Half-wave rectification

Negative Series-Diode Limiter

Vi
Series: The output is taken from the
Vm load resistor R, which is in series
D with the diode + +
+ T -
0 + Vi R Vo
- t

1 Cycle
Positive & Negative Alternations + +

D Vm
Vi R Vo Vi R Vo Forward bias
Diode passes only the positive half of the sinusoid.
T/2
The diode behaves as a short circuit during the positive half
cycle, and an open circuit during the negative half cycle.
D
Vi R Vo Vi R Vo=0 0V
T/2
Reverse bias
 Half-wave rectification

𝑉𝑑𝑐=𝐶
  ∙ 𝑉𝑚 Ideal
For ideal half-wave rectifier, the dc voltage
  – 0.7) Practical Vdc = C  Vm. The diode is conducting after
the voltage supplied is more than 0.7 V for
C = -1 = 0.318 Silicon diode (0.3 V for Germanium diode).
So, the dc voltage will be reduced.
 Half-wave rectification

Example
Vout
Vin

Offset due to VDO Offset due to VDO

Vout
 Half-wave rectification

Offset due to VDO Offset due to VDO

𝑅=100
  ∙𝑟 𝐷 𝑅=𝑟
  𝐷

  𝑅
𝑉𝑂= ( 𝑉𝑚 −𝑉𝐷𝑂)
Offset due to VDO 𝑅 +𝑟 𝐷
Slope
 Full-wave rectification

Using four diodes in certain arrangement such that the circuit

is able to rectify another half of the AC signal
Full-wave rectification
First-half

  𝑜= 𝑅
𝑉 (𝑉𝑚 − 2 𝑉𝑑)
𝑅 +2 𝑟 𝑑

D1 and D4 OFF / D2 and D3 ON

V0 = Vm – 2Vd

i
 Full-wave rectificationSecond-half

i
The current flowing through
the load is the same direction
as before.
  𝑜= 𝑅
As the current flowing through 𝑉 (𝑉𝑚 − 2 𝑉𝑑)
𝑅 +2 𝑟 𝑑
the load is unidirectional, so
the voltage developed across D1 and D4 ON / D2 and D3 OFF
the load is also unidirectional i V0 = Vm – 2Vd
the same as for the previous
two diode half-wave rectifier
 Full-Wave Rectifier: Bridge
Rectifier

Commercial bridge rectifier

The figure above shows a full-wave rectifier, where D1 and D4 pass the
negative half cycle of the input and D2 and D3 pass the positive half cycle.
A full-wave rectifier passes both the negative and positive half cycles
of the input, while inverting the negative half of the input.
Full-wave rectification

out = 2 in

Offset due to VDO

Schematic Power Supply
 Half and Full-Wave Rectifiers Without
Low Pass Filter

Half-wave Full-wave
rectification rectification
  𝑉𝑃   2𝑉 𝑃
𝑉 𝐷𝐶 ( 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒)= = 0.318 𝑉 𝑃 𝑉 𝐷𝐶( 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒)= =0.636 𝑉 𝑃
 
𝑇/2
𝑇 /2
𝑉𝑝   1 2𝑉
  =𝑉 = 1
𝑉 ∫ 𝑉 𝑝 sin 𝜔 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑉 𝑎𝑣𝑔 =𝑉 𝐷𝐶 = ∫ 𝑉 𝑝 sin 𝜔 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 =
𝑝
𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝐷𝐶
𝑇 0 𝜋 𝑇 /2 0 𝜋
𝑉𝑃
  𝑅𝑀𝑆= 𝑉 𝑃 =0.5 𝑉 𝑃
𝑉  
𝑉 𝑅𝑀𝑆 = =0.7 𝑉 𝑃
2 √2
  r   r

The RMS (root mean square) value of a sinusoidal voltage is The ripple factor r defines the effectiveness of rectification.
the DC voltage that yields the same power dissipation as the
time-averaged power dissipation of the AC signal.   r
 Half and Full-Wave Rectifiers Without
Low Pass Filter

Example
What is the average value of the hal-wave rectified voltage in the figure below?

  𝑉 𝑝 50 𝑉
𝑉 𝐴𝑉𝐺 = = =15.9 𝑉
𝜋 𝜋
 Half and Full-Wave Rectifiers Without
Low Pass Filter

Example
What is the average value of the full-wave rectified voltage in the figure below?

Full-wave
Vin Vout
rectifier

  2 𝑉 𝑝 2(15 𝑉 )
𝑉 𝐴𝑉𝐺 = = =9.55 𝑉
𝜋 𝜋
Diode-Capacitor Circuit: Constant Voltage Model
IDEAL

Simple Peak Detector

PRACTICAL

If the resistor in half-wave rectifier is replaced by a capacitor, a fixed voltage output is obtained
since the capacitor (assumed ideal) has no path to discharge.
Diode-Capacitor Circuit: Constant Voltage Model

D IDEAL
Vout

 = RonC
Vin AC C Vout
Vin

Time (msec)
Diode-Capacitor With Load
Resistor
PRACTICAL
(Ripple)

Vin  Vc

A path is available for capacitor to discharge.

Therefore, Vout will not be constant and a ripple exists.
Diode-Capacitor With Load
Resistor
V
p(in)

Vp(in) - 0.7 V
t0 Vin VC RL
i t0

t1 t2
Vin VC RL
t0
i t0 t1

Vin exceeds
Vin exceeds VC
VC
t1 t2
Vin VC RL
t0
i t0 t1 t2
Diode-Capacitor With Load
Resistor
D
Vout
IDEAL

Vin AC C R Vout
1 F 5 kΩ Vin

Time (msec)

 = (RTH // Ron) C  ROnC

−𝑡
𝑉
  𝑂 =𝑉 𝑚 (1 − 𝑒 ¿ ¿ )¿
𝑅 𝑜𝑛 𝐶 Charging process
−𝑡
  𝑂 =𝑉 𝑚 𝑒
𝑉 𝑅𝐶
Discharging process
Diode-Capacitor With Load
Resistor
Vin  = RC = 1 sec
PRACTICAL

D R = 1 M Vout

Vin AC C R Vout  = RC = 5 10-3 sec

1 F 5 kΩ
Vin
PRACTICAL

R = 5 k Vout

Time (msec)
Behavior for Different Capacitor Values

For large C1, Vout has small ripple.

 Half and Full-Wave
Rectifiers

More Ripple Same slope (capacitor discharge rate)

Half-wave Charging process

−𝑡 −𝑡
Less Ripple 𝑉
  𝑂 =𝑉 𝑚 (1 − 𝑒 ¿ ¿ )¿
𝑅𝑇𝐻   𝑜𝑢𝑡 =𝑉 𝑚 𝑒
𝑉
𝑅 𝐿𝐶1

𝑅
  𝑇h =2 𝑅 𝑜𝑛   𝑅 𝐿 Discharging process
Full-wave
 Rectification
Approximations
Ripple is the AC component remaining superimposed on the DC output following smoothing
Ripple voltage, which is deviation from dc, becomes a problem
if it goes above 5 to 10% of the output voltage.

  r=
* Approximation of ripple voltage
𝐼 𝐿𝑂𝐴𝐷
𝑉  𝑟 =
Applicable for small ripple 𝑓𝐶
and ILOAD constant
Ripple frequency (twice input frequency)
*
  𝑅𝑀𝑆 𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 *
𝑟= 𝐼 𝐿𝑂𝐴𝐷
𝐷𝐶 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
  = and 𝑉  𝑟 =
𝑓𝐶

  r=   r=
  =

* 𝑉 𝑉 𝑝 (𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡) The ripple is halved when FW rectifier is used instead of HW rectifier!

  𝐷𝐶 ≈ 𝑉 𝑝 ( 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 ) − 2𝑟
𝑉  
𝑉 ≈ 𝑉 𝑝 (𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 ) −
𝐷𝐶
2 𝑓 𝑅𝐿𝐶 General law for choosing C *

  𝐷𝐶 ≈ (1 − 1 =
𝑉 )𝑉 𝑝 (𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡) 𝑅
  𝐿 𝐶 ≫ 1/ 𝑓  
2 𝑓 𝑅𝐿𝐶
 Half and Full-Wave Rectifiers
Approximations

If we combine an inductor with a capacitor to form an

LC filter, we can reduce the ripple factor further:

  r=

  With L greater than a certain critical value, L  / 1000