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Physics Lec 4

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4 views43 pages

Physics Lec 4

Uploaded by

qumber942
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Electric Current and

Resistance
Part I
• Basic electric circuit and its diagram.
• What causes the flow of electrons in a
circuit.
• Drift velocity.
• Voltaic cell.
Electric Circuit
Diagram of Electric Circuit
Remember: Electric Potential Energy-
Two Unlike Charges

Higher Potential +
Energy

Lower Potential
Energy
-
•To cause movement of a charge, there
must be a potential difference.
While the switch is open:
• Free electrons (conducting electrons) are
always moving in random motion.

• The random speeds are at an order of


106 m/s.
• There is no net movement of charge across a
cross section of a wire.
What occurs in a wire when the
circuit switch is closed?

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/HBASE/electric/imgele/micohm.gif
What occurs in a wire when the
circuit switch is closed?
• An electric field is established
instantaneously (at almost the speed of
light, 3x108 m/s).

• Free electrons, while still randomly moving,


immediately begin drifting due to the
electric field, resulting in a net flow of
charge.

• Average drift velocity is about 0.01cm/s.


Closing the switch establishes a potential difference
(voltage) and an electric field in the circuit.
High
Low
Potential
Potential
• Electrons
flow in a
net
direction
away from
the (-)
terminal.
Question:
• If the drift velocity is about 0.01cm/s, why
do the lights turn on instantaneously when
the circuit switch is closed?
Conventional Current
• By tradition,
direction in
which
“positive
charges”
would flow.

• Direction is
opposite of
electron
flow.
Question:
What is required in order to have an
electric current flow in a circuit?

Answer:
1. A voltage source.
2. The circuit must be closed.
Battery (Chemical Cell):
• A device that converts chemical energy to
electricity.
• A battery provides a potential energy
difference (voltage source).
Voltaic Cell
• Alessandro Volta (1800’s)
• Battery
Cu and Zinc Electrodes. Why?
Part II
• Electric Current
• Ammeter
• Resistance
• Resistor
Electric
Current:
• The flow of
electric
charges.
Electric Current, I

I=q
t

• Rate
• Unit: Coulomb / sec = Ampere (A)
• Andre Ampere (1775-1836)
Conventional current has the
direction that the (+) charges
would have in the circuit.

http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/36/236-004-D4AA985F.gif
• Direct Current • Alternating
• DC Current
• Provided by • AC
batteries • Provided by power
companies
Ammeter
• Measures electric current.

• Must be placed in series.


Example:
• What charge flows through a cross
sectional area of a wire in 10min, if the
ammeter measures a current of 5mA?

• Answer: 3C (Q = I*t)
Resistance

• Opposition of an object in the flow of


Charges.

• R= V / I

• Resistance equals the ratio of voltage


to current.
• Unit: Ohm (Ω)
Ohm’s Law (Georg Ohm,
1787-1854)
V = IR

V directly proportional to current (I).


• The current flowing through a conductor
is directly proportional to the voltage V,
keeping all physical conditions and
temperature remains constant.
• In general, resistance does not depend
on the voltage.
Ohmic and Non- Ohmic
Substances
• Ohmic substances • Non- Ohmic
• They obey ohm’s law substances
• I V • They do not obey
• Resistance remains Ohm’s.
constant • Resistance is not
• V-I graph is a straight constant.
line • E.g Semiconductor
• e.g General metallic ,Si- Ge, diodes,
conductor like Cu, Ag, thermistor.
Au
Resistor
• An object that
has a given
resistance.
A Battery Provides Energy
• The battery Electric Circuit
“pumps” positive
charges from
low (-) to
high (+) potential.
Resistors use up Energy
• A resistor uses up Electric Circuit
energy.

• When the current


goes through the
resistor it goes to a
lower potential.
Question:
• Which point has a Electric Circuit
lower potential, A
or B?
Example:
• Calculate the current through a 3 Ω
resistor when a voltage of 12V is
applied across it.

• Answer: 4 A
Example:
• A 6 Ω resistor has a power source of 20V
across it. What will happen to the
resistance if the voltage doubles?
Part III
• Factors that affect resistance.
• Potentiometer
• Voltmeter
Resistance
• Depends on Nature of material,
geometry and temperature.
R=ρ L
A
T : Temperature
L: length of the wire (R L)
A: cross-sectional area (R 1/A)
ρ: resistivity (inherent to material)
Resistivity and its
dependency
• Define:
The resistance offered by a wire of unit
length and unit cross sectional area is
called resistivity.
Formula: ρ = RA/L
ρ = Ωm^2/m
SI Unit: ρ = Ωm
Resistivity and its
dependency
Resistivity ( specific Resistance)
Factors on which resistivity depends;
▪Temperature
▪Nature of Material
Example:
• What happens to the resistance when the
length is doubled and the area is four
times?

• Answer: It changes by 1/2


Temperature Dependence of
Resistance
• For metals: as temperature increases
the resistance increases. At very low
temperatures resistance can become
zero: superconductivity.

• For semiconductors: the opposite


occurs.
Potentiometer
• A variable resistance.

• Used for dimmers, fan


speed controls, etc.
Potentiometer Symbol
Voltmeter

• Measures the voltage between


two points in an electric circuit.

• Must be connected in parallel.


A voltmeter is connected in
parallel.
Ammeter
• Measures electric current.

• Must be placed in series.

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