EC3452

ELECTROMAGNETIC
FIELDS
UNIT-I
INTRODUCTION
Lecture by Dr.S.DHIILIPKUMAR
ECE/LICET

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UNIT-I INTRODUCTION

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Review of Vector Algebra
Unit Vectors

FIGURE 1.1 (a) Unit vectors ax, ay, and az, (b) components of A along ax, ay, and az.

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Vector Algebra
• Scaling of vector
• Addition of vector
• Subtraction of vector

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Scaling of vector

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Addition and Subtraction

FIGURE 1.2 Vector addition C = A + B: (a) parallelogram rule, (b) head-to-tail rule. FIGURE 1.3 Vector subtraction D = A - B: (a) parallelogram rule, (b) head-to-tail rule.

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Addition of multiple vectors

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Laws of Algebra
Law Addition Multiplication by Scalar
Commutative A+B=B + A  A=A

Associative A+(B+C)=(A+B)+C  ( A)=( )A

Distributive  (A+B)= A+ B ( +  )A= A+ A

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Coordinate System
• Rectangular or Cartesian co-ordinate system
• Cylindrical co-ordinate system
• Spherical co-ordinate system

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RHS AND LHS

RHS LHS

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Rectangular/Cartesian Coordinate system

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Cartesian or Rectangular Coordinate
Systems

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Cylindrical Coordinate Systems

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Cylindrical Coordinate Systems

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Cylindrical Coordinate Systems

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Spherical Coordinate System

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Spherical Coordinate System

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Spherical Coordinate System

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Spherical Coordinate System

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Dot products

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Cross Product

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Transformation of vectors
• Cartesian to Cylindrical Coordinates
• Cylindrical to Cartesian Coordinates
• Cartesian to Spherical Coordinates
• Spherical to Cartesian Coordinates
• Cylindrical to Spherical Coordinates
• Spherical to Cylindrical Coordinates

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Cartesian to Cylindrical Coordinates

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Cartesian to Cylindrical Co-ordinate System

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Cartesian to Cylindrical Coordinates

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Cylindrical to Cartesian Coordinate
system

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Cartesian to Spherical Coordinate
Systems

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Transformation of vectors from Spherical
to Cartesian
Distances in all coordinate systems

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Transformation of vectors from Spherical
to Cylindrical

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Transformation of vectors from Cylindrical
to Spherical Coordinate system

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Integral
• Line Integral
• Surface Integral
• Volume Integral

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Line Integral
F

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Electric Flux

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Surface Integral

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Volume Integral

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Divergence of a vector field
div.F = lim
 F .dS
s →0 v
• where 𝛥𝑣 is the volume enclose by closed surface S in which P is located.
• We may regard divergence of the vector field at a given point as a measure of how
much the field diverges or emanates from that point.

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Divergence of a vector field

div.F = lim
 F .dS
v → 0 v
• Divergence of a vector field F is a measure of how much a vector field converges to
or diverges from a given point in volume.
• The divergence of vector field F is defined as

Div of F = .F

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Divergence in coordinate systems

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Windy

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Concept of divergence

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Concept of divergence

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Properties of Divergence of Vector field

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Divergence theorem
• The integral of the normal component of any vector field over a
closed surface is equal to the integral of the divergence of this
vector field throughout the volume enclosed by that closed
surface.

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Gradient of a Scalar

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Gradient in Coordinate Systems

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 Properties of Gradient

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Curl of a vector
In vector calculus, the curl is a vector operator that
describes the infinitesimal circulation of a vector field in
three-dimensional Euclidean space. The curl at a point in
the field is represented by a vector whose length and
direction denote the magnitude and axis of the
maximum circulation. The curl of a field is formally
defined as the circulation density at each point of the
field.
Curl of a vector
Curl in cartesian & cylindrical co-ordinate
system

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Curl in spherical co-ordinate system

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Stokes theorem
• The stokes theorem relates the line integral to a surface integral.
• It states that the line integral of F around a closed path L is equal to the integral of
curl of F over the open surface S enclosed by closed path L.

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Isocontour lines

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Gradient Properties

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Divergence

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Divergence of a vector field

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Properties of Divergence

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Curl of a Vector field

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• The curl of a vector function that quantifies the tendency of the vector field to
circulate around an axis. The magnitude of the curl conveys the strnegth of the

• The curl of a vector function that quantifies the tendency of the vector field to
circulate around an axis. The magnitude of the curl conveys the strength of the
circulation. The direction of the curl is the axis of the circulation.

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Algebra rule for Curl

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Properties of curl

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• The scalar laplacian is defined as the divergence of the gradient. It is sort of

• The scalar Laplacian is defined as the divergence of the gradient. It is sort of

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Vector Laplacian operation

• The vector laplacian is defined as the gradient of the divergence minus the curl

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Vector fields

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