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Chapter 4 Wave Shaping 2024 Final

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133 views50 pages

Chapter 4 Wave Shaping 2024 Final

Uploaded by

kenjiembuscado
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© © All Rights Reserved
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CHAPTER 4

DIODE CIRCUITS/ WAVESHAPING


➢ Logic Gates -
➢ Rectifiers
Half-wave
Full-wave (Center-tapped, Bridge)
➢ Clippers
➢ Clampers
➢ Voltage Multipliers
LIST OF COMMON APPLICATIONS OF DIODES

➢ Logic Gate – And/Or Gate, logical operations


performed on one or more binary inputs that
produces a single output.
➢ Rectifiers – converts ac to pulsating dc.
➢ Clipper Circuits – clip off (remove) a portion of Vin.
➢ Clamping Circuits – clamp or shifts the input
signal vertically on the amplitude (y) axis, but no
modification on the shape.
➢ Voltage Multipliers, and many more- converts Vin
to a higher level of voltage.
IN OUT
RECTIFIERS -
converts ac
to pulsating
dc

LOGIC GATES
AND/OR GATE
And/Or Gate, logical
operations
performed on one or
more binary inputs
that produces a
single output.
CLIPPER
CIRCUITS -
CLAMPING
CIRCUITS
VOLTAGE
MULTIPLIERS
RECTIFIER is an electrical device that converts an
ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC) into a PULSATING DIRECT
CURRENT (DC) by using one or more P-N junction diodes.

▪ Half-Wave – uses 1 diode


▪ Full-Wave
Center-tapped - uses 2 diodes
Bridge – uses 4 diodes
1. HALF WAVE RECTIFIER
- the simplest form of rectifier circuit; uses a single diode to construct the HW rectifier.
Positive cycle of Vi : D is
forward-biased (on), Vo = Vi
HW Using Ideal Diode

Negative cycle of Vi: D is


reverse-biased (off), Vo = 0
HW Using Silicon Diode

If Vi is at least +0.7V, Diode is ON


D is ON
Vo = Vi – 0.7V
If Vi<0.7V, Diode is OFF
D is OFF
Vo = 0
𝐕𝐏 = 𝟐 VRMS
DC Value of Half-Wave Signal

The dc value of a signal is the same as the average value. If you


measure a signal with a dc voltmeter, the reading will equal the average
value.
Half-wave: VDC = VP / π ≈ 0.318VP → Ideal
VDC = (VP - 0.7V) / π ≈ 0.318(VP - 0.7V) → Silicon

Output Frequency

The output frequency is the same as the input frequency. Each cycle of
input voltage produces one cycle of output voltage.

Half-wave: fout = fin


Vp or Vm = Peak or Maximum Voltage (Oscilloscope)
Vp-p = Peak-to-peak or Maximum Voltage (Oscilloscope)
VRMS = RMS or Effective Voltage (AC Voltmeter)
VDC = DC or Average Voltage (DC Voltmeter)

Relationships:

Vp-p = 2 Vp or 2 Vm
Vp or Vm= 𝟐 ∗ 𝐕𝐑𝐌𝐒 or VRMS /0.707 or 1.414* VRMS
VDC = depends on the type of rectifier used

VDC = Vm / π = 0.318 Vm or 0.318 (Vm - 0.7V) for Half-Wave


fout = fin for Half-Wave
Vp or Vm = Peak or Maximum Voltage (Oscilloscope)
Vp-p = Peak-to-peak or Maximum Voltage (Oscilloscope)
VRMS = RMS or Effective Voltage (AC Voltmeter)
VDC = DC or Average Voltage (DC Voltmeter)

Relationships:

Vp-p = 2 Vp or 2 Vm
Vp or Vm= 𝟐 ∗ 𝐕𝐑𝐌𝐒 or VRMS /0.707 or 1.414* VRMS
VDC = depends on the type of rectifier used

VDC = 2 Vm / π = 0.636 Vm or 0.636 (Vm – 0.7V) for Full-Wave


fout = 2fin for Full-Wave
Activity

Open demo of HW rectifier in Multisim and


reverse the orientation of the diode. Note the new
output waveform.
A second popular FULL-WAVE rectifier with only two
diodes but requiring a center-tapped (CT)
transformer to establish the input signal across each
section of the secondary of the transformer.

Designed to provide two separate secondary voltages


with a common (grd) connection.
2. FULL WAVE CENTER-TAPPED RECTIFIER

D is OFF, Vo = 0
D is ON, Vo = Vi
During the positive portion of Vi applied to the primary of the
transformer, the network will appear as shown in Fig. 2.60. D1 assumes
the short-circuit equivalent and D2 the open-circuit equivalent, as
determined by the secondary voltages and the resulting current
directions. The output voltage appears as shown in Fig. 2.60, Vo = Vi.
During the negative portion of the input the network appears as shown
in Fig. 2.61, reversing the roles of the diodes but maintaining the same
polarity for the voltage across the load resistor R. The net effect is the
same output as that appearing in Fig. 2.56 with the same dc levels.
Ideal Diodes

Vdc = 0.636(Vm-0.7V)

Practical Diodes
DC Value of Full-Wave CT Signal

The dc value of a signal is the same as the average value. If you


measure a signal with a dc voltmeter, the reading will equal the average
value.
Full-wave CT: VDC = 2VP / π ≈ 0.636VP → Ideal
VDC = (VP - 0.7V) / π ≈ 0.0.636(VP - 0.7V) → Silicon

Output Frequency

The output frequency is twice the input frequency.

Half-wave: fout = 2fin


3. FULL WAVE BRIDGE RECTIFIER

D is OFF, Vo = 0
D is ON, Vo = Vi
Ideal Diodes

Bridge
Vdc = 0.636(Vm-1.4V)

Practical Diodes
DC Value of Full-Wave Bridge Signal

The dc value of a signal is the same as the average value. If you


measure a signal with a dc voltmeter, the reading will equal the average
value.
Full-wave Bridge: VDC = 2VP / π ≈ 0.636VP → Ideal
VDC = (VP – 1.4V) / π ≈ 0.636(VP - 1.4V) → Silicon

Output Frequency

The output frequency is twice the input frequency.

Full-wave: fout = 2fin


Waveform as seen on Oscilloscope
Amplitude (looking along the
vertical axis)
Time (looking along the
horizontal axis)

V setting or scale: 5V/div


Vp = 2.5 div (5V/div) = 12.5V
Vp-p = 2*Vp = 2 (12.5V) = 25V
VRMS = 12.5 / 1.414 = 8.84V
Determine the following:
Vp or Vm =
Vp-p =
VRMS =
Repeat this for FW-CT and
Bridge.
▪ Alternating current (AC) is an electric current which periodically
reverses direction and changes its magnitude continuously with time.
▪ AC is also called mains electricity, household current, domestic power, line
power, power line source, or wall power because it is the voltage supplied
by a wall outlet.
▪ Worldwide, AC voltages range from 100 to 240 V.
▪ The frequency of rate of direction change is typically 50 to 60 times per
second and is designated as Hertz (Hz). The two most common frequencies
are 50 Hz and 60 Hz.

▪ Philippines = 220Vrms, 60Hz


(equal to a peak voltage, Vm or Vp of 311.13V)
Stages of Power Supply System
The Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV) is the maximum voltage
across the nonconducting diode of a rectifier. This voltage must
be less than the breakdown voltage of the diode; otherwise, the
diode will be destroyed. The peak inverse voltage depends
on the type of rectifier and filter. The worst case occurs with
the capacitor-input filter. As discussed earlier, data sheets from
various manufacturers use many different symbols to indicate
the maximum reverse voltage rating of a diode. Sometimes,
these symbols indicate different conditions of measurement.
Some of the data sheet symbols for the maximum reverse
voltage rating are PIV, PRV, VB, VBR, VR, VRRM, VRWM, and
VR(max).
20V The required PIV rating for the half-wave rectifier can be
determined from the figure below which displays the
reverse-biased diode with maximum applied voltage.
Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law, it is fairly obvious that
the PIV rating of the diode must equal or exceed the
peak value of the applied voltage.
UP NEXT: CLIPPERS, CLAMPERS AND
VOLTAGE MULTIPLIERS

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