from Germany during the
france Prussian war of 1870-1871
The allied forces wanted to punish Germany for violating the neutrality of Belgium
by using Air space without permission.
How was war fought in Cameroon
The war in Cameroon lasted for 18 months. It began in August 1916. The British
force came from Gambia Sierra Leone Gold coast Nigeria which were commanded
by general chrates Dobell.
 The French forces came from the equatorial Guinee Chad and Gabon and was
commanded by lieutenant colonel Zimerman
Phase 1 The war in C ameroon began in August 19 when British and Nigeria
forces lead by L.C.D Winligy captured the German fort at Garoua
They lauched a counter attack and took back Garoua killing a British officer called
Colonel Maclean
Another British Nigeria forces lead by Colonel Larter attack Nbanakang near
Mamfe between the 30 of August up to September 6. This battle at Nbanakang is
one of the Bloodiest in Cameroon.
The British suffered heavy loses and could not penetrate. The Germans
killed 81 soldiers wounded 21 soldiers and captured 29 soldiers.
The British lost immunities including 07 machines guns. Colonel carter was
blamed for this loss and was replaced by Lt. Colonel Cunliffe meanwhile the
French forces from French Equatorial Africa also launched attacks for the North
East and South which all ended in a fiasco or failure because they did not find a
way to penetrate Cameroon.
PHASE 2
After the brutal failure the allied forces decided to form a jointed forces
known as West African expediters Forces (WAEF) under a British commander
called Gen Charles Dobell. This forces attack and captured Douala on September
27 1914 forcing the Germans to retreat in Edea Buea Victoria and Eboa were later
captured and the Germans forces began to marched to Yaoundé from the south;
the German were attacked by the French leaded by Gen Joseph Aymerian. The
was assisted by some Belgian forces from Belgium Congo. In the north Cunliffe
captured Garoua Ngaroundere and began to march towards Yaoundé
PHASE 3
As the three fronts attacks was for Yaoundé Cunliffe attacked from north
pobel and south West and pigmies from the south. They entered Yaoundé in
January 1916 and 17 February 1916 they captured Yaoundé .
The war did not end yet because captain Von Paden was captured un to
Mora which was later captured 3 days later. That is 20 February 1916 . After the
German surrendered in Yaoundé. The first World War was ended in Cameroon.
WHY DID THE GERMANS RESSISTEED THE WAR FOR LONG
 The German forces had a good mastery of the territory than the British and
the French of the allied forces.
 The German has a well trained and equipped military forces.
 The German troop were better adapted to the climate than the British and
France
 They were better adapted to the insect and tropical diseases than the allied
forces
 The Germans forces were more organized and united under colonel
Zimerman coming from many colonies.
 Some tribes supported Germans with fighters like the EWONDO Gamoun
Bali Fulbe and Ardo.
 The Germans muggled more war weapons to Cameroon from Spain.
 The Germans received support from Spain.
 The Germans had well trained and stronger Africans soldiers than the allied
REASON WHY THE GERMANS WERE DEFEATED IN 1916
 The allied powers had more troops than the Germans.
 The allied had more reserved forces in the colonies.
 The allied forces had more than 12000 soldiers while the Germans had only
1500 soldiers.
 The allied power controlled the sea and stop the German for having help
through the sea.
 Cameroon was surrounded by British and France colonies this made the
Germans difficult to bring Re-enforment.
 The allied power had made more domestic supported from natives than
Germans
 Because of German harsh rule the native saw the allied forces a their
liberators.
 The Germans are attacked and dropped defended Cameroonians 4
different fronts this is difficult for the Germans to withstand .
 During the War the Germans lost strategic areas like Douala Garoua and
Yaoundé this demoralized the Germans and pushes them to surrender.
 The fact that the German were also fighting in other territory like Togo
Tangayetha and Europe hasted their finance arms and soldiers.
HOW CAMERRONIANS PARTICIPATED IN THE WAR
 Cameroon provided soldiers on both sides Ewondo Bali and Bamain
supported Germans.
  Cameroonians provided raw materials for the war provides rubber. Which
was highly needed during the war.
 They also acted as Spies providing information that will help fighting for the
located enemy. They provided food and shelter to the party they
supported.
 Cameroonians acted as carriers during the war.
 Cameroonians also interpreted and scouts.
 Cameroonians also carries out sabberage like destroying a bridge after
choosing it.
EFFECTS OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR IN CAMEROON
 Cameroon lost a great part of her territory as a result of the war.
 Cameroon was arbitrary divided between British and French ; the French
took 4/5 of the territory while the British took 1/5 of the territory.
 Thousands of Cameroonians including soldiers civiliants and carriers lost
their lifes.
 There was great destruction of properties including roads houses medical
facilities.
 Education Religion and plantation were stopped.
 Cameroon became a mandated territory under the League of Nations.
 It lead to the partition of Cameroon between British and France.
 Cameroonians were from the Germans harsh rule as the Germans were
defeated.
Chapter 5 : THE PROPOSED ANGLO-FRENCH CONDOMINIUM IN CAMEROON

INTRODUCTION
The condominium refers to joint-administration setup by 2 nations to administrate a Nation territory. In
the case of Cameroon it’s implies that Britain and France wanted to bring together their administrative
officers who will share functions and administer Cameroon as a single authority.

REASONS FOR THE PROPOSED ANGLO-FRENCH CONDOMINIUM

 The Britain and the French wished to ensure the unity of Cameroon after
the War. Only a joint administration could ensure that the territory should
be partitioned.
 The allied wanted to check counter-attack.
 Jointed effort was needed against the Germans supporters by some ethnic
groups
 The desire of Britain and France to control the strategic parts of Douala.
The joint interest on the strategic port of Douala by Britain and France
influenced the idea of the Condominium.
  German agricultural investment also provoked a call for the joint
administration. Britain and France wanted to have a joint control over the
natural resources in Cameroon.
 To share the burden of controlling the territory and reach the cost of
administration.
 Allied forces also wanted the inhabitants of the territory Cameroon to feel
they were conquerors liberators from the barbaric rule.
 They need for a provincial administrator until they end of the War.

WHY THE CONDOMINIUM WAS NEVER APPLIED

Apart from Douala where some services where jointed and administrated
by British and French works for sometimes. The proposed condominium remained
on paper the reason for the inapplicability of the condominium in Cameroon
centered on the following reasons
1. Authority Issue
 The authority issue divided Britain and France military to be controlled by
Charles Dobell.
 The insisted that the 2 post share between the 2 occupying powers.
 The France wanted general Aymerich to assist Dobell and be in charge of
either the civilians or military affairs.
 Their ability to solve this problem caused the condominium to fail.
2. Territorial Issue
 Britain wanted the condominium to be applicable over all parts of
Cameroon either jointly conquered or not.
 The French refused insisting that the condominium should cover only
jointly conquered Anglo-French troops
3. Succession Issue
 The British insisted that in case of transfer or death of Dobell be succeeded
by another British officer so that continuously is guaranteed but the French
held it that Dobell could be succeeded by the second highest military officer
a French or a British.
 This differences caused failure of the administration because the French
accused the British of attempting to dominate the territory.
4. Differences in Colonial Policies and Languages
 Difference between British and France made joint administrations difficult.
The French Policy assimilation and the British policy of indirect rule could
not be applied in and out of the colony.
5. Financial Issue
 As concerned the financial disagreement the British suggested that each
country should take care of the expenses on its troops. The French refused
this idea because they had more troops than British in Cameroon. Thus the
French were of the opinion, that the financial burden of the condominium
should be shared equally
6. Differences Between the British and Colonial Rule
 The British foreign and colonial officers did not agree on the French
proposal of a condominium while the British foreign office supported the
idea of a condominium the colonial officers opposed the idea. This
argument affected the Functioning of the joint administration.
7. Differences in Application
 Another conflict came over the application of the condominium. The French
preferred a condominium meaning a limited common control, the British
stressed on a joint administration that would entail tight control. The
failure to decide on named to be the cause of the failure of the joint
administration.
8. Post War Comment
 At the end of the war General Dobell in trying to congratulate the victorious
forces in Cameroon paid greater attention to the contribution of the British
forces with little allusions of the French. The caused suspicious from the
French who also felt marginalized by the British. This situation negatively
affected any negotiations that would have permitted the creation of a joint
administration. The ideal of a
condominium was also abandoned because the two powers realized the
defeat and ousting of the Germans was available after the fall of Douala by
the end of the war in Cameroon in 1916. Britain and France were unable to
agree on a common administration in Cameroon. The failure of the attempt
to implement a joint-administration or condominium in Cameroon was the
partition of Cameroon

 Chapter 6 : THE PARTITION OF CAMEROON

 INTRODUCTION
  After the defeat of Germans in Cameroon by February 1916. Britain and
France failed to agree on the common control of the territory allied
restored the partition of Cameroon .
REASONS FOR THE PARTITION OF CAMEROON
 Britain and France failed to establish the condominium in 1916 made
partition necessary
 Both powers wanted separate areas for their exploitation of raw materials
 Both powers desired to controlled German assets in the territory
 Both powers wanted separate areas where they could implement their
various colonial polices and cultures without conflicts.
 The desire by both countries to share out good part a labour facilities found
in Douala and Victoria etc
 Both powers wanted to make territories gains British needed the portion of
the territory to carry up and make Nigeria stronger.
 The British desired to partition Cameroon and compensate france with her
half colonies or to prevent her demand of shares in Tanganyica influenced
the partition of Cameroon.
 To prevent the return of German in Cameroon after the war influenced the
02 powers to partition and own territories
STAGES OR HOW CAMEROON WAS PARTITION
 In February 1916 the allied forces defeated the Germans and expelled them
from Cameroon.
 In February 1916 the French diplomat George picot and British minister of
colonies Lencelot Oliphant made in London and temporally partitioned
Cameroon.
 In March 1916 the British and the French officers meeting in Douala
accepted the temper partition of the territory.
 According to the temporal partition France receive 4/5 of the territory to
the East, Britain jook 1/3 of the territory to the territory.
 In April 1916 the British and French soldiers moved to their various portion
of the territory.
The French zone Joseph Aymerich was appointed commissioner while the
British appointed Charles Dobell as commissioner for British Cameroon.
 In June 1919 Germany signed the treaty of Versailles and the consequences
was that he lost Cameroon.
  In July 1919 the British colonial secretory lord Alfred Milner the French
minister for colonies Henri Simon agreement. The agreement confirmed
the picot line adopted by Dobell and Aymerich in March 1916.
 The British further partitioned the British partition of Cameroon and British
southern Cameroon and was administered as part of her colony of Nigeria.
 In 1922 the League Of Nation accepted the partition of officially handled
the part of the territory to Britain and France mandate Britain territories of
the League Of Nation.
A number of factors motivated Britain to give action to share of the
territories to France and Britain was more interest in Cameroon territories
in Eastern Africa like Tangayika, Boost French morals in the war in Europe
against Germany, needed only a small portion of Cameroon like Yolo and
Burnu to give good shape to her Nigerian territories and to avoid financial
caused by not acquiring more territory.
 Britain did so to case administration British was contempletated with
Germans South west Africa and equally left that she had enough territory in
Africa and the British tax payers will be reluctant to hare the burden of
extra colonies.
REASONS WHY FRANCE TOOK THE GREATER SHARE OF THE DIVIDED
CAMEROON
 The larger share was given to France to boast French moral in the war
against Germany and encourage her to continue the war.
 Britain was more interested in German territories in East Africa.
 Britain needed only a small portion of Cameroon like Yola and Burnu to give
a shape to her Nigeria territory.
 British citizen where not prepared to bear the burden of financing more
colonies.
EFFECT OF PARTITION
 It marked the end of the German rule in Cameroon
 English and French language replaced the German language.
 German institution and investments in the territory were complicated or
confiscated.
 Cameroon experience a dual colonial heritage which made Cameroon to
become a Bilingual country.
 The British implemented indirect rule policy in her territory while the
French implemented assimilation of other policies like associate policy.
  Britain administrated her own section of the territory as an integral part of
Nigeria she further split the territory into 02 i.e southern Cameroon
administrated as part of Southern Nigeria and Northern Cameroon
administrated as part of Northern Nigeria.
 The Britain neglected her partition of the territory in term of roads and
railways unlike in French Cameroon where there were road,railways and
the development of industries.
 Partiton caused protest by some trises for example. The Douala protested
the French control and request for a new treaty with France and Bamum
protested beign under French control as they preferred British rule.
 The partition divided ethnic group, the bakossi, Mbo, Tikars, Balong and
Bamileke were patitioned
 The partition contributed to the growth of Nation alism in 1945 in
Cameroon parties like the UPC in French Cameroon and KNDP in Britain
Cameroon wanted re-unification of the territory.
 The partition created the minority or the Anglophone problemes that
occurred after re-unification.
 It hindered thhe dree movement of goods across the two territories.
CAMEROON UNDER BRITISH MANDATE 1922-1946
 After the defeat of Germany in 1918 her colonial territories were seized
when the peace settlement was held in 1919. Cameroon became a
mandated territory that was given to Britain and France

 THE ADMINISTRATION OF CAMEROON AS A MANDATED TERRITORY

UNDER THE LEAGUE OF NATION
 On 20 July 1922 the league of Nations accepted the France,British partition
line (Picot line) in Cameroon and assigned the two powers( Britain and
France) to rule their respective areas as mandates in the ‘B category’ the
two powers had the following obligations in Cameroon.
TERMS OF THE BRITSH AND FRENCH MANDATE FOR CAMEROON
 To maintain peace and good governance in the territory.
 To allow freedom of worship(religious tolerance)
 They were to suppress all form of Slavery and slave trade.
 They were to protect the Natives against fraud and force Labour.
 They were to respect natives land right
 They were to submit annual reports to the league of nations
HOW THE BRITISH ADMINISTRATERED SOUTHERN CAMEROON DURING
THEM MANDATED PERIOD
  The territory was administered as one of the provincies of southern Nigeria.
 The Cameroon province needed by a resident.
 The resident of the province was directly under the Lieutenant governer of
the southern province of Nigeria who was under the control of the
governor General resident in Lagos. The governor general was directly
responsible to the secretory of State for the colonies in London.

 The Cameroon province was divided into 04 administrative division namely

Victoria, Kumba, Mamfe, Bamenda division.
 DistrIct officers headed the division and were directly responsible to
resident.
 The policy of indirect rule was adopted in the mandated territory. The
British constituted native authority (N.A) govern under their supervision.
 Administrative division also had native court(N.C) to settle disbutes.
 Natives treasury(for the collection of revenue)
 Police force setup controlled by a commissioner of police as assistant
maintain law and order.

 CHAPTER7 : SOCIO-ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTHERN CAMEROON
DURING THE BRITISH MANDATE 1922-
1946
INTRODUCTION
The body that was setup to administer the confiscated German property after
the first world war was called ‘Custodian of enemy property’.
The British were not willing to hang the plantations to the natives
because they lack technical managerial skill, fear they will split into small plot.
During the public auction sales writing 21 and writing 24 the British
were reluctant to buy the German plantation because of low prices and
fear of the returned of the Germans.

CHAPTER 8 : THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

1870-1914
ECONOMY
 Man had the desire to dominate the world and understand the functioning
of the univers and the outer space.
 The desire of man to resolve basic problem and make life easy and
enjoyable.
 People began studying the things of the nature and the physical to give
reasonable explanations and proofs.
 Before 1914 european government spend much money on reacerh
institution especially the production of medecines, arms slap, airplans and
automobile.
 British and Germany excel in Europe in scientific works,
 Gread scientist included; Benjamin franklin, James watt and Gilcherist
Thomas on chemicals.
 Scientific knowledge led to technological advancement machines where
produce to be use for household and industrial use.
 This led to mass production of goods and services that were very cheap.
 Chemical were invented to be use in the industry and agricultural sevetry.
 High grade steel was produced other minerals discovered minerals that was
discovered led to the production of petrol and diesel.
 Labour serving devices were invented.
 Dams was constructed to provide electricity and Airhelds for planes and
steel for railways.
 By 1914, nations in Europe had modifying their armies in terms of training
equipments.
 Now modern warship were produce by Britain Germany such as the spread-
naught with heavy guns inplanted on them having a spread of Zoliwenty
nuts plus.
 Under water boats(Uboat) and cruisers were prodeed.
 Heavy guns like the Big bertha produced in Germany were transported by
20 wagons and fired by 2 gun battery shell weighing morethan one tone.
 First war place called Zephelin wages invented and use during war world I.
 Before WW1 in 1914 advancement in this domain was visible.
 Canals were constructed in suez in egypte and kiels in Europe. This help to
increase travelling time in Europe middle east and America.
 Ship move faster using fewer days to cross from Europe to America.
 Gottlieh Diamler and Carl Benz championed the motto car industries in the
1880 this let to the mass construction of motor car.
 Suence and technology in air craft also become popular beginning with full
fight in (USA)
  Europeans could build plane with a speed of 126 Voltage and fly an altitude
of morethan 20 thousands.
 The Germans also constructed the berlin Bagdad railway.Railway
technology expanded in latin America and middle east this enable mass
movement of labour roads and passagers from place.
 In 1914 important railway were transported
 Seaport construction advanced seaport in Europe of Vladivistock in Europe
and port Arthur in China.
 Communication most advancement was in wireless means to through
telephones,sheeps were constructed to share station, continent were
constructed and people could use the radio program.
 In 1914 morethan 13 millions of telephones were used in Europe. Telegrap,
faces post offices was in great use.
 Europe medican science by 1914 led to the discovering of drug that could
prevent and cure disease like malaria, typhoid, yellow fever, diarrhea,
disentary, sleeping sickness gonorriah, Syphilis and heal gons rapidly.
 Vacines against,thness like chicken pocks were invented.
 Basic hygiene and sanitation techniques were made to good number of
persons especially explorers traders and missionaries.
 Peniciline and antibiotics were available in good qualities vention of many
death and epidermis many people live longer and provide a health labour
force.
 Explorers traders and missionaries would dare confidently into the interior
vendor of medical drugs became very rich.
 Many children were born leading in an increase in Europe and would
population. Increase population meant the need to creat job medical and
educational facilities and more food.
THE IMPACT OF INDUSTRALISATION IN EUROPE AND THE WORLD
POSITIVE:
 Availability of consumers good due to mass production.
 There was an increase in the standard of living due to availability of good
and services.
 There was improvement in health due to improvement in medical science
and medecins.
 Tourism increased because people could move from place to place with
availability of aircraft ship and railways.
 Trading activities increased due to the avaibility of seaport, railways.
 There was a change in educational system with more emphasis in the
sciences.
 There was increase in national prestriage as industrialised nations
dominated the World.
 The Europeans traders went out looking form profit as they were
encourage by bank through low increase load.
 It lead to the expansion of European civilization to other part of the
worldespecially during the scramble of Africa.
 It lead in telephone of post office services some of the main industrial
powers in Europe in 1914 was British that was famous in railway and ship
building.
 Belgium had large deposite of Coal and iron and also hostile industry.
 France was good for textile industry as well as other invention in transport
and road building.
 Germany were good at building railways and locomoties and they were also
good at electricity engineering and led the foundation development for
new chemical.
NEGATIVES;
 New improvzmznt led to colonial rivalries among European for market for
their manufactured good and services for raw materials.
 European dominated the world military and economicaly by forcing their
civilization another eg British, France , Germany force their culture in
Africa.Mass production in military weapon lead to the armsrace in Europe
and contributed to the outbreak of the WW1.

 CHAPTER 9 : THE BISMARKIAN

POLICY/DIP(1870-1890)
 BISMARCK?S POLICY GOAL/OBJECTIVES
 Bismarck have five major aims or objectives in his foreign policy between
1871 and 1890 which he was determined to achieve.
 The following policy objectives were as follows
 To isolate France and prevent a war of revenge
 This was the most important goal of Bismarck’s foreign policy. One of
the main objective of Bismarck foreign policy was to isolate France and
prevent her from thinking of ever getting back Alsace and Loraine .This
made Bismarck to keep a large aim and to form an anti-French Alliance.
After the Franco-prussian war of 1870-1871 Bismarck saw France as the
 main threat to Germany to and decided to isolate her in Europe in order to
prevent France from waging a war of revenge in a bid to recover Alsace and
Lorraine which was seized from her by Germany at the treaty of franckfut.
 Bismarck set out to isolate France from potential allies so as to avoid
a war of revenge.
 Prevention of European Peace
 Bismarck also wanted peace in Europe where Germany would be the
supreme power dominating all the events around her following German
unification, Germany needed peace in Europe so as to consolidate the gain
of unification. As a result, he wanted the preservation of European peace
which he considered a prerequisite for the maintainance of the status quo.
He was determine to ensure that the rivality between Australia and Russia
in the Balkans should not result in a war in which Germany was to be forced
to make a choice as to which power to support. Thus it was in the interest
of Germany for peace to reign in Europe.
 Preservation of anti-German coalition
 Realising that France was inlikely to start a war against Germany
without an ally, Bismarck sought to keep Germany in good terms with other
European powers. To achieve this, he improved relations with Austria,
Russia and Britain. This was to prevent the isolation of Germany in the
event of war. To realize this, he tried to enter into alliances with countries
like Austria-Hungary, Italy, Russia and Britain. These countries were the
only other great powers in Europe that could come to the aid of France. So
to keep France completely eclipsed; Bismarck decided to move closer to
Austria and Russia to win their friendship. That was why in 1872, the three
countries signed the Dreikaiseband.
 Concentration on European Issues
 In addition Bismarck had no interest on the colonial struggle that
was giving on in Africa. He wanted to consolidate German hegemony in
Europe this made him to concentrate on European issues ratherthan on
fighting for colonies. He did not want to join the race for colonies which
might bring Germany into conflicts with other great powers such as Britain
and France, Bismarck believed that it was in the best interest of Germany
not to get involved in matters outside Europe.
 He believed that Germany best interest was in Europe.
Consequently, he did not want to be involved in the colonial race but this
ideology was change in 1888 when he joined the colonial race and
 organized the berlin west Africa conference of 1884-1885 which instituted
peace in the acquisition of Africa Territories inorder to concentrate in
European issues, he organized the Berlin congress of 1878 to resolve
problems resulting from the Balkan crisis such as the creation of Big
Bulgaria in 1877. During the congress he acted as the honest broker but
favored Austria by supporting her occupation of Bosnia Herzegovina.

 Divertion of other major powers attention to non-european affairs

 Another objective Bismarck had in his foreign policy was to divert the
attention of other European powers and to make them interested in isssues
out of Europe. By this, Bismark was hopping to buy time to consolidate
Germany unity and to prevent the European powers from challenging
Germany over European matters Bismarck believed in this policy because
he wanted to prevent other powers from taking an active interest in the
rhine and also encouraged britian involvement in Egypte and it in Libya.
 Manifestation of Bismarck’s foreign policy
 In order to achieve his foreign policy objectives in the period between 1870
and 1890, Bismarck adopted three main method which in diplomacy the
methods were as follows.
 Diverting other major powers to non-europe affairs
 One of the methods ised by Bismarck to achieves was that of misleading
and diverting the Attention of other powers to non-european affairs. By this
method,Bismarck hoped to put France in permanent conflict with other
nation so that she would not have time and courage to revenge on
Germany. Bismarck in 1881 encouraged France in North Africa to occupy
Tunis which Italy equally had the ambition of annexing.The action of France
threw Italy into the armpit of Germany in 1882.Again in 1882, when Britain
established her protectorate over egypte,Bismarck secretly encouraged
France to ask for compensation from Britain use where in Africa. This
affected negatively, the anglo-french relations to the delight of Bismarck
also encouraged of Italian imperialism designs in Libya.
 The careful handing of sensitive Issues
 Isues that were likely to provoke conflicts among European nations
and so disturbed the peace of European were carefully handled by
Bismarck inorder to achieve his foreign objectives.
 Issues such as colonial aqcuisitions and the naval race possessions
were not on Bismark’s agenda. But when they finally arose, he handled
them with care in order not to annex Britain. For instance when pressurized
 to seek colonies in Africa such as Cameroon, Togoland and Tangayika,
Bismark saw the need to arrive at a colonial understanding between
Germany and Britian especially, hence he summoned the Berlin colonial
conference, he no longer embarked on the colonial empire inorder to avoid
problems with Britain
 The Formation Alliances
 Bismarck also embarked on the formation od several allainces
inorder to be in good terms with all nations except France. He thus formed
the following alliances Bismarck used his diplomatic man oeuvres and skills
to achieve his aim through the formation of alliances(alliance system) and
the organization of congresses. The first alliance that was formed was the
Oreikaiser bund.
 INTRODUCTION
 Following the end of the franco-prussian war which saw the defeat of
france by Germany, Bismark succeeded to unite Germany by the treaty of
Franckfurt of 1871. Germany took over Alsace and Loraine from France
improvised on her an indemnity of 200 million pounds. German forces were
also stationed in France with this, Otto Von Bismarck proclaimed the
German Empire and was made chancellor of the united Germany. Bismarck
then conducted German foreign policy from 1879 to 1890. The main idea
behind Bismarck’s foreign policy was to make Germany to become the
greatest land power in Europe and to dominate and isolate France.
Bismarck developed a foreign policy that was code named Bismarckian
Diplomacy and it consisted of preserving the newly established German
Empire by isolating France and avoiding issues that could disturb European
peace. For about 20 years Bismarck managed the complicated business of
maintaining friendship with all powers except France. However, his
diplomacy was short-lived for it collapsed as soon as he left powers
following his resignation in 1890. The diplomacy also contributed to the
outbreak of the First World War in 1914;
FAILIOR OF BISMARCK FOREIGN POLICIES
 Bismarck failed to put Britain into the system alliance
 He also failed to isolate France and Kaisa William destroyed the relation
with Russia.
 The triple entente was formed to challenge the triple Alliance
 He prevented was within the European state by calling the Berlin West
African conference.
  Ciassa William too allowed Bismarck to adopt any policy to achieve German
unification.
 The re-insurance treaty and Drrrreik arser failed in 1887 demand to protect
attodes christains in the Turkish empire was not successful.
WHY BISMARCK RESIGNED
 Because of the Difference that exist between him and kisar William II
 Domestic policy; in this policy K. William said that he was matured and did
not need any adviced from Bismarck.
 Kisar William II favored social something Bismarck opposed.
 Bismarck use resignation as a treat to discredit William and support from
the Germany people.
 Kaiser William was against German involvement for the scramble of
colonies.
 Kaiser destroyed Germans-Russia relation against Bismarck and Russia
France and Britain.
CONSEQUENCES OF THE FAILURE OF THE BISMARCKIAN DIPLOMACY
 It led to the formation of the Tripple entents between France, Russia and
Britain to challenge the triple alliance of Italy, Australia and Germany.
 It led to the rise of Serbian nationalization and the annexation of Bosnial
and her segovina by Austria.
 European powers were interested in colonies in Africa eg France and
Germany controlled Morocco by 1905-1911
 All the friendship treaties with Russia collapsed.
 Kaiser William destroyed Bismarck strategy put in place to isolate France
that was why the First World war started in 1914.
 DEVELOPMENT IN EUROPE IN 1914
 The Alliance System
 Before 1914 european had been divided into camps preparing for war.
That is the triple alliance and the triple entend. The triple alliance was
formed in 1882 by Germany, Austria, Hungary and Italy while the triple
entente was formed in 1907 by France, Russia and Britain. The aim of these
war was to support each other in times of war.
 The aims and Naval race
 It was a race in the production of War weapons and the arm was to
dominate Europe military. This was carried out between Britain and
Germany.
 Colonies and Trade Rivalry in the World
  Kaiser William II increased the speed for the appreciation of colonies
for Germany round the world on like other European nations. This was
because they were closely associated with source of raw materials markets
and Prestige the rivalry lead to conflict among the European powers.

CHAPTER 10 :THE FIRST WORLD WAR(1914-

1918)
THE FIRST WORLD WAR (1914-1918)

• INTRODUCTION
The war began in Europe and soon extended to other continents. This war was caused by the
assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie in Austria. The war ended in
1918 with the defeat of the Central Powers by the Allied Powers.

REMOTE CAUSES
• The industrialization of Europe: By 1914, many countries had been influenced by Britain,
France, Germany, and Russia. This increased the need for raw materials and markets for
manufactured goods. Weapons and medicine were also produced.
• The failure of Bismarckian Diplomacy: This policy failed when Kaiser Wilhelm II replaced Kaiser
Wilhelm I. He abandoned the diplomatic methods used by Bismarck to isolate France and
protect the German nations.
• The formation of alliances: By 1914, Europe had two main alliances, the Triple Alliance
(Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy) and the Triple Entente (France, Russia, and Britain), with
the aim of supporting each other in case of war.
• Arms and naval competitions: There was a competition in the production of warships between
Britain and Germany, such as the Dreadnought. This competition extended to other weapons as
well. Weaker states were forced into alliances with stronger states, and militarism became
common in Europe.
• Nationalism: Nationalism was promoted by journalists who constantly propagated military
strength, leading people to fear weakness and promote nationalistic ideals. Colonial rivalry was
common in Africa, the Far East, and the Middle East. Many conflicts in Africa, such as those in
Congo, Egypt, Sudan, and Morocco, were caused by the quest for raw materials, markets for
manufactured goods, and prestige. International anarchy prevailed because there were no
effective international organizations to handle disputes before the First World War. However,
the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague was able to resolve some disputes.

IMMEDIATE CAUSES
• The assassination of Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie: They were visiting Sarajevo, the
capital of Bosnia, on June 28, 1914. They were assassinated by Gavrilo Princip, a member of a
secret society called the Black Hand. Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia, demanding
the suppression of all anti-Austrian activities and the cooperation of Serbian authorities in the
investigation of the assassination.
• Serbia accepted most of the demands but rejected some. Austria-Hungary was not satisfied
and declared war on Serbia on July 28, 1914.
 • The war escalated as the alliances were activated. Russia mobilized to support Serbia, and
Germany declared war on Russia. France, bound by treaty to Russia, also mobilized. Germany
then declared war on France.
• Germany invaded Belgium on August 4, 1914, violating Belgian neutrality. Britain, committed
to defending Belgian neutrality, declared war on Germany.

EVENTS LEADING TO THE FIRST WORLD WAR

• Germany encouraged the formation of the Three Emperors' League to isolate France.
• The formation of the Dual Alliance between Germany and Austria-Hungary to support each
other in case of war with Russia.
• In 1885, Bulgaria declared complete independence from Ottoman Turkey. Russia protested,
leading to tension and the collapse of the Three Emperors' League.
• The signing of the Reinsurance Treaty in 1887 between Germany and Russia aimed to prevent
a Franco-Russian alliance.
• In 1898, Britain and France had tensions over their colonial interests in Egypt but were able to
avoid war.
• In 1902, Russia and France formed the Dual Entente to counter the Triple Alliance. The aim
was to assist each other if attacked by Germany.
• In 1902, Britain and Japan formed the Anglo-Japanese Alliance as a defense against Russia.
• In 1904, Britain and France formed the Entente Cordiale to improve their relations and resolve
colonial disputes.
• In 1905, France and Germany clashed over Morocco in what became known as the First
Moroccan Crisis. Britain and Russia supported France against Germany during the Algeciras
Conference in Spain in 1906.
• In 1907, Britain, France, and Russia formed the Triple Entente to support each other in times
of war.
• France and Germany clashed again over Morocco in 1911, known as the Second Moroccan
Crisis. Britain and Russia supported France. Germany agreed to abandon its claims in Morocco in
exchange for territorial concessions in Africa, known as the Agadir Crisis.
• On July 28, 1914, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, triggering a chain reaction of declarations of
war among the European powers. The war officially ended on November 11, 1918.

EFFECTS OF THE WAR

• The Central Powers, including Germany, ultimately lost the war.

• The war resulted in a significant loss of life and widespread destruction of property.
• Germany was required to pay heavy reparations as stipulated by the Treaty of Versailles in 1919.
• The Allies, including the Triple Entente, emerged as the victors.
• Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany abdicated the throne and went into exile, but he was not hanged.
• The Russian Revolution occurred in 1917, leading to the establishment of a communist government in
Russia. The spread of communism to other countries, such as Eastern Europe, occurred later.
• New states were indeed created from the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
• The Austro-Hungarian Empire was divided into separate countries: Austria and Hungary.
• Germany lost its colonies, primarily to Britain and France.
• Former German and Turkish colonies became mandated territories under the supervision of the
League of Nations.
• The League of Nations was established to maintain international peace and security.
• The United States adopted a policy of isolationism and distanced itself from European affairs. The
principle of balance of power shifted from Germany to Britain and France.
• France sought revenge for the Franco-Prussian War, but it was not the sole motive for the war.
• Luxembourg and Belgian neutrality continued after the war.
• Poland was indeed established as an independent state.
• The war created a significant refugee problem, with displaced populations and the need for
resettlement.

THE PARIS PEACE SETTLEMENT (1919-1920)

• After the end of World War I in November 1918, victorious powers met in Paris to negotiate a peace
settlement, aiming to punish the defeated nations and prevent future wars.
• The leaders of the meeting were Woodrow Wilson of the USA, David Lloyd George of Britain, Georges
Clemenceau of France, and Vittorio Orlando of Italy. They were known as the "Big Four," not the "Big
Five."
• The Treaty of Versailles was one of the agreements resulting from the Paris Peace Conference.

THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES

The Treaty of Versailles, signed in 1919, had three main parts: territorial, military, and economic.

A. MILITARY
• The Rhineland and Heligoland were demilitarized.
• Germany was prohibited from possessing a large standing army and was limited to a volunteer military
force of 100,000 personnel.
• Germany's navy was significantly reduced.
• Germany's air force was disbanded.
• The German fortifications in the Rhineland were dismantled.

B. ECONOMIC
• Germany suffered significant economic consequences, losing access to raw materials and markets in
Europe, Asia, the Middle East, and Africa.
• Germany was required to pay reparations for the damages caused during the war, although the exact
amount was determined later.
• An Allied reparation commission was established to oversee the implementation of the economic
terms.

C. TERRITORIAL
• In Africa, Germany lost colonies such as Cameroon and Togoland, which were taken over by Britain
and France. South Africa took control of German South West Africa (Namibia).
• In Asia, Japan gained control of Germany's Pacific islands, north of the equator. Australia acquired
German New Guinea and other German territories in the southern Pacific.
• In Europe, Alsace and Lorraine were returned to France. Belgium's neutrality continued. The Saar coal-
rich region was placed under the administration of the League of Nations for 15 years, after which a
plebiscite would determine its future.
INTERWAR DIPLOMACY 1930
The Anglo-French Policy of Appeasement

Appeasement means attempting to satisfy someone who is angry or dissatisfied by giving them what
they want.

• It was a policy adopted by Britain and France towards troubling matters in Europe, aiming to prevent
future wars caused by aggression.
• It was primarily associated with British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain.
• Britain believed that Germany had been unfairly treated by the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, and they
hoped that appeasing Germany would prevent further conflict. However, this approach ultimately failed.
• Britain and France declared war on Germany when Germany invaded Poland, leading to the start of
World War II in Europe.

Reasons for the Western Policy of Appeasement

• Britain believed that Germany was not treated fairly in the Paris Peace Settlement of 1919-1920.
• The British economy was suffering from the Great Depression, and they were unable to support a war
at that time.
• Britain saw appeasement as a way to buy time and prepare for a potential conflict.
• Many British people believed that appeasement would bring peace to Europe.
• The Treaty of Versailles was criticized by Germans for its territorial and reparation terms, which
created grievances that Germany sought to address.
• France, facing the threat of Germany alone, relied on British support. When Britain chose the policy of
appeasement, France accepted it.
• The policy was also influenced by the desire to counter Russian communism in Southeast Asia, which
led to allowing Japan to occupy territories in China in the 1930s.
• The United States sympathized with Germany and encouraged appeasement, providing financial aid
through the Dawes Plan of 1924 and the Young Plan of 1929.
• Germany portrayed itself as seeking to correct the injustices of the Treaty of Versailles.

MANIFESTATION OF THE POLICY OF APPEASEMENT 1930

• The Abyssinian Crisis of 1935-1936: Attempts to impose economic sanctions were initially made, but
Britain and France undermined the effort with the Hoare-Laval Agreement of 1935.
• The Occupation of the Rhineland in 1936 by Nazi Germany.
• The Anschluss: The union between Germany and Austria, forbidden by the Treaty of Versailles, took
place without any significant response from Britain and France.
• The Policy of Non-Intervention in the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939): Britain and France refrained from
taking active measures in the conflict.
• The Anglo-German Naval Agreement in 1935, which encouraged German rearmament.
• There was little interest in preserving the concept of collective security and the League of Nations.
CONSEQUENCES OF THE POLICY OF APPEASEMENT

• The Soviet Union was not given an opportunity to contribute to world peace.
• Britain gained time to prepare for the Second World War.
• Germany was encouraged to act more aggressively, as seen in the Anglo-German Naval Agreement of
1936.
• When Britain and France eventually refused to appease Germany during the Second World War, it led
to armed conflict.
• Aggressive nations were emboldened to form alliances and seek dominance.
• The policy ultimately led to the actual implementation of the Anschluss, the union between Germany
and Austria, which was a significant factor in causing World War II.
• Mussolini was encouraged to create an East African Empire.

WHY DID THE POLICY OF APPEASEMENT FAIL?

• Britain and France did not accurately gauge Hitler's intentions and underestimated his preparedness
for war.
• The policy was seen as a self-serving approach by Britain and France, prioritizing their own interests
over those of the international community.
• The policy created fear among smaller powers that could not rely on Britain and France for security,
leading to abandonment of the policy.
• The policy lacked the support of the Soviet Union.
• Germany's occupation of Czechoslovakia demonstrated to Britain and France that Hitler sought to
dominate Europe.
• In contrast to the early years of 1918, Britain and France were not adequately prepared militarily.
• The signing of the German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact in August 1939 demonstrated to Britain and
France that Hitler had aggressive objectives.
• Britain and France were forced to declare war on Germany when Germany invaded Poland in
September 1939.
German's aggressive foreign policy turned public opinion in Britain and France against them, and
they were compelled to resist Germany by force.