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Week5 Standardization

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20 views10 pages

Week5 Standardization

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lmt0161069
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PIA2012 - Social Research Methods

Measurement
Le Bao
Department of Public and International Affairs

2024-10-04

BAO, Le · PIA2012 · https://baole.io/ 1


Review: Normal Distribution

BAO, Le · PIA2012 · https://baole.io/ 2


Review: Central Limit Theorem
Central Limit Theorem: for a sufficiently large sample size, the distribution of
the sample means will be approximately normal, regardless of the
population’s distribution.
The CLT shows that the distribution of sample means will approximate a
normal distribution, even if the population data is skewed or non-
normal.
The CLT allows us to make statistical inferences from sample data even if not
all populations are normally distributed.

BAO, Le · PIA2012 · https://baole.io/ 3


Review: CLT Exercise
The heights from a population of 100 students: 172.3 151.6 161.8 175.1 161.6
155.4 179.2 178.6 158.3 168.1 167.1 157.6 164.3 153.4 145.7 174.3 163.5 150.9
173.5 175.9 166.9 165.4 184.0 176.9 187.3 189.4 158.1 157.1 189.7 180.0 160.9
177.4 185.1 171.9 175.6 157.5 170.4 149.4 160.8 164.7 170.8 172.9 165.4 175.3
161.4 161.9 189.2 183.1 151.1 164.0 184.9 174.7 153.5 170.7 184.3 164.6 151.4
169.1 168.3 170.8 167.9 173.0 159.2 169.2 182.7 155.4 149.2 176.7 171.2 168.4
173.8 172.2 155.6 176.5 186.6 187.7 174.6 190.0 172.8 178.4 172.7 169.8 161.6
171.1 167.9 155.1 173.0 156.3 160.7 181.8 169.5 179.0 166.5 174.2 177.5 161.2
173.4 168.1 154.7 171.4
Population mean: 169.1
Randomly select 10 students from the population of 100 and calculate the
average height. What would happen if you repeat the process 1000 times or
more?

BAO, Le · PIA2012 · https://baole.io/ 4


Standardization
Standardization is the process of converting raw scores into a common scale
(z scores), making it possible to compare variables with different scales.
E.g. A students test scores on three courses: 85 (avg. 80), 90 (avg. 85), 81
(avg. 88)

BAO, Le · PIA2012 · https://baole.io/ 5


z Score
A z score indicates how far a particular score is from the mean in terms of
standard deviations.

X−μ
z=
σ

X is the observed value


μ is the mean
σ is the standard deviation

BAO, Le · PIA2012 · https://baole.io/ 6


z Score
A student scores 85 on a biology test where the mean is 80 and the standard
deviation is 10. The z score is:

85 − 80
z= = 0.5
10

The same student scores 90 on a statistics test with a mean of 85 and a


standard deviation of 5.

90 − 85
z= =1
5

The student’s relative performance is better in statistics than in biology.


BAO, Le · PIA2012 · https://baole.io/ 7
Interpreting z Score
z scores tell us how large or small an individual score is relative to other
scores in the distribution.
If we know that one of my students got a z score of –1.5 on an exam, I would
know that student scored 1.5 standard deviations below the mean on that
exam. If another student had a z score of .29, I would know the student
scored .29 standard deviation units above the mean on the exam.

BAO, Le · PIA2012 · https://baole.io/ 8


Standard Normal Distribution
A z-score is a standard score that represents how many standard deviations
away from the mean a value is in a standard normal distribution where the
mean is 0 and the standard deviation is 1.

BAO, Le · PIA2012 · https://baole.io/ 9


Percentiles from z Scores
Normal distributions allow us to calculate percentiles from z scores.
z = 1.28 corresponds to the 90th percentile.
z = 1.645 corresponds to the 95th percentile.
z = 2.33 corresponds to the 99th percentile.
E.g. The same student scores 92 on a statistics test with a mean of 85 and a
standard deviation of 5.
91.5−85
5
= 1.3

BAO, Le · PIA2012 · https://baole.io/ 10

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