Alexandria Engineering Journal 101 (2024) 186–192

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Alexandria Engineering Journal

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/aej

Original article

The impact of Brownian motion on the optical solutions of the stochastic

ultra-short pulses mathematical model
Wael W. Mohammed a,b ,∗, Clemente Cesarano c , Naveed Ikbal Alqsair d , Rabeb Sidaoui a
a
Department of Mathematics, College of Science, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 2440, Saudi Arabia
b
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
c
Section of Mathematics, International Telematic University Uninettuno, Corso Vittorio Emanuele II, 39, 00186 Roma, Italy
d
Department of Mathematics, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

MSC: The stochastic generalized nonlinear Schrödinger equation (SGNLSE) of third order in the Stratonovich sense
35A20 is examined here. New elliptic, hyperbolic, trigonometric, and rational stochastic solutions are obtained using
83C15 a modified mapping method. Because the GNLSE is extensively used in nonlinear optical phenomena, optical
60H15
fiber communication systems, communication and heat pulse propagation in materials, the obtained solutions
60H10
may be used to study a broad range of relevant physical phenomena. In order to interpret the effects of
35Q51
multiplicative noise, the dynamic performances of the various obtained solutions are displayed utilizing 3-D
Keywords: and 2-D graphs. We infer that multiplicative noise impacts and stabilizes the behavior of SGNLSE solutions.
Stochastic Schrödinger equation
Nonlinear equations
Modified mapping method
Optical solitons
Stability by noise

1. Introduction some helpful and effective methods, including semi-inverse variational

principle [9], sine-Gordon equation method [10,11], Kudryashov’s ap-
Stochastic nonlinear differential equations are mathematical models proach [12–15] , F-expansion approach [16], improved Adomian de-
utilized to characterize the behavior of random systems that exhibit composition method [17,18], Laplace-Adomian decomposition scheme
nonlinearity. These equations are widely used in various scientific, en- [19], (𝐺′ ∕𝐺2 )-expansion method [20], Fan sub-equation method [21],
gineering, and financial fields where the dynamics of the system cannot Lie symmetry method [22–24], symmetry reduction approach [25,26],
be explained by simple linear equations. By incorporating stochastic
Jacobi elliptic function method [27], Lie group analysis technique [28],
terms into the equation, these models not only consider the determin-
and exp-function method [29].
istic behavior of the system but also account for the impact of random
In this study, we focus on the stochastic generalized nonlinear schrö
noise on the system’s evolution.
dinger equation (SGNLS) perturbed by multiplicative noise:
Stochastic nonlinear differential equations have many uses in a wide
range of fields [1,2]. In physics, they are used to study the behavior 𝑖(𝛹𝑡 + 𝛹𝑥𝑥𝑥 ) + |𝛹 |2 (𝛾1 𝛹 + 𝑖𝛾2 𝛹𝑥 ) + 𝑖𝛾3 (|𝛹 |2 )𝑥 𝛹 = 𝑖𝜌𝛹 ◦𝑡 , (1)
of complex systems such as turbulence, quantum mechanics, and bi-
ological systems. In engineering, these equations are used to model where 𝛹 = 𝛹 (𝑥, 𝑡) represents the complex function, 𝛾1 , 𝛾2 and 𝛾3 are
systems where uncertainty and randomness play a significant role, arbitrary constants, 𝜌 is the noise amplitude.  = (𝑡) is the Brownian
such as control systems, signal processing, and communication systems. motion, 𝑡 = 𝜕 𝜕𝑡
. If we put 𝜌 = 0, then we get the deterministic
Moreover, stochastic nonlinear differential equations are extensively generalized nonlinear schrödinger equation (DGNLS):
used in finance to model and predict the behavior of stock prices,
interest rates, and other financial quantities, where both randomness 𝑖(𝛹𝑡 + 𝛹𝑥𝑥𝑥 ) + |𝛹 |2 (𝛾1 𝛹 + 𝑖𝛾2 𝛹𝑥 ) + 𝑖𝛾3 (|𝛹 |2 )𝑥 𝛹 = 0. (2)
and nonlinearity are prominent.
To solve stochastic nonlinear differential equations, various analyti- The DGNLSE (2) is a mathematical equation that explains the be-
cal methods for instance [3–8] have been acquired. Moreover, there are havior of wave packets in nonlinear media. It is an extension of the

∗ Corresponding author at: Department of Mathematics, College of Science, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 2440, Saudi Arabia.
E-mail addresses: w.mohammed@uoh.edu.sa (W.W. Mohammed), c.cesarano@uninettuno.it (C. Cesarano).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2024.05.054
Received 11 November 2023; Received in revised form 29 January 2024; Accepted 17 May 2024
Available online 31 May 2024
1110-0168/© 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University. This is an open access article under the CC
BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
W.W. Mohammed et al. Alexandria Engineering Journal 101 (2024) 186–192

original nonlinear schrödinger equation, which models the propaga- derived with the same solutions. Thus, it is possible to change between
𝑡 𝑡
tion of waves in linear media. The GNLS equation takes into account Itô (denoted by ∫0 𝐻𝑑) and Stratonovich (denoted by ∫0 𝐻◦𝑑) by the
additional nonlinear effects, such as self-interaction and frequency- following relation:
dependent dispersion, that are important in various physical systems. 𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
1 𝜕𝐻(𝑠, 𝑍𝑠 )
The DGNLSE (2) equation is commonly used in the study of non- 𝐻(𝑠, 𝑍𝑠 )𝑑(𝑠) = 𝐻(𝑠, 𝑍𝑠 )◦𝑑(𝑠)− 𝐻(𝑠, 𝑍𝑠 ) 𝑑𝑠, (3)
∫0 ∫0 2 ∫0 𝜕𝑧
linear optics, where light propagates through materials with nonlinear
properties. It is also employed in the field of ultrashort pulse gener- where {𝑍𝑡 , 𝑡 ≥ 0} is a stochastic process and 𝐻 is assumed to be
ation, where it aids in understanding the dynamics of short-duration sufficiently regular.
laser pulses. Due to the significance of DGNLSE (2), numerous authors
have achieved its exact solutions including first integral and extended
(𝐺′ ∕𝐺2 ) -expansion method [30], Fourier transform method [31], ex- 3. Traveling wave Eq. for SGNLSE
tended trial equation method [32], Hirota method [33], generalized
Khater method [34] and generalized Riccati equation and mapping We utilize
methods [35]. 2
The paper is organized as follows: In next section, we introduce 𝛹 (𝑥, 𝑡) = (𝜂)𝑒𝑖𝜙+𝜌(𝑡)−𝜌 𝑡 ,
with (4)
the definition of Brownian motion (BM), while the wave equation of
the SGNLSE (1) is deduced in Section 3. In Section 4, we employ the 𝜙 = 𝜙1 𝑥 + 𝜙2 𝑡 and 𝜂 = 𝜂1 𝑥 + 𝜂2 𝑡,
modified mapping method to attain the solutions of SGNLSE (1). In to get the wave equation for SGNLSE (1), where the function  is a
Section 5, we display the effect of BM on the obtained solutions of deterministic, and the constants 𝜙1 , 𝜙2 , 𝜂1 , and 𝜂2 are non-zero. We
SGNLSE (1). Finally, the paper’s conclusion is presented. observe that
1 2 2
2. Brownian motion 𝛹𝑡 = [𝜂2  ′ + 𝑖𝜙2  + 𝜌𝑡 + 𝜌 −𝜌2 ]𝑒𝑖𝜙+𝜌(𝑡)−𝜌 𝑡
2
2
= [𝜂2  ′ + 𝑖𝜙2  + 𝜌◦𝑡 ]𝑒𝑖𝜙+𝜌(𝑡)−𝜌 𝑡 , (5)
Brownian motion is a phenomenon observed in the field of physics,
specifically in the study of the movement of particles in a fluid. The con- 1 2
where the term 2
𝜌  is the Itô correction, and
cept of Brownian motion was first introduced by the Scottish botanist
2 2
Robert Brown in 1827, who noticed the random motion of pollen grains 𝛹𝑥 = (𝜂1  ′ + 𝑖𝜙1 )𝑒𝑖𝜙+𝜌(𝑡)−𝜌 𝑡 , (|𝛹 |2 )𝑥 = 𝜂1 ( 2 )′ 𝑒2𝜌(𝑡)−2𝜌 𝑡 ,
suspended in water. Brownian motion finds extensive applications in 𝛹𝑥𝑥𝑥 = (𝜂13  ′′′ + 3𝑖𝜙1 𝜂12  ′′ − 3𝜙21 𝜂1  ′ − 𝑖𝜙31 )𝑒 𝑖𝜙+𝜌(𝑡)−𝜌2 𝑡
. (6)
various scientific and non-scientific fields, playing a crucial role in
enhancing our understanding of the physical and biological world. Plugging Eqs. (5) and (6) into Eq. (1), we have for real part
From particle tracking in biological systems to financial modeling in 2
economics, the practical applications of Brownian motion continue to 3𝜙1 𝜂12  ′′ + (𝛾2 𝜙1 − 𝛾1 ) 3 𝑒2𝜌(𝑡)−2𝜌 𝑡 + (𝜙2 − 𝜙31 ) = 0, (7)
impact numerous areas of research and development. As technology
and for imaginary part
advances and our knowledge deepens, it is likely that further appli-
2
cations of Brownian motion will emerge, further revolutionizing our 𝜂13  ′′′ + (𝜂2 − 3𝛾1 𝜙21 𝜂1 ) ′ + 𝜂1 (𝛾2 + 2𝛾3 ) 2  ′ 𝑒2𝜌(𝑡)−2𝜌 𝑡 = 0. (8)
understanding of the world around us.
Now, let us define the Brownian motion (𝑡) as follows. Now, we take the expectation on both sides into Eqs. (7) and (8) to get
2
3𝜙1 𝜂12  ′′ + (𝜙2 − 𝜙31 ) + (𝛾2 𝜙1 − 𝛾1 ) 3 𝑒−2𝜌 𝑡 E(𝑒2𝜌(𝑡) ) = 0, (9)
Definition 1. The stochastic process (𝑡), 𝑡 ≥ 0 is called Brownian
motion if it satisfies: and
1. (𝑡) is continuous and has independent increments, 2
𝜂13  ′′′ + (𝜂2 − 3𝛾1 𝜙21 𝜂1 ) ′ + 𝜂1 (𝛾2 + 2𝛾3 ) 2  ′ 𝑒−2𝜌 𝑡 E(𝑒2𝜌(𝑡) ) = 0. (10)
2. (0) = 0,
3. (𝑡) − (𝑠) has Gaussian distribution. By using Lemma 2, Eqs. (9)–(10) turn into
The following lemma is required for our results [36]: 3𝜙1 𝜂12  ′′ + (𝜙2 − 𝜙31 ) + (𝛾2 𝜙1 − 𝛾1 ) 3 = 0, (11)
1 2
𝜌 𝑡 and
Lemma 2. E(𝑒𝜌(𝑡) ) = 𝑒 2 for any real number 𝜌 > 0.

There are several versions of the stochastic integral that have been 𝜂13  ′′′ + (𝜂2 − 3𝛾1 𝜙21 𝜂1 ) ′ + 𝜂1 (𝛾2 + 2𝛾3 ) 2  ′ = 0. (12)
developed in the field of probability theory and stochastic analysis [37].
One of the most well-known versions is the Itô integral, named after Integrating (12) once, we get
Japanese mathematician Kiyosi Itô. The Itô integral is used to define a 𝜂1
𝜂13  ′′ + (𝜂2 − 3𝛾1 𝜙21 𝜂1 ) + (𝛾 + 2𝛾3 ) 3 = 0. (13)
stochastic integral with respect to continuous semimartingales, which 3 1
are a class of stochastic processes that includes Brownian motion. Consequently, Eqs. (11) and (13) are equal with the next constraint
Another version of the stochastic integral is the Stratonovich in- conditions
tegral, named after Russian mathematician Ruslan Stratonovich. The
3𝜙1 𝜂2 − 9𝛾1 𝜂1 𝜙31 + 𝜂1 𝜙31 −(2𝜙1 𝛾2 + 𝛾1 )
Stratonovich integral is an alternative formulation that differs from 𝜙2 = and 𝛾3 = .
the Itô integral in how it handles the stochastic calculus. Specifically, 𝜂1 6𝜙1
the Stratonovich integral uses a different rule for taking the limit of Now, we can rewrite Eq. (11) with the above constraint as follows:
Riemann sums, which results in a different set of integration rules.
The Stratonovich integral is often used in physics and engineering  ′′ + ℏ1  + ℏ2  3 = 0, (14)
applications, as it does not depend on the specific representation of the
where
underlying stochastic process.
Modeling issues usually dictate which version is acceptable, how- 𝜂2 − 3𝛾1 𝜂1 𝜙21 𝛾2 𝜙1 − 𝛾1
ℏ1 = , and ℏ2 = .
ever once one is chosen, a comparable equation of the other kind can be 𝜂13 3𝜙1 𝜂12

187
W.W. Mohammed et al. Alexandria Engineering Journal 101 (2024) 186–192

4. Exact solutions of SGNLSE Many cases based on 𝓁1 ∶

Case 1-1: If 𝓁1 = 𝑚2 , 𝓁2 = −(1 + 𝑚2 ) and 𝓁3 = 1, then (𝜂) = 𝑠𝑛(𝜂).
In this section, we implement the modified mapping method men- Thus, SGNLSE (1), using Eq. (22), has the solution
tioned in [38]. Assuming that the solutions of Eq. (14) take the form √
6𝜙1 𝜂12 2
∑
𝐾 ∑
𝐾
𝛹 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ±𝑚 𝑠𝑛(𝜂)𝑒𝑖𝜙+𝜌(𝑡)−𝜌 𝑡 , (23)
(𝜂) = 𝑎𝑖  𝑖 (𝜂) + 𝜛𝑖  −𝑖 (𝜂), (15) 𝛾1 − 𝛾2 𝜙1
𝑖=0 𝑖=1
When 𝑚 → 1, Eq. (23) turns into
where 𝑎𝑖 and 𝜛𝑖 are undefined constants and  solves √
√ 6𝜙1 𝜂12 2
 ′ = 𝓁1  4 + 𝓁2  2 + 𝓁3 , (16) 𝛹 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ± tanh(𝜂)𝑒𝑖𝜙+𝜌(𝑡)−𝜌 𝑡 . (24)
𝛾1 − 𝛾2 𝜙1
with 𝓁1 , 𝓁2 and 𝓁3 are real constants. Case 1-2: If 𝓁1 = 1, 𝓁2 = 2𝑚2 − 1 and 𝓁3 = −𝑚2 (1 − 𝑚2 ), then
To find the parameter 𝐾 defined in Eq. (15), we equalize  3 with (𝜂) = 𝑑𝑠(𝜂). Thus, SGNLSE (1), using Eq. (22), has the solution
 ′′ in Eq. (14) as √
6𝜙1 𝜂12 2
3𝐾 = 𝐾 + 2 ⟹ 𝐾 = 1. 𝛹 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ± 𝑑𝑠(𝜂)𝑒𝑖𝜙+𝜌(𝑡)−𝜌 𝑡 . (25)
𝛾1 − 𝛾2 𝜙1
Eq. (15), with 𝐾 = 1, becomes
If 𝑚 → 1, Eq. (25) becomes
𝜛1 √
(𝜂) = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 (𝜂) + . (17)
(𝜂) 6𝜙1 𝜂12 2
𝛹 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ± csch(𝜂)𝑒𝑖𝜙+𝜌(𝑡)−𝜌 𝑡 . (26)
Differentiating Eq. (17) twice and utilized (16), we have 𝛾1 − 𝛾2 𝜙1
 ′′ = 𝑎1 (𝓁2  + 2𝓁1  3 ) + 𝜛1 (𝓁2  −1 + 2𝓁3  −3 ). (18) If 𝑚 → 0, Eq. (25) turns into
√
Inserting Eqs. (17) and (18) into Eq. (14) we get 6𝜙1 𝜂12 2
𝛹 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ± csc(𝜂)𝑒𝑖𝜙+𝜌(𝑡)−𝜌 𝑡 . (27)
(2𝑎1 𝓁1 + ℏ2 𝑎31 ) 3 + 3ℏ2 𝑎0 𝑎21  2 + (𝑎1 𝓁2 + 3ℏ2 𝑎20 𝑎1 + 3ℏ2 𝜛1 𝑎21 + 𝑎1 ℏ1 ) 𝛾1 − 𝛾2 𝜙1

+ (ℏ1 𝑎0 + ℏ2 𝑎30 + 6ℏ2 𝑎0 𝑎1 𝜛1 ) + (ℏ1 𝜛1 + 𝜛1 𝓁2 + 3ℏ2 𝑎20 𝜛1 + 3ℏ2 𝑎1 𝜛12 ) −1 Case 1-3: When 𝓁1 = 1, 𝓁2 = 2 − 𝑚2 and 𝓁3 = (1 − 𝑚2 ), then
+ 3ℏ2 𝜛12  −2 + (2𝓁3 𝜛1 + ℏ2 𝜛13 ) −3 = 0. (𝜂) = 𝑐𝑠(𝜂). Thus, using Eq. (22), the solutions of SGNLSE (1) is
√
We get the following system of equations by equating each coefficient 6𝜙1 𝜂12 2
𝛹 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ± 𝑐𝑠(𝜂)𝑒𝑖𝜙+𝜌(𝑡)−𝜌 𝑡 . (28)
of  𝑘 and  −𝑘 : 𝛾1 − 𝛾2 𝜙1
2𝑎1 𝓁1 + ℏ2 𝑎31 = 0, If 𝑚 → 1, then Eq. (28) changes to
√
6𝜙1 𝜂12 2
3ℏ2 𝑎0 𝑎21 = 0, 𝛹 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ± csch(𝜂)𝑒𝑖𝜙+𝜌(𝑡)−𝜌 𝑡 . (29)
𝛾1 − 𝛾2 𝜙1

𝑎1 𝓁2 + 3ℏ2 𝑎20 𝑎1 + 3ℏ2 𝜛1 𝑎21 + 𝑎1 ℏ1 = 0, When 𝑚 → 0, Eq. (28) turns into

√
6𝜙1 𝜂12 2
ℏ1 𝑎0 + ℏ2 𝑎30 + 6ℏ2 𝑎0 𝑎1 𝜛1 = 0, 𝛹 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ± cot(𝜂)𝑒𝑖𝜙+𝜌(𝑡)−𝜌 𝑡 , (30)
𝛾1 − 𝛾2 𝜙1
where 𝜂 = 𝜂1 𝑥 + 𝜂2 𝑡.
ℏ1 𝜛1 + 𝜛1 𝓁2 + 3ℏ2 𝑎20 𝜛1 + 3ℏ2 𝑎1 𝜛12 = 0, 2 2
Case 1-4: If 𝓁1 = 𝑚4 , 𝓁2 = (𝑚 2−2) and 𝓁3 = 14 , then (𝜂) = 𝑠𝑛(𝜂)
1+𝑑𝑛(𝜂)
.
So, the SGNLSE (1), using Eq. (22), has the solution
3ℏ2 𝑎0 𝜛12 = 0 √
𝑚 6𝜙1 𝜂12 𝑠𝑛(𝜂) 𝑖𝜙+𝜌(𝑡)−𝜌2 𝑡
and 𝛹 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ± 𝑒 . (31)
2 𝛾1 − 𝛾2 𝜙1 1 + 𝑑𝑛(𝜂)
2𝓁3 𝜛1 + ℏ2 𝜛13 = 0.
If 𝑚 → 1, then Eq. (31) becomes
Three distinct families are produced by solving the previous equations √
as follows: 1 6𝜙1 𝜂12 tanh(𝜂) 𝑖𝜙+𝜌(𝑡)−𝜌2 𝑡
𝛹 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ± 𝑒 . (32)
First family: 2 𝛾1 − 𝛾2 𝜙1 1 + sech(𝜂)
√ 2 2 2 2
−2𝓁1 Case 1-5: If 𝓁1 = (1−𝑚
4
)
, 𝓁2 = (1−𝑚
2
)
and 𝓁3 = 14 , then (𝜂) =
𝑎0 = 0, 𝑎1 = ± , 𝜛1 = 0, 𝓁2 = −ℏ1 . (19) 𝑠𝑛(𝜂)
ℏ2 .
Therefore, the SGNLSE (1), using Eq. (22), has the solution
𝑑𝑛(𝜂)+𝑐𝑛(𝜂)
Second family: √
√ (1 − 𝑚2 ) 6𝜙1 𝜂12 𝑠𝑛(𝜂) 2
−2𝓁3 𝛹 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ± [ ]𝑒𝑖𝜙+𝜌(𝑡)−𝜌 𝑡 . (33)
2 𝛾1 − 𝛾2 𝜙1 𝑑𝑛(𝜂) + 𝑐𝑛(𝜂)
𝑎0 = 0, 𝑎1 = 0, 𝜛1 = ± , 𝓁2 = −ℏ1 . (20)
ℏ2
When 𝑚 → 0, Eq. (33) changes to
Third family: √
√ √ 1 6𝜙1 𝜂12 sin(𝜂) 2
−2𝓁1 −2𝓁3 √ 𝛹 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ± [ ]𝑒𝑖𝜙+𝜌(𝑡)−𝜌 𝑡 . (34)
𝑎0 = 0, 𝑎1 = ± , 𝜛1 = ± , 𝓁2 = 6 𝓁1 𝓁3 − ℏ1 . (21) 2 𝛾1 − 𝛾2 𝜙1 1 + cos(𝜂)
ℏ2 ℏ2 2 2 2
Case 1-6: If 𝓁1 = 1−𝑚
4
, 𝓁2 = (1−𝑚2
)
and 𝓁3 = 1−𝑚 4
, then (𝜂) =
First family: In this case, the solution of Eq. (1), using Eqs. (4), 𝑐𝑛(𝜂)
. Thus, the SGNLSE (1), using Eq. (22), has the solution
(17), and (19), is 1+𝑠𝑛(𝜂)
√ √
6𝓁1 𝜙1 𝜂12 2 1 6(1 − 𝑚2 )𝜙1 𝜂12 𝑐𝑛(𝜂) 2
𝛹 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ± (𝜂)𝑒𝑖𝜙+𝜌(𝑡)−𝜌 𝑡 , (22) 𝛹 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ± [ ]𝑒𝑖𝜙+𝜌(𝑡)−𝜌 𝑡 . (35)
𝛾1 − 𝛾2 𝜙1 2 𝛾1 − 𝛾2 𝜙1 1 + 𝑠𝑛(𝜂)

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When 𝑚 → 0, Eq. (35) turns to where 𝜂 = 𝜂1 𝑥 + 𝜂2 𝑡.

√ Case 2-6: If 𝓁1 = (1−𝑚
2 )2
, 𝓁2 = (1−𝑚
2 )2
and 𝓁3 = 14 , then (𝜂) =
1 6𝜙1 𝜂12 cos(𝜂) 2 𝑠𝑛(𝜂)
4 2
𝛹 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ± [ ]𝑒𝑖𝜙+𝜌(𝑡)−𝜌 𝑡 , (36) 𝑑𝑛(𝜂)+𝑐𝑛(𝜂)
. Thus, the SGNLSE (1), using Eq. (38), has the solution
2 𝛾1 − 𝛾2 𝜙1 1 + sin(𝜂)
√
where 𝜂 = 𝜂1 𝑥 + 𝜂2 𝑡. 1 6𝜙1 𝜂12 𝑑𝑛(𝜂) + 𝑐𝑛(𝜂) 𝑖𝜙+𝜌(𝑡)−𝜌2 𝑡
Case 1-7: When 𝓁1 = 1, 𝓁2 = 0 and 𝓁3 = 0, hence (𝜂) = 𝛹 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ± [ ]𝑒 . (49)
2 𝛾1 − 𝛾2 𝜙1 𝑠𝑛(𝜂)
𝑐
𝜂
. Therefore, the SGNLSE (1), using Eq. (22), has the solution
If 𝑚 → 0, then Eq. (49) becomes
√ √
6𝜙1 𝜂12 𝑐 2 6𝜙1 𝜂12
𝛹 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ± [ ]𝑒𝑖𝜙+𝜌(𝑡)−𝜌 𝑡 . (37) 1 2
𝛾1 − 𝛾2 𝜙1 (𝜂1 𝑥 + 𝜂2 𝑡) 𝛹 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ± [csc(𝜂) + cot(𝜂)]𝑒𝑖𝜙+𝜌(𝑡)−𝜌 𝑡 . (50)
2 𝛾1 − 𝛾2 𝜙1
Second family: The solution of Eq. (1), using Eqs. (4), (17), and If 𝑚 → 1, then Eq. (49) changes to
(20), is √
√ 6𝜙1 𝜂12
1 2
6𝓁3 𝜙1 𝜂12 1 2 𝛹 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ± csch(𝜂)𝑒𝑖𝜙+𝜌(𝑡)−𝜌 𝑡 . (51)
𝛹 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ± 𝑒𝑖𝜙+𝜌(𝑡)−𝜌 𝑡 , (38) 2 𝛾1 − 𝛾2 𝜙1
𝛾1 − 𝛾2 𝜙1 (𝜂)
Third set: The solution of Eq. (1), using Eqs. (4), (17), and (21), is
Many cases based on 𝓁3 ∶ √
Case 2-1: If 𝓁1 = 𝑚2 , 𝓁2 = −(1 + 𝑚2 ) and 𝓁3 = 1, then (𝜂) = 𝑠𝑛(𝜂). 6𝜙1 𝜂12 √ √ 1 2
Thus, the SGNLSE (1), using Eq. (38), has the solution 𝛹 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ± [ 𝓁1 (𝜂) + 𝓁3 ]𝑒𝑖𝜙+𝜌(𝑡)−𝜌 𝑡 . (52)
𝛾1 − 𝛾2 𝜙1 (𝜂)
√
6𝜙1 𝜂12 1 𝑖𝜙+𝜌(𝑡)−𝜌2 𝑡 Many cases based on 𝓁1 and 𝓁3 ∶
𝛹 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ± 𝑒 . (39) Case 3-1: If 𝓁1 = 𝑚2 , 𝓁2 = −(1 + 𝑚2 ) and 𝓁3 = 1, then (𝜂) = 𝑠𝑛(𝜂).
𝛾1 − 𝛾2 𝜙1 𝑠𝑛(𝜂)
Thus, the SGNLSE (1), using Eq. (52), has the solution
If 𝑚 → 1, Eq. (39) turns to √
√ 6𝜙1 𝜂12
6𝜙1 𝜂12 1 2
2 𝛹 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ± [𝑚𝑠𝑛(𝜂) + ]𝑒𝑖𝜙+𝜌(𝑡)−𝜌 𝑡 . (53)
𝛹 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ± coth(𝜂)𝑒𝑖𝜙+𝜌(𝑡)−𝜌 𝑡 . (40) 𝛾1 − 𝛾2 𝜙1 𝑠𝑛(𝜂)
𝛾1 − 𝛾2 𝜙1
If 𝑚 → 1, Eq. (53) turns to
Case 2-2: If 𝓁1 = 1, 𝓁2 = 2 − 𝑚2 and 𝓁3 = (1 − 𝑚2 ), then (𝜂) = 𝑐𝑠(𝜂). √
Therefore, the SGNLSE (1), using Eq. (38), has the solution 6𝜙1 𝜂12 2
√ 𝛹 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ± [tanh(𝜂) + coth(𝜂)]𝑒𝑖𝜙+𝜌(𝑡)−𝜌 𝑡 . (54)
𝛾1 − 𝛾2 𝜙1
6(1 − 𝑚2 )𝜙1 𝜂12 1 2
𝛹 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ± 𝑒𝑖𝜙+𝜌(𝑡)−𝜌 𝑡 . (41) Case 3-2: When 𝓁1 = 1, 𝓁2 = 2 − 𝑚2 and 𝓁3 = (1 − 𝑚2 ), then
𝛾1 − 𝛾2 𝜙1 𝑐𝑠(𝜂)
(𝜂) = 𝑐𝑠(𝜂). Thus, using Eq. (52), the solution of SGNLSE (1) is
When 𝑚 → 0, Eq. (41) becomes √
√ 6𝜙1 𝜂12 √
6𝜙1 𝜂12 1 2
2 𝛹 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ± [𝑐𝑠(𝜂) + (1 − 𝑚2 ) ]𝑒𝑖𝜙+𝜌(𝑡)−𝜌 𝑡 , (55)
𝛹 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ± tan(𝜂)𝑒𝑖𝜙+𝜌(𝑡)−𝜌 𝑡 . (42) 𝛾1 − 𝛾2 𝜙1 𝑐𝑠(𝜂)
𝛾1 − 𝛾2 𝜙1
where 𝜂 = 𝜂1 𝑥 + 𝜂2 𝑡. When 𝑚 → 0, Eq. (55) transfers to
where 𝜂 = 𝜂1 𝑥 + 𝜂2 𝑡.
√
Case 2-3: If 𝓁1 = −𝑚2 , 𝓁2 = 2𝑚2 − 1 and 𝓁3 = (1 − 𝑚2 ), then 6𝜙1 𝜂12 2
(𝜂) = 𝑐𝑛(𝜂). Thus, the SGNLSE (1), using Eq. (38), has the solution 𝛹 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ± [cot(𝜂) + tan(𝜂)]𝑒𝑖𝜙+𝜌(𝑡)−𝜌 𝑡 . (56)
𝛾1 − 𝛾2 𝜙1
√
6(1 − 𝑚2 )𝜙1 𝜂12 1 2 2
𝛹 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ±
2
𝑒𝑖𝜙+𝜌(𝑡)−𝜌 𝑡 . (43) Case 3-3: If 𝓁1 = 𝑚4 , 𝓁2 = (𝑚 2−2) and 𝓁3 = 41 , then (𝜂) = 1±𝑑𝑛(𝜂)
𝑠𝑛(𝜂)
. So,
𝛾1 − 𝛾2 𝜙1 𝑐𝑛(𝜂) using Eq. (52), the solution of SGNLSE (1) is
When 𝑚 → 0, Eq. (43) turns to √
√ 1 6𝜙1 𝜂12 𝑠𝑛(𝜂) 1 + 𝑑𝑛(𝜂) 𝑖𝜙+𝜌(𝑡)−𝜌2 𝑡
6𝜙1 𝜂12 𝛹 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ± [𝑚 + ]𝑒 , (57)
2 2 𝛾1 − 𝛾2 𝜙1 1 + 𝑑𝑛(𝜂) 𝑠𝑛(𝜂)
𝛹 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ± sec(𝜂)𝑒𝑖𝜙+𝜌(𝑡)−𝜌 𝑡 . (44)
𝛾1 − 𝛾2 𝜙1 where 𝜂 = 𝜂1 𝑥 + 𝜂2 𝑡. When 𝑚 → 1, Eq. (57) turns to
𝑚2 (𝑚2 −2) 1 𝑠𝑛(𝜂) √
Case 2-4: If 𝓁1 = 𝓁2 =
4
, and 𝓁3 = 2
then (𝜂) = 4
, 1+𝑑𝑛(𝜂)
. 6𝜙1 𝜂12
1 2
Thus, the SGNLSE (1), using Eq. (38), has the solution 𝛹 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ± coth(𝜂)𝑒𝑖𝜙+𝜌(𝑡)−𝜌 𝑡 . (58)
√ 2 𝛾1 − 𝛾2 𝜙1
1 6𝜙1 𝜂12 1 + 𝑑𝑛(𝜂) 2 2 2
𝛹 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ±
2
𝑒𝑖𝜙+𝜌(𝑡)−𝜌 𝑡 . (45) Case 3-4: If 𝓁1 = 1−𝑚 4
, 𝓁2 = (1−𝑚 2
)
and 𝓁3 = 1−𝑚4
, then (𝜂) =
2 𝛾1 − 𝛾2 𝜙1 𝑠𝑛(𝜂) 𝑐𝑛(𝜂)
1+𝑠𝑛(𝜂)
. Thus, using Eq. (52), the solution of SGNLSE (1) is
When 𝑚 → 1, Eq. (45) becomes √
√ 6(1 − 𝑚2 )𝜙1 𝜂12
6𝜙1 𝜂12 1 𝑐𝑛(𝜂) 1 + 𝑠𝑛(𝜂) 𝑖𝜙+𝜌(𝑡)−𝜌2 𝑡
1 2 𝛹 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ± [ + ]𝑒 , (59)
𝛹 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ± [coth(𝜂) + csch(𝜂)]𝑒𝑖𝜙+𝜌(𝑡)−𝜌 𝑡 . (46) 2 𝛾1 − 𝛾2 𝜙1 1 + 𝑠𝑛(𝜂) 𝑐𝑛(𝜂)
2 𝛾 1 − 𝛾 2 𝜙1
2 2 2
where 𝜂 = 𝜂1 𝑥 + 𝜂2 𝑡. When 𝑚 → 0, Eq. (59) changes to
Case 2-5: If 𝓁1 = 1−𝑚4
, 𝓁2 = (1−𝑚
2
)
and 𝓁3 = 1−𝑚 4
, then (𝜂) = √
𝑐𝑛(𝜂)
. Thus, the SGNLSE (1), using Eq. (38), has the solution 1 6𝜙1 𝜂12 2
1+𝑠𝑛(𝜂) 𝛹 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ± sec(𝜂)𝑒𝑖𝜙+𝜌(𝑡)−𝜌 𝑡 . (60)
√ 2 𝛾1 − 𝛾2 𝜙1
1 6(1 − 𝑚2 )𝜙1 𝜂12 1 + 𝑠𝑛(𝜂) 𝑖𝜙+𝜌(𝑡)−𝜌2 𝑡 2 2 2 2
𝛹 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ± [ ]𝑒 . (47) Case 3-5: If 𝓁1 = (1−𝑚 4
)
, 𝓁2 = (1−𝑚 2
)
and 𝓁3 = 14 , then (𝜂) =
2 𝛾1 − 𝛾2 𝜙1 𝑐𝑛(𝜂) 𝑠𝑛(𝜂)
𝑑𝑛(𝜂)+𝑐𝑛(𝜂)
. Hence, using Eq. (52), the solution of SGNLSE (1) is
When 𝑚 → 0, Eq. (47) turns to √
√ 6𝜙1 𝜂12
−𝛾3 𝛾1 𝜂1 𝜂2 2 1 (1 − 𝑚2 )𝑠𝑛(𝜂) 𝑑𝑛(𝜂) + 𝑐𝑛(𝜂) 𝑖𝜙+𝜌(𝑡)−𝜌2 𝑡
𝛹 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ± [sec(𝜂) + tan(𝜂)]𝑒𝑖𝜙+𝜌(𝑡)−𝜌 𝑡 , (48) 𝛹 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ± [ + ]𝑒 . (61)
2𝛾2 𝛾4 2 𝛾1 − 𝛾2 𝜙1 𝑑𝑛(𝜂) + 𝑐𝑛(𝜂) 𝑠𝑛(𝜂)

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Fig. 1. (i–iii) exhibit 3D-shape of |𝛹 (𝑥, 𝑡)| described in Eq. (23) with 𝜌 = 0, 1, 2 (iv) depict 2D-shape of Eq. (23) with distinct 𝜌.

Fig. 2. (i–iii) exhibit 3D-shape of |𝛹 (𝑥, 𝑡)| described in Eq. (24) with 𝜌 = 0, 1, 2 (iv) depict 2D-shape of Eq. (24) with distinct 𝜌.

When 𝑚 → 0, Eq. (49) transfer to of certain solutions that were obtained. We use MATLAB tools (see
√ for instance [39]) to plot our figures. First, let us fix the constants
1 6𝜙1 𝜂12 2 𝛾1 = 2, 𝛾2 = 𝜂1 = 𝜙1 = 1, 𝜂2 = −3, 𝑥 ∈ [0, 4] and 𝑡 ∈ [0, 3] to plot
𝛹 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ± csc(𝜂)𝑒𝑖𝜙+𝜌(𝑡)−𝜌 𝑡 , (62)
2 𝛾 1 − 𝛾 2 𝜙1 these figures as follows:
where 𝜂 = 𝜂1 𝑥 + 𝜂2 𝑡. Now, looking at Figs. 1–3, we can see that there are many kinds of
solutions exist when Brownian motion is disregarded (i.e. when 𝜌 = 0),
5. Impacts of noise including kink solutions, periodic solutions, singular solutions and so
on. When noise is added and its amplitude is raised to 𝜌 = 1, 2, the
Brownian motion’s influence on the exact solution of the SGNLSE surface becomes flatter after brief transit patterns. This result indicates
(1) is examined in this section. A number of diagrams, for instance (23), the influence of Brownian motion on the solutions of SGNLSE (1),
(24), and (35), are presented in order to visually depict the behavior whose effects keep the solutions stable at zero.

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Fig. 3. (i–iii) exhibit 3D-shape of |𝛹 (𝑥, 𝑡)| described in Eq. (35) with 𝜌 = 0, 1, 2 (iv) depict 2D-shape of Eq. (23) with distinct 𝜌.

6. Conclusions [6] W.W. Mohammed, C. Cesarano, The soliton solutions for the (4 + 1)-dimensional
stochastic fokas equation, Math. Methods Appl. Sci. 46 (2023) 7589–7597.
[7] W.W. Mohammed, F.M. Al-Askar, C. Cesarano, On the dynamical behavior of
In this study, we looked at the stochastic generalized nonlinear
solitary waves for coupled stochastic Korteweg–De Vries equations, Mathematics
Schrö dinger equation (SGNLSE) of third-order in the Stratonovich 11 (16) (2023) 3506.
sense. By employing a modified mapping technique, exact stochas- [8] M. Alshammari, A.E. Hamza, C. Cesarano, E.S. Aly, W. W. Mohammed, The ana-
tic solutions of SGNLSE were acquired. This method is simple and lytical solutions to the fractional Kraenkel–Manna–Merle system in ferromagnetic
materials, Fractal Fract. 7 (7) (2023) 523.
effective. Also, it provides us with a variety of solutions, such as
[9] A. Biswas, J. Edoki, P. Guggilla, S. Khan, A.K. Alzahrani, M.R. Belic, Cubic-
elliptic, hyperbolic, trigonometric, and rational solutions. Because the quartic optical soliton perturbation with lakshmanan-porsezian-daniel model by
GNLSE is extensively used in nonlinear optical phenomena, optical fiber semi-inverse variational principle, Ukr. J. Phys. Opt. 22 (3) (2021) 123–127,
communication systems, communication and heat pulse propagation in http://dx.doi.org/10.3116/16091833/22/3/123/2021.
[10] Y. Yıldırım, A. Biswas, P. Guggilla, S. Khan, H.M. Alshehri, M.R. Belic, Op-
materials, the obtained solutions may be utilized to study an extensive
tical solitons in fibre Bragg gratings with third- and fourth-order dispersive
number of relevant physical phenomena. Furthermore, the Brownian reflectivities, Ukr. J. Phys. Opt. 22 (4) (2021) 239–254.
motion impacts on the exact solutions of SGNLSE (1) were shown using [11] Y. Yıldırım, A. Biswas, A. Dakova, P. Guggilla, S. Khan, H.M. Alshehri, M.R.
the MATLAB software. We established that Brownian motion stabilized Belic, Cubic–quartic optical solitons having quadratic–cubic nonlinearity by
the solutions at zero. sine–Gordon equation approach, Ukr. J. Phys. Opt. 22 (4) (2021) 255–269.
[12] E.M.E. Zayed, R.M.A. Shohib, M.E.M. Alngar, A. Biswas, Y. Yıldırım, A. Dakova,
H.M. Alshehri, M.R. Belic, Optical solitons in the Sasa–Satsuma model with
Acknowledgments multiplicative noise via Itô calculus, Ukr. J. Phys. Opt. 23 (1) (2022) 9–14,
http://dx.doi.org/10.3116/16091833/23/1/9/2022.
[13] A. Kukkar, S. Kumar, S. Malik, A. Biswas, Y. Yıldırım, S.P. Moshokoa, S. Khan,
Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researcher Support-
A.A. Alghamdi, Optical solitons for the concatenation model with Kudryashov’s
ing Project number (PNURSP2024R 273), Princess Nourah bint Abdul- approaches, Ukr.J.Phys.Opt. 24 (2023) 155–160, http://dx.doi.org/10.3116/
rahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 16091833/24/2/155/2023.
[14] N. Kadkhoda, Exact solutions of (3+ 1)-dimensional nonlinear evolution
equations, Casp. j. math. sci. 4 (2) (2015) 189–195.
Declaration of competing interest
[15] A.R. Adem, B. Muatjetjeja, Conservation laws and exact solutions for a 2D
zakharov–kuznetsov equation, Appl. Math. Lett. 48 (2015) 109–117.
The authors have declared no conflict of interest. [16] Y. Yıldırım, A. Biswas, S. Khan, M.F. Mahmood, H.M. Alshehri, Highly dispersive
optical soliton perturbation with Kudryashov’s sextic-power law of nonlinear
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