VISUAL MEDIA AND INFORMATION

1. JPEG (also known as JPG), file types ending in .jpg

JPEG stands for Joint Photographic Experts Group, which created this
standard for this type of image formatting. JPEG files are images that have
been compressed to store a lot of information in a small-size file. Most digital
cameras store photos in JPEG format, because then you can take more
photos on one camera card than you can with other formats.

2. TIFF (also known as TIF), file types ending in .tif

TIFF stands for Tagged Image File Format. TIFF images create very large
file
sizes. TIFF images are uncompressed and thus contain a lot of detailed
image data (which is why the files are so big) TIFFs are also extremely
flexible in terms of color (they can be grayscale, or CMYK for print, or RGB
for
web) and content (layers, image tags).

3. GIF, file types ending in .gif

GIF stands for Graphic Interchange Format. This format compresses images
but, as different from JPEG, the compression is lossless (no detail is lost in
the compression, but the file can’t be made as small as a JPEG).GIFs also
have an extremely limited color range suitable for the web but not for
printing.
This format is never used for photography, because of the limited number of
colors. GIFs can also be used for animations.

4. PNG, file types ending in .png

PNG stands for Portable Network Graphics. It was created as an open
format
to replace GIF, because the patent for GIF was owned by one company and
nobody else wanted to pay licensing fees. It also allows for a full range of
color and better compression. It’s used almost exclusively for web images,
never for print images. For photographs, PNG is not as good as JPEG,
because it creates a larger file. But for images with some text, or line art, it’s
better, because the images look less “bitmap.”

5. BMP. Short for "Bitmap." It can be pronounced as "bump," "B-M-P," or

simply a "bitmap image." The BMP format is a commonly used raster
graphic format for saving image files. It was introduced on the Windows
platform, but is now recognized by many programs on both Macs and PCs.
Formally and informally produced visual media
Visual media produced by formal organizations such as schools,
government, and established media/publishing outfits are considered
formally
produced. Other visual media are considered informally produced
Purpose of visual information
The primary purpose of visual information is to gain attention, create
meaning, and facilitate retention.

Visual Design Elements

The building blocks or basic units in the construction of a visual image.

Below Are the elements of design:
 a. Line – describes a shape or outline. It can create texture and can be
thick Or thin. Lines may be actual, implied, vertical, horizontal,
diagonal, or contour Lines.

b. Shape – usually a geometric area that stands out from the space next
to or around it, or because of differences in value, color, or texture.
Shape may also be organic.

c. Value – the degree of light and dark in a design. It is the contrast

between black and white and all the tones in between. Value can be
used with color as well as black and white. Contrast is the extreme
changes between values.

d. Texture – the way a surface feels or is perceived to feel. Texture can

be added to attract or repel interest to a visual element. Visual texture
is the Illusion of the surfaces peaks and valleys, resulting in a feeling
of smoothness Or roughness in objects.

e. Color – determined by its hue (name of color), intensity (purity of the

hue),and value (lightness or darkness of hue). Color and color
combination can play a large role in the design. Color may be used
for emphasis, or may elicit emotions from viewers. Color maybe
warm, cool, or neutral. It plays a major role in our visual perception,
as it influences our reactions about the world around us. It is therefore
important to create color palettes that evoke the appropriate audience
reactions. Color has three properties.

f. Form – a figure having volume and thickness. An illusion of a 3-

dimensional object can be implied with the use of light and shading.
Form can be viewed from many angles

Design Principles and Elements

The elements and principles of design are the building blocks used to create
a work of art. The elements of design can be thought of as the things that
make up a painting, drawing, design etc. Good or bad – all paintings will
contain most of if not all, the seven elements of design. The Principles of
design can be thought of as what we do to the elements of design.

How we apply the Principles of design determines how successful we are in

creating a work of art.

Visual Design Principles

Below are the guiding principles in visual designs:
1. Consistency of margins, typeface, typestyle, and colors is necessary,
especially in slide presentations or documents that are more than one page.
2. Center of interest an area that first attracts attention in a composition. This
area is more important when compared to the other objects or elements in a
composition. This can be by contrast of values, more colors, and placement
in
the format.
3. Balance a feeling of visual equality in shape, form, value, color, etc.
Balance can be symmetrical and evenly balanced, or asymmetrical and
unevenly balanced. Objects, values, colors, textures, shapes, forms, etc. can
be used in creating balance in a composition.
4. Harmony brings together a composition with similar units. If for example
your composition was using wavy lines and organic shapes, you would stay
with those types of lines and not put in just one geometric shape.
5. Contrast offers some change in value creating a visual discord in a
composition. Contrast shows the difference between shapes and can be
used
as a background to bring objects out and forward in a design. It can also be
used to create an area of emphasis.
6. Directional Movement a visual flow through the composition. It can be the
suggestion of motion in a design as you move from object to object by way
of
placement and position. Directional movement can be created with a value
pattern. It is with the placement of dark and light areas that you can move
your attention through the format.
7. Rhythm a movement in which some elements recur regularly. Like a
dance,
it will have a flow of objects that will seem to be like the beat of music.
8. Perspective created through the arrangement of objects in two
dimensional space to look like they appear in real life. Perspective is a
learned meaning of the relationship between different objects seen in space.

AUDIO INFORMATION AND MEDIA

Characteristic and Purposes of Sound
1. Volume-intensity of a sound
2. Tone-the audible characteristic of a sound
3. Pitch-is how high or low a sound is
4. Loudness-refers to the magnitude of the sound

Purposes of a Sound
1. Give instructions or information
2. Provide feedback
3. To personalize or customize

Elements of the Sound Design

1. Dialogue- speech, conversation, voice-over
2. Sound Effects-any sound other than music or dialogue
3. Music-vocal or instrumental sounds (or both) combined in such a way
as to
produce beauty of form, harmony, and expression of emotion

Principles of Sound Design

1. Mixing- the combination, balance and control of multiple sound
elements
2. Pace-time control, editing, order of events (linear, non-linear or multi-
linear)
3. Stereo imaging- Using left and right channel for depth. This refers to
the aspect of sound recording and reproduction.
4. Transition-how you get from one segment or element to another

Types of Transitions
1. Segue - one element stops, the next begins ("cut" in film).
2. Cross-fade - one element fades out, the next fades in, and they
overlap on
the way.
3. V-Fade - First element fades to inaudible before the second element
begins.
4. Fade to Black - V-Fade with some silence between elements.
5. Effects.
6. Stereo Imaging - Using left and right channel for depth.