ECE 121 - Electronics (1)

Lecture 3
Dr. Said Emam
http://bu.edu.eg/staff/saidemam3
saidemam@feng.bu.edu.eg
CHAPTER OUTLINE
2–1 Diode Operation
2–2 Voltage-Current (V-I) Characteristics of a Diode
2–3 Diode Models
2–4 Half-Wave Rectifiers
2–5 Full-Wave Rectifiers
2–6 Power Supply Filters and Regulators
2–7 Diode Limiters and Clampers
2–8 Voltage Multipliers
2–9 The Diode Datasheet
2–10 Troubleshooting
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
◆ Use a diode in common applications
◆ Analyze the voltage-current (V-I) characteristic of a diode
◆ Explain how the three diode models differ
◆ Explain and analyze the operation of half-wave rectifiers
◆ Explain and analyze the operation of full-wave rectifiers
◆ Explain and analyze power supply filters and regulators
◆ Explain and analyze the operation of diode limiters and clampers
◆ Explain and analyze the operation of diode voltage multipliers
◆ Interpret and use diode datasheets
◆ Troubleshoot diodes and power supply circuits
OR GATE Determine 𝑉𝑜 for the network of Fig. 2.39.

10-V level is assigned a “1”

0-V level is assigned a “0.”
 AND GATE Determine the output level for the positive logic AND gate of Fig. 2.42 .

10-V level is assigned a “1”

0-V level is assigned a “0.”
Half-Wave Rectifier Operation
• The process of removing one-half the input signal to establish a dc level is called half-wave
rectification.

Using the ideal model for the diode:

During the positive half cycle:

• 𝑣𝑖𝑛 is positive  the diode is forward-biased (ON - closed switch).
• The output voltage has the same shape as the positive half-cycle of the input
voltage. 𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝑽𝒊𝒏
During the negative half cycle:
• 𝑣𝑖𝑛 is negative  the diode is reverse-
biased.
• the output voltage is 0 𝑉 (𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝟎𝑽)

• Since the output does not change polarity it is a pulsating dc voltage with a frequency
equal the input frequency
HWR: (𝒇𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝒇𝒊𝒏 )
Average Value of the Half-Wave Output Voltage
• The average value of the half-wave rectified output voltage is the value you
would measure on a dc voltmeter.
• Mathematically, it is determined by finding the area under the curve over a
full cycle, and then dividing by 2𝜋 (the number of radians in a full cycle).

𝑽𝑷
𝑽𝑨𝑽𝑮 𝒐𝒓 𝑽𝒅𝒄 = = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟏𝟖 𝑽𝑷
𝝅

Notice that 𝑉𝐴𝑉𝐺 is 31.8% of 𝑉𝑃 .

Effect of the Barrier Potential on the Half-Wave Rectifier Output
(Using the practical diode model)
• When 𝑽𝒊𝒏 < 𝟎. 𝟕 the diode is OFF (O.C.) and (𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝟎𝑽)
• When 𝑽𝒊𝒏 > 𝟎. 𝟕 the diode is ON and (𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝑽𝒊𝒏 − 𝟎. 𝟕)
• The peak output 𝑽𝑷 𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝑽𝑷(𝒊𝒏) − 𝟎. 𝟕
𝑉𝑃 − 0.7
When 𝑉𝑃 ≫ 0.7  𝑉𝐴𝑉𝐺 ≈ 𝑉𝐾 = 0.7 𝑉
𝜋
EXAMPLE1 Draw the output voltages of each rectifier for the indicated input
voltages. The 1N4001 and 1N4003 are specific rectifier diodes.
Example2 a. Sketch the output 𝒗𝒐 and determine the dc level of the output.
b. Repeat part (a) if the ideal diode is replaced by a silicon diode.
c. Repeat parts (a) and (b) if 𝑽𝒎 is increased to 200 V.
Solution (a)
• During the positive half cycle the diode is
R.B.(O.C.) and 𝑣𝑜 = 0
• During the negative half cycle the diode is
F.B.(S.C.) and 𝑣𝑜 = 𝑣𝑖𝑛
𝑉𝑚
• 𝑉𝑑𝑐 = − 𝜋 = −0.318 × 20 = −6.36𝑉
(b)For a silicon diode, the output has the appearance of Fig. below , and
𝑉𝑑𝑐 ≈ −0.318 𝑉𝑚 − 0.7 𝑉 = −0.318 19.3 𝑉 = −𝟔. 𝟏𝟒 𝑽
The resulting drop in dc level is 0.22 V, or about 3.5%.

(c) For 𝑉𝑚 = 200𝑉

𝑉𝑚
Ideal: 𝑉𝑑𝑐 = − = −0.318 × 200 = −𝟔𝟑. 𝟔 𝑉
𝜋
Practical: 𝑉𝑑𝑐 ≈ −0.318 𝑉𝑚 − 0.7 𝑉 = −0.318 199.3 𝑉 = −𝟔𝟑. 𝟑𝟖 𝑽
which is a difference that can certainly be ignored for most applications
Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV)
• The peak inverse voltage (PIV) equals the peak value of the input voltage,
and the diode must be capable of withstanding this amount of repetitive
reverse voltage.
𝑃𝐼𝑉 = 𝑉𝑃(𝑖𝑛)
• The peak inverse voltage (PIV) rating of the diode is the voltage rating that
must not be exceeded in the reverse-bias region or the diode will enter the
breakdown region.
𝑃𝐼𝑉 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 ≥ 𝑉𝑃(𝑖𝑛)
• A diode should be rated at least 20% higher than the PIV for better performance.
Half-wave rectifier with transformer coupled input voltage.
𝑁𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑛 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝑁𝑝𝑟𝑖
𝑉𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 𝑛𝑉𝑝𝑟𝑖
If 𝑛 < 1 step down transformer and 𝑉𝑠𝑒𝑐 < 𝑉𝑝𝑟𝑖
If 𝑛 > 1 step up transformer and 𝑉𝑠𝑒𝑐 > 𝑉𝑝𝑟𝑖

The peak output of the rectifier is:

𝑽𝒑(𝒐𝒖𝒕) = 𝑽𝒑(𝒔𝒆𝒄) − 𝟎. 𝟕
and
𝑷𝑰𝑽 = 𝑽𝒑(𝒔𝒆𝒄)
EXAMPLE 3 Determine the peak value of the output voltage.

1
• 𝑛 = = 0.5
2
• 𝑉𝑝(𝑠𝑒𝑐) = 𝑛𝑉𝑝(𝑝𝑟𝑖) = 0.5 × 170 = 85 𝑉
• 𝑽𝒑(𝒐𝒖𝒕) = 𝑽𝒑(𝒔𝒆𝒄) − 𝟎. 𝟕 = 𝟖𝟒. 𝟑 𝑽
• 𝑷𝑰𝑽 = 𝑽𝒑 𝒔𝒆𝒄 = 𝟖𝟓 𝑽
2–5 FULL-WAVE RECTIFIERS
• A full-wave rectifier allows unidirectional (one-way) current through the load
during the entire cycle of the input, whereas a half-wave rectifier allows
current through the load only during one-half of the cycle.
• FWR : 𝒇𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝟐 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 [twice the input frequency]

2𝑉𝑃
• 𝑉𝐴𝑉𝐺 = = 0.637 𝑉𝑃 [twice that of HWR]
𝜋
Center-Tapped Full-Wave Rectifier (CT-FWR)

• During the +𝒗𝒆 half cycle D1 is ON

and D2 is OFF
• During the −𝒗𝒆 half cycle D1 is OFF
and D2 is ON
• The current passes through 𝑅 in the
same direction in both half cycles
𝑽𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 = − 𝟎. 𝟕
𝟐
 Effect of the Turns Ratio on the Output Voltage
• 𝑛=1
• The total secondary voltage is:
𝑉𝑝(𝑠𝑒𝑐) = 𝑉𝑝(𝑝𝑟𝑖)
𝑽𝒑(𝒔𝒆𝒄)
• 𝑽𝒑(𝒐𝒖𝒕) = 𝟐
− 𝟎. 𝟕
𝑽𝒑(𝒑𝒓𝒊)
= − 𝟎. 𝟕
𝟐
𝑽𝒑(𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕)
= − 𝟎. 𝟕
𝟐
•𝑛=2
• The total secondary voltage is:
𝑉𝑝(𝑠𝑒𝑐) = 2 𝑉𝑝(𝑝𝑟𝑖)
𝑽𝒑(𝒔𝒆𝒄)
• 𝑽𝒑(𝒐𝒖𝒕) = 𝟐 − 𝟎. 𝟕
= 𝑽𝒑(𝒑𝒓𝒊) − 𝟎. 𝟕
= 𝑽𝒑(𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕) − 𝟎. 𝟕 𝑉𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = − 0.7
2
Center-Tapped Full-Wave Rectifier (CT-FWR) (Similar configuration)

Network conditions for the positive region of 𝑣𝑖 .

• During the +𝒗𝒆 half cycle D1 is ON

and D2 is OFF
• During the −𝒗𝒆 half cycle D1 is OFF
and D2 is ON
• The current passes through 𝑅 in the
same direction in both half cycles
𝑽𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝑽𝒔𝒆𝒄
Ideal : 𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝟐
Practical :𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝟐
− 𝟎. 𝟕 Network conditions for the negative region of 𝑣𝑖 .
Peak Inverse Voltage

𝑷𝑰𝑽 = 𝑽𝒑(𝒔𝒆𝒄) − 𝟎. 𝟕
Example 4
(a) Show the voltage waveforms across each half of the secondary winding and across 𝑅𝐿
(b) Find the DC value of the output.
(c) What minimum PIV rating must the diodes have?
1
Solution (a) 𝑛 = = 0.5
2
• The total peak secondary voltage is:
𝑉𝑝(𝑠𝑒𝑐) = 𝑛𝑉𝑝(𝑝𝑟𝑖) = 0.5 × 100 = 50 𝑉
𝑉𝑝(𝑠𝑒𝑐)
• Hence There is a 2 = 25 V peak across each
half of the secondary with respect to ground.
• The load voltage has a peak value:
𝑉𝑝(𝑠𝑒𝑐)
𝑉𝑝(𝑜𝑢𝑡) = − 0.7 = 24.3 𝑉
2
2𝑉𝑃(𝑜𝑢𝑡)
(b) 𝑉𝐴𝑉𝐺 = = 0.637 𝑉𝑃(𝑜𝑢𝑡) = 15.48 𝑉
𝜋
(c) Each diode must have a minimum PIV rating of
𝑃𝐼𝑉 = 𝑉𝑝 𝑠𝑒𝑐 − 0.7 = 49.3 𝑉
Bridge Full-Wave Rectifier
During the positive half-cycle
• 𝑫𝟏 and 𝑫𝟐 are forward-
biased and conduct current.
• 𝑫𝟑 and 𝑫𝟒 are reverse-
biased.

During the negative half-cycle

• 𝐃𝟑 and 𝐃𝟒 are forward-
biased and conduct current.
• 𝑫𝟏 and 𝑫𝟐 are reverse-
biased.

Practical:
𝑽𝒑(𝒐𝒖𝒕) = 𝑽𝒑(𝒔𝒆𝒄) − 𝟏. 𝟒
Ideal:
𝑽𝒑(𝒐𝒖𝒕) = 𝑽𝒑(𝒔𝒆𝒄)

Practical:

𝑽𝒑(𝒐𝒖𝒕) = 𝑽𝒑(𝒔𝒆𝒄) − 𝟏. 𝟒
Peak Inverse Voltage
Ideal:
𝑷𝑰𝑽 = 𝑽𝒑(𝒐𝒖𝒕)

Practical:

𝑷𝑰𝑽 = 𝑽𝒑(𝒐𝒖𝒕) + 𝟎. 𝟕
Example 5
Determine the peak output voltage for the bridge rectifier in Figure. Assuming the practical
model, what 𝑃𝐼𝑉 rating is required for the diodes? The transformer is specified to have a
12 𝑉 𝑟𝑚𝑠 secondary voltage for the standard 120 V across the primary.
Solution
• The peak secondary voltage is : 𝑽𝒑(𝒔𝒆𝒄) = 𝟐𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔(𝒔𝒆𝒄) = 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟏𝟕 𝑽
• The peak output voltage is: 𝑽𝒑(𝒐𝒖𝒕) = 𝑽𝒑(𝒔𝒆𝒄) − 𝟏. 𝟒 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟔 𝑽
• The 𝑃𝐼𝑉 rating for each diode is : 𝑷𝑰𝑽 = 𝑽𝒑(𝒐𝒖𝒕) + 𝟎. 𝟕 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟑 𝑽
Bridge FWR (similar configuration)

During the positive half cycle

𝑽𝒐(𝒑𝒆𝒂𝒌) = 𝑽𝒎 − 𝟏. 𝟒

Ideal: 𝑷𝑰𝑽 = 𝑽𝒑(𝒐𝒖𝒕)

Practical: 𝑷𝑰𝑽 = 𝑽𝒑(𝒐𝒖𝒕) + 𝟎. 𝟕

The Basic DC Power Supply
• The dc power supply converts the standard 220 V, 60 Hz ac voltage available at wall outlets into a
constant dc voltage.
• The voltage produced is used to power all types of electronic circuits including consumer electronics
(televisions, DVDs, etc.), computers, industrial controllers, and most laboratory instrumentation
systems and equipment.
• The dc voltage level required depends on the application, but most applications require relatively low
voltages.
The Basic DC Power Supply
• The ac input line voltage is stepped down to a lower ac voltage with a transformer
• A transformer changes ac voltages based on the turns ratio between the primary
and secondary. If the secondary has more turns than the primary, the output
voltage across the secondary will be higher and the current will be smaller.
• If the secondary has fewer turns than the primary, the output voltage across the
secondary will be lower and the current will be higher.
• The rectifier can be either a half-wave rectifier or a full-wave rectifier.
• The rectifier converts the ac input voltage to a pulsating dc voltage.
• The filter eliminates the fluctuations in the rectified voltage and produces a
relatively smooth dc voltage.
• The regulator is a circuit that maintains a constant dc voltage for variations in the
input line voltage or in the load.
Multisim
• Open the Multisim file E02-01 in the Examples folder. Measure the voltages across the
diode and the resistor in both circuits.
• Open the Multisim file E02-03 in the Examples folder. For the inputs specified in the
example, measure the resulting output voltage waveforms.

• Open the Multisim file E02-04 in the Examples folder. For the specified input, measure
the peak output voltage.

• Open the Multisim file E02-06 in the Examples folder. For the specified input voltage,
measure the voltage waveforms across each half of the secondary and across the load
resistor.

• Open the Multisim file E02-07 in the Examples folder. Measure the output voltage and
compare to the calculated value.
 Homework
• Determine the output waveform for the network of Figure below and
calculate the output dc level and the required PIV of each diode.
 Homework
• Determine 𝒗𝒐 , calculate the output dc level and the required PIV rating
of each diode for the configuration of Fig. below . In addition,
determine the maximum current through each diode. (solve for ideal
and practical diodes)