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1 Matter

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48 views42 pages

1 Matter

Uploaded by

Sopia Gicale
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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INTRODUCTION

Lesson 1
Learning Outcomes
• Discuss what chemistry is and describe the role of chemistry to
society and technology.
• Enumerate the steps of scientific research.
• Distinguish between physical and chemical properties.
• Distinguish between extensive and intensive properties.
• Differentiate between pure substances and mixtures.
• Differentiate between homogenous and heterogeneous mixtures.
• Use properties of matter to identify substances and to separate
them.
What is
Chemistry?
Is the study of matter, its chemical and physical
properties, the chemical and physical changes it
undergoes, and the energy changes that
accompany those processes.

Chemistry has helped advance human civilization:

• Synthesis of advance crop-enhancing agricultural chemicals.


• Development of water-treatment processes.
• Formulation of life-saving pharmaceuticals
What is the role
• Production of plastic and fibers for industrial and consumerof Chemistry in
use. Society?
• Important in the production of clothing and shelter.
Branches of Chemistry
•
Activity: Word Search
• Encircle examples of careers that make
use of chemistry. There are eight
careers that run horizontally, vertically,
diagonally and even backward. Some
careers are composed of two words.
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
• Is a systematic approach to the discovery of a new information.
The scientific method has five basic steps, plus one feedback step:
1. Make an observation. Is an idea that is tentatively proposed as an
explanation for some observation and
2. Ask a question. provides a basis for experimentation
3. Form a hypothesis, or testable explanation.
If a hypothesis is very
4. Make a prediction based on the hypothesis. powerful in explaining a
wide variety of related
5. Test the prediction. phenomena, it attains the
6. Iterate: use the results to make new hypotheses or predictions. level of a theory

A unifying principle that


explains a body of facts and
the laws based on them.
Matter
• Is anything that occupy space and has
mass.

• Composition of Matter
❑ Atom – smallest unit of an element that maintains the
chemical identity of that element.
❑Molecules – a group of atoms bonded together,
representing the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical
compound that can take part in a chemical reaction.
❑Ions –an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due
to the loss or gain of one or more electrons.
Matter and Physical Properties
Identifying Matter: Physical Properties
STATES OF MATTER
SOLIDS
• Have a definite volume and maintain a definite shape that changes
very little as temperature and pressure change
• Have a strong force of attraction between the particles
and little free space between them making these
particles closely packed together and rigid.
• They tend to vibrate slowly and have fixed positions.

• Examples of solids:
Chair, Table, Golf Ball
liquids
• A LIQUID is matter that Has a definite volume but
assumes the shape of its container or do not have a
definite shape.
• molecules are close enough to touch one another
• have attractive forces to keep them together so total
volume of a certain amount of them is definite.

Examples of LIQUIDS:
Water, Soda, Milk, Juice, Tomato Sauce
gas
• shape and volume of gases are not definite (molecules are widely
separated, have negligible attraction for one another)
• constantly moving rapidly in all directions so they can fill any
shape and size of container.
• Have high kinetic energy and have a lot of space between them,
making the gas flow.

Examples of GASES:
Oxygen, Helium, Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen, Carbon
Monoxide
Gas Liquid Solid
Assumes the volume Has a definite volume
Has a definite volume
and shape of its but assumes the shape
and shape
container of its container
Is a fluid (flows readily) Is a fluid Is not a fluid
Low density High density High density
Molecules far apart Molecules close together Molecules close together
Group Activity: What happens?
• What happens at the particle level in each of the following events? For each event,
draw two particle pictures of the object to represent how it looks at the start and at
the end of the event describe. Write a short explanation.
1. A crayon left on the sidewalk on a very hot sunny day.
START END

Explanation:

2. A woman places several mothballs in a resealable bag and seals the bag. One week
later, she notices that the bag has become inflated and the mothballs are much
smaller.
START END

Explanation:
How do the following
particles differ from
each other?

ATOMS MOLECULES IONS


Smallest particle Composed of atoms Particles with charges
e.g. magnesium ion
Mg2+
Physical Properties
➢A trait of matter that are perceived by the
senses.
➢They can be observed, measured and tested
without changing the chemical composition
of the matter.
e.g. Color, odor, taste, hardness, melting
point, and boiling point.
Types of Physical Properties
❑ Intensive Properties –are properties that do not depend on the amount of
matter present or being measured. If there is a change in the amount of
matter, these properties will remain the same.
e.g. Color, hardness, and boiling point, density, temperature, luster,
malleability

❑ Extensive properties – are properties that depend on the amount of


matter present or being tested. If there is a change in the amount of matter,
these properties change too.
e.g. Volume, mass, length, weight, size
Some Physical Properties of Matter

Hardness- refers to the ability of a material to


resist scratching
Odor
is the perceived
smell of an object,
identified by the
olfactory receptors
of humans and
animals

Taste
Is the sweetness, sourness, saltiness,
bitterness and umami flavor of food.
Solubility Brittleness
Is the property of a Is the tendency of a
substance to material to break even
dissolve in a solid, when a small amount of
liquid or gas. force is applied.
Physical Change
• produces a recognizable difference in the appearance of a
substance without causing any change in its composition or identity.

• A physical property can be observed or measured without


changing the composition or identity of a substance. Example
melting of Ice.
Freezing
• the substance changes from a liquid to a solid.
Melting:
• the substance changes back from the solid to the liquid.
Condensation
• the substance changes from a gas to a liquid.
Vaporization:
• the substance changes from a liquid to a gas.
Sublimation:
• the substance changes directly from a solid to a gas without going
through the liquid phase.
Deposition:
• the substance changes directly from a gas to a solid without
going through the liquid phase.
Matter and Chemical Properties

Heating to a higher
When table sugar It caramelizes, temperature causes further
(sucrose) is turning brown decomposition (charring) to
heated…
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
❑Are properties involved in the transformation of substances into other materials
which posses a completely different structure and composition from the
original.
❑Chemical Reaction is a process of
rearranging, removing, replacing or
adding atoms to produce new
substance.
CHEMICAL CHANGE
• A change that occurs when one or more substances are changed
into entirely new substances with different properties.
• Can Not change back under normal conditions (some can be
changed back by other chemical means)
• Common Examples:
• Reactivity – Oxidation (rust) on a bicycle
• pH (Acid / Base) – Effervescent tablets
• Flammability – Burnt wood
• Combustibility - Fireworks
❑Flammability – the ability of matter to burn.

❑Combustibility– the ability of


matter to ignite.

❑Reactivity – the ability of matter to chemically


combine with another, and the ability to rust
Classification of Matter
• Pure Substance – is composed of a single component and
has a constant composition, regardless of the sample size
and the origin of the sample.
Example:
Table sugar
Salt
Can be classified into:
Pure water ❑Element- is a pure substance that cannot be
change into a simpler form of matter by any
Diamond chemical reaction.
Gold ❑Compound- is a substance resulting from the
combination of 2 or more elements in a definite,
Foil reproducible way.
Classifications of Elements & Compounds

Elements Compounds
Acids

metalloids
metal
Base

Salt

Nonmetals
Mixture
• combination of 2 or more pure
substance in which each substance
retains its own identity.
• Ex. Alcohol and water can be
combined in a mixture.

• They coexist as pure substances


because they do not undergo
chemical reaction: they exist as
thoroughly mixed discrete molecules.
Homogeneous Mixture
• Has only one phase and a uniform composition
all throughout.
• A solution is a homogenous mixture. Substances
that make up a solution are difficult to
distinguish from one another.
• Example: sugar and water solution.
• Sugar cannot be easily separated from water,
because the solution has already combined in
one phase.
Heterogeneous Mixture
• Has two or more phases. It does not have a
uniform composition. One substance can be
separated easily from the other.
• Example: halo-halo
• The components of halo-halo can be easily
distinguished from one another because they are not
identical. For example, the beans in halo-halo, can be
distinguished from the ube or from the other
ingredients.

• A heterogeneous mixture can be a colloid or a


suspension.
Let’s Practice!

________________ ________________
________________ ________________
Mixtures Mixtures
(water, carbon dioxide, (nitrogen, silver, neon,
(air, salt solution, (granite, blood, gravel
glucose) oxygen)
stainless steel) and sand)

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