Exponential and Logarithmic Functions (Problem Set 5 – 2)

Problem Set 5 – 2
Text: E. K. Bowen, G. D. Prichett & J. C. Saber
Solutions: Muhammad Shamim

Note: Remember that log x = log10 x and ln x = loge x. Write the

following in inverse form.

1. 32 = 9
Solution:
Given 32 = 9
 log 32 = log 9
 2 log 3 = log 9
log 9
2=
log 3

 log 3 9 = 2 [Ans.]

2. 25 = 32
Solution:
Given 25 = 32
 5 log 5 = log 32
log 32
5=
log 5

 log 5 32 = 5 [Ans.]

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3. log 3 N  x

Solution:
Given log 3 N  x

log N
 x
log 3

 log N  x log 3

 log N  log 3 x

 3x  N [Ans.]

4. log 2 N  y

Solution:
Given log 2 N  y
log N
 y
log 2

 log N  y log 2

 log N  log 2 y

 2 y  N [Ans.]

5. (1 / 2) 3  0.125

Solution:
Given (1 / 2) 3  0.125

 3 log (1/2) = log 0.125

log 0.125
3=
log(1 / 2)

 log1 / 2 0.125 = 3 [Ans.]

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions (Problem Set 5 – 2)
6. (0.2) 2  0.04

Solution:
Given (0.2) 2  0.04

 2 log 0.2 = log 0.04

log 0.04
2=
log 0.2

 log 0.2 0.04 = 2 [Ans.]

7. log16 4  1 / 2

Solution:
Given log16 4  1 / 2
log 4
  1/ 2
log 16

 log 4  1 / 2 log16

 log 4  log(16)1 / 2

 (16)1 / 2  4 [Ans.]

8. log 27 3  1 / 3

Solution:
Given log 27 3  1 / 3

log 3
  1/ 3
log 27

 log 3  1 / 3 log 27

 log 3  log( 27 )1 / 3

 (27)1 / 3  3 [Ans.]

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3
9. (2)  0.125

Solution:
Given (2) 3  0.125

 – 3 log (2) = log 0.125

log 0.125
–3=
log(2)

 log 2 0.125 = – 3 [Ans.]

10. (3) 2  1 / 9

Solution:
Given (3) 2  1 / 9

 – 2 log (3) = log (1/9)

log(1 / 9)
–2=
log(3)

 log 3 (1 / 9) = – 2 [Ans.]

11. log 5 0.04  2

Solution:
Given log 5 0.04  2
log 0.04
  2
log 5

 log 0.04  2 log 5

 log 0.04  log(5) 2

 (5) 2  0.04 [Ans.]

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions (Problem Set 5 – 2)
12. log 2 0.0625  4

Solution:
Given log 2 0.0625  4

log 0.0625
  4
log 2

 log 0.0625  4 log 2

 log 0.0625  log( 2) 4

 (2) 4  0.0625 [Ans.]

13. ln 20  2.9957

Solution:
Given ln 20  2.9957
 log e 20  2.9957

log 20
  2.9957
log e

 log 20  2.9957 log e

 log 20  log(e) 2.9957

 e 2.9957  20 [Ans.]

14. ln 10  2.3026

Solution:
Given ln 10  2.3026
 log e 10  2.3026

log 10
  2.3026
log e

 log 10  2.3026 log e

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 log 10  log(e) 2.3026

 e 2.3026  10 [Ans.]

15. log 0.5  0.3010

Solution:
Given log 0.5  0.3010

 log10 0.5  0.3010

log 0.5
  0.3010
log 10

 log 0.5  0.3010 log10

 log 0.5  log(10) 0.3010

 10 0.3010  0.5 [Ans.]

16. ln 0.5  0.6931

Solution:
Given ln 0.5  0.6931
 log e 0.5  0.6931

log 0.5
  0.6931
log e

 log 0.5  0.6931log e

 log 0.5  log( e) 0.6931

 e 0.6931  0.5 [Ans.]

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions (Problem Set 5 – 2)
What is the value of x in Problems 17 through 24?

17. ln e  x

Solution:
Given ln e  x
 1  x [ ln e  1]

 x  1 [Ans.]

18. log10  x

Solution:
Given log10  x

 1  x [ ln 10  1]

 x  1 [Ans.]

19. log 2 4  x

Solution:
Given log 2 4  x
log 4
 x
log 2

log(2) 2
 x
log 2

2 log 2
 x
log 2

 x  2 [Ans.]

20. log 3 27  x

Solution:
Given log 3 27  x

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log 27
 x
log 3

log(3) 3
 x
log 3

3 log 3
 x
log 3

 x  3 [Ans.]

21. log 7 7  x

Solution:
Given log 7 7  x

log 7
 x
log 7

 x  1 [Ans.]

22. log 0.5 (0.5)  x

Solution:
Given log 0.5 (0.5)  x
log 0.5
 x
log 0.5

 x  1 [Ans.]

23. log 4 2  x

Solution:
Given log 4 2  x

log 2
 x
log 4

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions (Problem Set 5 – 2)
log 2
 x
2 log 2

1
 x [Ans.]
2

24. log 64 4  x

Solution:
Given log 64 4  x
log 4
 x
log 64

log 4
 x
3 log 4

1
 x [Ans.]
3

Given that log a x  4.2 , log a y  1.4 , log a z  1.2 , compute the value
of each of the following:

25. log a ( xyz)

Solution:
Given log a ( xyz)
= log a x  log a y  log a z
= 4.2  1.4  1.2
= 4.4 [Ans.]

26. log a z

Solution:
Given log a z

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1
= log a z2

1
= (log a z)
2
1
= ( 1.2 )
2
= 0.6 [Ans.]

27. log a ( x / z)

Solution:
Given log a ( x / z)
= log a x  log a z
= 4.2  (1.2)
= 5.4 [Ans.]

28. log a ( xy / z)

Solution:
Given log a ( xy / z)
= log a x  log a y  log a z
= 4 .2  1 .4  (  1 .2 )
= 6.8 [Ans.]

29. log a (z) 3 / 2

Solution:
Given log a (z) 3 / 2

= 3
2 (log a z)

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions (Problem Set 5 – 2)
= 3 2 (1.2)

= 1.8 [Ans.]

30. log a (z) 2

Solution:
Given log a (z) 2
= 2(log a z)
= 2(1.2)
= 2.4 [Ans.]

31. loga xy

Solution:
Given loga xy
1
= log a ( xy) 2
1
= (log a x  log a y)
2
1
= (4.2  1.4)
2
= 2.8 [Ans.]

32. log a ( xz)1 / 3

Solution:
Given log a ( xz)1 / 3

= 1
3 (log a x  log a z)

= 1
3 ( 4.2  1.2)

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= 1
3 (3)

= 1 [Ans.]

Using the rules of logarithm, write the following in a different, but

equivalent form:

33. 2 ln x  3 ln y

Solution:
Given 2 ln x  3 ln y

= ln x 2  ln y 3

= ln( x 2 y 3 ) [Ans.]

34. 3 ln x  2 ln y

Solution:
Given 3 ln x  2 ln y

= ln x 3  ln y 2

= ln( x 3 / y 2 ) [Ans.]

35. 0.2 ln x 5

Solution:
Given 0.2 ln x 5
= (0.2  5) ln x
= ln x [Ans.]

36. (1 / 2) ln x 4

Solution:
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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions (Problem Set 5 – 2)
Given (1 / 2) ln x 4
= (4  1 / 2) ln x
= 2 ln x [Ans.]

37. (ln y) / x

Solution:
Given (ln y) / x

ln y
=
x
1
= . ln y
x

= ln y1 / x [Ans.]

38. (1 / y) ln x

Solution:
Given (1 / y) ln x

= ln x1 / y [Ans.]

39. Using the ln symbol only once, rewrite

ln x
 2 ln y  3 ln z
0 .5

Solution:
ln x
Given  2 ln y  3 ln z
0 .5
ln x
=  2 ln y  3 ln z
1
2
= 2 ln x  2 ln y  3 ln z
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= ln x 2  ln y 2  ln z 3

= ln( x 2 z 3 / y 2 ) [Ans.]

40. Using the ln symbol only once, rewrite

ln x
 (1 / 2) ln y  2 ln z
0 .2

Solution:
ln x
Given  (1 / 2) ln y  2 ln z
0 .2

ln x
=  (1 / 2) ln y  2 ln z
1
5
= 5 ln x  (1 / 2) ln y  2 ln z

= ln x 5  ln y1 / 2  ln z 2

= ln( x 5 y1 / 2 / z 2 ) [Ans.]

Solve the following for x:

41. 2 x  3

Solution:
Given 2x  3

 x ln 2  ln 3
ln 3
 x
ln 2
1.0986
 x
0.6931

 x  1.585 [Ans.]

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions (Problem Set 5 – 2)
x
42. 3  2

Solution:
Given 3x  2

 x ln 3  ln 2
ln 2
 x
ln 3

0.6931
 x
1.0986

 x  0.631 [Ans.]

43. 10 x  5

Solution:
Given 10 x  5

 x ln 10  ln 5
ln 5
 x
ln 10

1.6094
 x
2.3026

 x  0.699 [Ans.]

44. 2 x  1.08

Solution:
Given 2 x  1.08

 x ln 2  ln 1.08
ln 1.08
 x
ln 2

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0.076961
 x
0.693147

 x  0.111 [Ans.]

45. 5 x  1.02

Solution:
Given 5 x  1.02

 x ln 5  ln 1.02
ln 1.02
 x
ln 5

0.0198
 x
1.6094

 x  0.012 [Ans.]

46. 1.06 x  3

Solution:
Given 1.06 x  3

 x ln 1.06  ln 3
ln 3
 x
ln 1.06

1.0986
 x
0.0583

 x  18.854 [Ans.]

47. 1.08 x  2

Solution:
Given 1.08 x  2

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions (Problem Set 5 – 2)
 x ln 1.08  ln 2
ln 2
 x
ln 1.08

10.6931
 x
0.076961

 x  9.006 [Ans.]

48. 0.5 x  8

Solution:
Given 0. 5 x  8

 x ln 0.5  ln 8
ln 8
 x
ln 0.5

2.0794
 x
 0.6931

 x  3.000 [Ans.]

49. 0.25 x  10

Solution:
Given 0.25 x  10

 x ln 0.25  ln 10
ln 10
 x
ln 0.25

2.3026
 x
 1.3863

 x  1.661 [Ans.]

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x
50. 1.08  3

Solution:
Given 1.08 x  3

 x ln 1.08  ln 3
ln 3
 x
ln 1.08

1.0986
 x
0.076961

 x  14.275 [Ans.]

51. 1.03 x  5

Solution:
Given 1.03 x  5

 x ln 1.03  ln 5
ln 5
 x
ln 1.03

1.6094
 x
0.02955880224

 x  54.449 [Ans.]

52. 4 x  6  7

Solution:
Given 4 x 6  7

 ( x  6) ln 4  ln 7

ln 7
 x6 
ln 4

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions (Problem Set 5 – 2)
1.9459
 x 6
1.3863

 x  4.596 [Ans.]

53. 9 x 5  6

Solution:
Given 9 x 5  6

 ( x  5) ln 9  ln 6

ln 6
 x 5 
ln 9

1.7918
 x 5
2.1972

 x  5.815 [Ans.]

54. 12 3x 5  250

Solution:
Given 12 3x 5  250

 (3x  5) ln 12  ln 250

ln 250
 3x  5 
ln 12
5.521
 3x  5
2.485

 3x  2.778
 x  0.926 [Ans.]

55. 15 4 x 7  475

Solution:
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Given 15 4 x 7  475

 (4 x  7) ln 15  ln 475

ln 475
 4x  7 
ln 15

6.163
 4x  7
2.7081

 4x  9.276
 x  2.319 [Ans.]

36 Jim has $1500 to invest and would like his investment to grow to
$4500. If he can earn interest at the rate of 6 percent compounded
annually, how many years it will take?

Solution: Given
Present value (PV) = $1500
Future value (FV) = $1500
Annual interest (i) = 6% = 0.06
Requirement: Number of years (n) = ?

 FV = PV(1 + i)n
 4500 = 1500(1+.06)n
 4500/1500 = (1.06)n
 3 = (1.06)n
 ln 3  n ln(1.06)

ln 3
 n
ln 1.06

1.098612289
 n
0.05826891

 n  18.854 years [Ans.]

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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions (Problem Set 5 – 2)
37 Janet has $2000 to invest and would like her investment to grow
to $8000. If she can earn interest at the rate of 6 percent
compounded annually, how many years it will take?

Solution: Given
Present value (PV) = $2000
Future value (FV) = $8000
Annual interest (i) = 6% = 0.06
Requirement: Number of years (n) = ?

 FV = PV(1 + i)n
 8000 = 2000(1+.06)n
 8000/2000 = (1.06)n
 4 = (1.06)n
 ln 4  n ln(1.06)

ln 4
 n
ln 1.06

1.386294361
 n
0.05826891

 n  23.791 years [Ans.]

38 Using the rules of exponents, prove the following logarithm rules:

(a) The quotient rule: log a ( x / y)  log a x  log a y
(b) The power rule: log a x y  y(log a x )

Solution:
(a) Proof:
Let log a x  m
 x  a m ………………………..(1)

Let log a y  n
 y  a n ………………………..(2)

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 (1)  (2)  x / y  a m / a n

 x / y  a mn

 log( x / y)  log a m  n

 log( x / y)  (m  n ) log a

log( x / y)
  mn
log a

 log a ( x / y)  log a x  log a y [Proved]

(b) Proof:
Let log a x  m

 x  am

 (x ) y  (a m ) y

 x y  a my

 log x y  log a my

 log x y  my log a

log x y
  y(m)
log a

 log a x y  y(log a x ) [Proved]

404