Vat = Recefveys _ | # Fanckions of Recetver ® Receiver Types: - @ Recefver Charactatreltes. | « Recetver Sections. © EM receivers. . Cempartsion ob AM and FM receivers _ Amplitude behing. Trformalion ts modulated amd -Lansmitled with the help eff | medulater and shansmifler. The -lansmitting antenna then races ‘he medulatid carter tn to the ate. The medulatéd carrer thus pepageed ts callectéal hy the receiving antinna and {x aren [the receiving section for farther preessing tr onder to ecceuie the - {ocaaing stynl) original informatier., l > Saltash, Reetoor! | Re pe requirement. af on communicahion receiver fs that it ghoul have the abittly fo selech We _desitecl «tana “from among number ct other signal present eed te previel auclfrcrent emplifrcatren te recover the medulating sqnal- Tierckr to provide this primary require ment, the recetver has +e perferm he Following srenctions ¢ A. Callect the eleclromagnelic waves tronmitted by the trantmt |g. Select the dertted signal end rejec all others - 8 Amplify the selectid meckilaticl carrier Stgnal ~ | a Deleck the medubeltng signal hem the meduleil ceunter stgnal 6. Aanpley the modulating sapal 40 ope the loud speaker.=F Kecetver Types 2 [ Typet of Radto receivers J There are two mara conltquraltens Ob the recetver: [Ets Nol” They ore + (A) Taned Radio Frequency (TRE) Receiver @) Soper Hetcredeine Recerver 4. Tined Radto Fequeney Ore teceiver : Tre fellowsing fequre shows the Heck diagram of TRE receier; ~ Ha: Bleckdragram of TRE receiver TH comth of teoo or three dage of RF amplters, dlekeclor , audio ampl-ter and porer amplifier. TR RFamplifier [Haga placed tbehween the anbina ard the deliclor are ud to irerease the ¢ of the | recetyecl aiqnal before dt fs appliect to the deliclor. These Re amplifiers ore tered to fret frequency ovel amplify the ‘desttecl hard of frequents. Therefore » they proviele ampliticalen~ ior selelid band of Arequencex ard tejeck the cher A qonged temmg fs provided tor seleching the Jarticular banal ob Frecpencits . The process ot selechon and amphfcation is eared cul i oo or “three + 8%, the tame band of Ptrequences will be amplified from one shage te another - | Tr eumplifiedd sqrel fs then demedulat using delice | to recover the woduloding stynal- “Whe recovered signal is camplif d, - 4 CEE E ELKAuster by the Gudio carprrney datlowed Pel Power amples which | provider suffrcent qn to operate a leudspecker : | Draishacs ; w. Tocking ot teanedd ctreatt : | Thorcer to select po Licetlar trecpenetes + the feniing cheuld be Imack with a varichle capacity Here, the eentng eireutl -s “ganged” beloeen number of slages % that hy all can he changed ctmultanecurly hen the teeing knob ts Vetatidl » Te have. pertect fuming, The capacitor values bebween the derges lmuet be exactly the same, but thy dees not happen here . The difterencs fn the capacttanas at each dage cause the resonant Frequency to dither trem ere age do ther Hy will cate addibion of hecuenciea sho the pass hand and thus tocreaser the pawhand : ©. Tastebalthy: Recaue ck uting a number of aumplitreatten thage, bighga is achveved at particular Trequeres Tix may som: dimes care leakages ancl becom ‘pestlive feedback at the spol dager, resalling tn oscillalrons These oscillatron: are unaveide at hgh Arequen cles (s) Variable Band width: Randwidth = oe -t Renna Galt ttn Tracler to attain emailer Remdoidth , @! should be very lenge sNewever, Cueto various losser, We'll net seb So large '@! value TT sill Fcvease The Bandwistth became ch Small @ Value aglection insead ck required leuger Value In ctherniarels, We Car sexy thak, the BW of the temed etreurl vaties ever Fhe Frequeeny lange vesting th peor selectvrty -d the vecetver.hg NAtenna aww Superheladyne recetver + 2. Seper Helerockyne Keceivers + ~ Yo sche the preblems ef TRE teatversy in super beleredyne : recetvert sffret all the fmcomi | er men ore comertid =~ fe a Ateedl lower trequencies called "Sitlermedtate frequency (IF). Ben ths fixed tlermedia: frequency & amplfed and — ~ detec +o reproduce dhe original medalating “fqnal Be Jollowing Fequre Ahowus the block dragrem of / AGC oe Bleck Atogram of super Hebtredyne Recetver 7 A Mier etreutt ts +0 tamale the RF steal: to Y IF xeqnal + by mare Abe Preoming RF sHnals with th =~ lecal oserlidior Arecpenuy aiqnal - ° A earqed Tuning arrangement ts uted +o une the 5 capacitances ch the teming circuit . 5 Te atqnal ot Intermedrati requenuy alo contain she L came medulaten at the original signal at Raclo Frequency. - ABs IF cenal ts ampiched by one or more IF anplitter y stages» “Then Abie highly axnplitred “IF stare is applied to dclecor circuits to vecever ‘he original modulating, Arqnal Etat, the output of the deeclor ts fed to cuctio and power omplttrers which provides sucfiictent ae" | Ho operate a SpeakerTe fatomatic Gain Covel (AGC) Circuit TS akear Fo [tem a constant cuttpat Vvellage level over a watde rare P RF tnpet “Qral levels. th derives d.c bias velhage fem ithe delectoy which is prepertonal to the ammphticle ct the receiveel stqnal. Wis dic bias velhage ts fedhack te dhe IF ar er ampltters te corel the qain of te tecetver. Asaresu it provides a combant cutpat velhage level ever a tide ren - ck RE Tnpub atqnal level. - The Aubomatic Frequenuy Combel (arc) circuit ts used to adjust and sabilee th Areqquencsy A the lecal cxctllter. _—>Retormance Ravameleg + - en Recetver Charactentttes + Re performance at thd rade receiver _can be meas fr terms of Following vecewver charactevishies + 4. Selectivity. ~ ze Sensthvthy - 3. Fideltty- A. Trage Frequent ond th rejection.» 5, Double patting. w- Selechvity a Seleckvity refers do the abiltky of & receiver to select @ siqrel A a’ dettred Frequency while ve fectin all other Frequencies. sdechivihy toa receiver cam he oblate by ustne - umecl trails. These are LC civcuill tuned te resonak aba ~ degived atqnal Frequency he @ ct Heer tamed Ctreatts determines the adectvity -ley factor, = AL = MEBCHVE Impectmer = Betty wR Rerichanee, 7 Aho, Bandwidth, BW: fr, Resonant -frequei 2 s qual La ‘As Bandwidth ot a tuned etreutt depends upon the Quality dador, tb became a meature of eelectiv 124 Nemecwer the Bw, better will be the selectivity . for ths Hg’ of Abe Juned civeul must be high - Tr tollewirg Fiqure shows the selectwity curve : EEE ELE r —Menuatton ie min. to allew parhalar Srequeate v ede) « lis ese woe & aacin uve of porate ety 6 BS Senecl creat Tr order -b have a A receivers he bandwidth should be ynatatathned Nartcwer, bag keepng brgh Quality facler . sclup tor measurement gt selectrvirty ‘ Experinnental Hy: Experimertal setup to measure the sdlectnvatey CELE EEE EEE EE EEE EERE ELE| The Hare. Shes the Canckad ew Lncas cement of selectivity - | “Be AM ctaqnal rom the AM cignal geneiafer ts lapplied 4o the x pr . receiver through a ckencharel ceupln actos j Krecon as the “Demmy antenna”. “The loudspeaker & repltedl he a lead vesishane [ef equal value ef venctene otterecl toy lee Speaker]. “The exttpat power Mean urect wAing pacer , meler. porimen kd Schep fen the By using dhe Arequency Coashel knob, archfust the AM gsqnal 4requenay to the recetver ene Frequency « ho get shandard reectver eutpect power [so mmf] « Macs eng the Arequency ch: the AM atqnal to etther side of the leceiver 4unecl Arequency . Te exttped- ponter cf receiver Naturally fall as the top Hrequency LAM 4requenay] & now incorrect - New adjust the AM velhage te qe a dandard receiver cutpub peer Faomw] 5 bey wating the Vellage contrel kneb of AM erqnal qeneratten «Repack for diterent AM Frequencies and everytime, note clewn ‘he AM voltage thd acljuited . Mate a pleb-by wim be *AM central voltage on Yooxte to dh, corresponding ‘ . wang 4o get the selectivity carve AM Arequencies on X-axiK 4y Nieactentae) 1 ve as shen below + . IM. dhe either ede of recetver +taned Frequency (tr) 5 there will be more cdenuation . The Bw cheald (BW = fa-F] he maintained Narreewer to oblatn belle selecttyrty - & Caleulat: edhenuatten by using 4M contre! volrage and ‘plot attenuation (tn alt) en Y-ots| @. Senstttvty t - Th senettivehy of a communtcation recetver refers to the 7 a’ of Me veceiver 4p peck up Weak signals anc amply | them. y | Hp a ctunclion of the vecetver qatn. ines the mere gain” \that a receiver has, te smaller the opal signal Recersany “ le produce desired extput power: : | Tre tollowing faqure thon the senstlivthy curve 2 ~ | | & « > 4 na ~ % ) a 5 Figt senalivily cute FC kta) y Experimental selop fer measurement of senetioty ‘ D eee ---4 4 cher wo Bg @ tree” Fea: Expertmental selup to measure the sensvtiv’ ane AM ciqnal wats fixed medulatren - eqqueney Brom She AM seqral generator & anplted to eevee y dhvough a dumm arkenna. New, aoljuct the vellage conal | knob obtain ehandard elp power (50 mw) on Power anchey hen plet the eersitivity carve as shown below? In practice, senatrvity test t Camed stv) ° out berfore sel ded Sencttivity - & olen es ot the vellage “ al must be applied te the receiver Ypterminal: . He give ja Stance, entpuk pewer measured att the Flute)By Waeity? | Aideltty refers fe th: abitthy of the receiver te vepteduce all the medulerting requenctes equally : We Hdelthy at the lower modulate trequencies Is determined! by the lew Araquency Vesporse et he ZFany amd -the tidelthy at the hegher mmedularkiog reqjueneres is determined by Hy heh frequency tespense of the eqn] "espe Tr amplther. Fidelity ts ditficalt te chhatin th AM teceive because eet Hideltty requires more Ranclwiclh of Tram resulting TH peor selectivity . The Fellewing Frqure chert: the Fitetitey Curve « 2 £ qt Fidel curve, Expertmental schup for reasutement of tidelity = Te telewing fque ahons the expertmental setup tor the measurement of idlelr ey: - a: Beperimentel selup to measure the fidelity .—__ Here the AM siqnal with a condant Vollage Ss qenratid from tbe AM etanal qenetatid and t6 fed to dhe receiver L via urn arkernes Imad of loud speaker 5 an L | equivalent teetstor tith the same reatctane Placed =» _ anol the cetput power fe Measured with th hetp of v | » Now, the re = en Reema: iy a attr, e enues o J The attenuation fh oulpert power ts f J todtcalid by Treqative siqn. L @9- Tage Requesy and i rejecteens : Consider the fer of the Auper Heleredene recetver » 2c gthoien below + ° sy keeles fey“ require tntermeactiali ey NE Fin fon ba = Satie Ray Fie to bste hati foti — foufertt A Unnecereary image frequency lecal | . ‘ | fq: Tnpat section of Super Hekredyne Receiver i escillator Th a seandard Broadeast recetver, the local osailtor | al tre u | frequency Uo) 5 made higher than {he stqnal quieney (Es) by oe arwount equal fo the tistermediale Frequency &). tes fo=Ps+fi'- - - . . When fe and fo are qiveo do a mixer, Th produces ue Aiqnal and difference Frequency stqnal he Aum Frequency q beds Fe ed ia tal, The Ariterernce Frequenes| , which fs one “4 CEE HE EEE EEE Lwhen the receiving antenna recelves a oi ool havutng ‘ ithe qnal Frequency Fst ( ferefe+2hid, th oe qfven to Hhe Typect eb miker- TR Mixer Picelrces the ditherence Frequer, ~ equal do YH? ancl J passed cane amptifeed fy the TF shages. ~ | Hlenees the term “for te called! dhe ® Tnege Fiequeney” ard “fe debineel! at" the 9 nel Frequency plus tewie the mlevmetio! frequen Unforkanalily, this tmage Frequency Atqnal te ake amplitted by dhe IF amplebers resulting ty “Tnlaterence” ~The couset the etqnak rom tee statren beting receivect ~ | simuttanceatley ard ik undesiiable and henee, tH ys to be rejected. , since Tre rejection ct an tmage Frequency by “4 lane eteutt fa the tate of Abe gam at Ts SN Frecpeney (ls) te the apts at the tage eqn (is Th ys agen Py > sg acta eee) . Whee, @ fe Quality factor ct tkmed civeutt - Fe av_ ts fs tsi ' Th the receiver has two semed crreuilz » then | Abe ve fectton ratio ot each -Famed cveurk will be Galeulatid hy the same formula and the Adtal rejection | tll be the preduck of “hee:)- Double spelling : = AL Megher heawercies due +o peor (front end) selectrurty 7 | of dhe receivers , the veceiver picks up the same statonihed)_ at tne nar by ointt « When the receiver is tuned actose fe stqnal appears te be at tio diHerent the handy “a Shona Prequenctes + Agatn , whee the receiver Je teed to 2XHimes - TF belew te dectred trequeney » ahe a. thong atgnal appears do be at eo ditterent trecpenctes - | The signal recewved will be naturally Weak, fut we because of the tmage + Th appears to be very strong {stqnal ard ako lecatd at too Frequencies tn te band AAs the Atgnal fe lecaled ab treo frequency spel ™ : the ctrequaney hana » diye ts known ax" Double epetlmg” Deuble spotting thould be reduced for the better . |perfermancs of the receiver - L H Recaver Sectons + “ Th general, the Racke recetvers are. broadly chausttted - fo +0 tteso Hepes Ve) Radke trememtlters - ¥ Wey are? 5 (). AM recefvers ’ |@ FM recefvers ; We have already dixeursed the 2 of GQ rece’ aan be ued 4or either AM or FM a“ reeehersth @) TRE Receiver a) Super Aicteredyne Receiver «the Fellevsing Fee shecos the Hleckeliang team of AM receive Ay [euper Meteredg ne AM recetver] : Ny “a peter eet UL / lead f Speater - Lod Sangead Taming ~ gs Blckdeaguam of AM Superheliredeme Reesiver - The AM superheberedyme Receiver contatne the telleatng - sections (Bleck) + ~ W. BE Amptetier B+ Miker (ed Frequency changer | convertar - 6). Lecal esdillater . @. FF -Ammpletrer ®) Age ~ ey Age eke, ~ D Rede Requeny (8p Aupither « : Te RF axvopletier ts a tenable ctreutt used te seleck Abe wanted ~Frecqueney and vefects the unwarlid Frecqtenctes Ahere by Tmpiewing Abe sqnal to Note tatto. Ib provicles intial gain and selectivity - Tre RF amplther ye om seme Civeditt 4ocllowed by en Arn plifrer. Hs usualy a ston ple Closs-A eweutk. TE can be Inypementedt mz lays - o gipclar cheat: : (FET Céreutl -Te Following Fequre shows ~ Bipolar etrcutt of Re amplifier : - n m Leu EEL Eq: Bipdlar Greatt of RF amplrter | Te Values of teetstors Ry and Ra th th Bipole cicutl: ~ late odjuctecl auch that ‘the amplifrer works a4 claseA bamplifrer. The antema te Comecléd threagh coupling | capacitor (cc) to We base of she shonsistor . Te collector ts La with a parellel resonant cfreutt 46 provide total selectivity «Te BIT amplifier the aiqnal Picked up the antenna and tk provider the tnthalaata: ty y Inthialgato. Te Follaoing Frqure shows the FET Ciscuil of *\op \E et rr RE ampli ert ter Sl | CEEHE EE EE EE ECE EE ELE1 Be FET cHansistor Provides high Type Tenpectemee . this minimizes the load on Aceningy ctreedte , there ‘by perentttin i higher & and sharper selectivthy . Ws ts more cthromnt cand etfective than the Teansicler (Rtn) ctreait . \ Functions / Advantages & RE Ampleber 2 4. a provieles greater gam ben better senithivey 4 | t : 2. Tmproves image — Frequency ejection, | xb Yenpreves signal te neise ratio . i. Th tmproves rejection of ad jercent unwantiel Atenas , providing better selectivity . ls. Tt provides better couqting ct the receiver to te anknna ‘co. th prevents the tnterering reayuencter trom entering Abe wixer a. tt preverth reeradtabion of the local oscrllerber threugh th: ertinna of the reaver - { @. Muer to Hequensy Changer | Convertexcs aR Mixer te ee non-linear resistance having tee sch ob | tapel Lerminals anel enc set cb output devininal. Te “hee input are the medulatid ciqnal anel the carrier trom the local oscillate ke oukput confains artterence. belzocen the ¥p Brequenctes » a one ch the bypreduch - This clitference recgrenay 15 cealledl Tkermediate Freqprency and th cxtpat ctreettt of dhe mixer fs i Auned for the tnlermediati Frequent (te). Were are tteo types of Mixers They are + lq: Separatly exetted| mixer ®. Sel excthed mixer.The following Fqure shows the block of mixer Cacuit tn dhe recefier + Ne Ue) RF fopuk Ma +Vo (Fi = fo~fs) fm = qmVs IF adult fq: Mixer ctreutk Te ‘opus do the mker are sqral voltage having a meq ot Vg and Frequency “£5 are siqnal from | Neca oscillator having a magnitide of SVS aba ‘Frequency ft fe. Te outpal- ts a current component et Frequency “#2 which willl be hauihg magnttide ppropettional tow. A concent of proportional eam be defined ax “conversion banscomluctance” given by ». Mixing cecurs when the. shianscenduckeine. of the mikex cheat f couse to vary with the local’ oscillator vollage . “Ferefore, the output current & a demetron of the product of Ve and Ve - | Separately Exctted Mixer @ hk Following Fave shows the separately exctlad mtr ustoq FET! - Mere, one devite ack ar a mer wilyile the othe r supplies the necestare| cactllattons. The BT (Te) form Ue “Horttey cuatllater Chui” at Csctllakee with local Frequency (f). Where, Trp ts magia of the olp currental re Ne Vets magnitade of the tp gnald CECE EEE EEE EEL CEE ERE woeos t+ --- ~~... Senged Tantng SSL HA Separatly exetid FET Mitac "E> ~~ 8 FET(™) Jk @ mixer, Whese gee ts fed with the out pat col lecat esettletor and th bias fe adjusted auch thot tt cperales em a Menclincar porren of th chatrckirste. The leeal cxcillaler Vettes th: aa bias of dhe FET de vary it tramconduckane th a nealincar manner resulling TF at the apo Whe output ge fetken Hhreugh double tuned. chanrfermer th the - Aran cd the wiker and ted to the IF amplrer . - Rr G tenting Capactor albus stmuttanecus tent ck Mixer and lexal oscillator. Fer Fine, adlfushment , - emall htwnrer capeciters Con) ate Suse) lacress the tuning capacitors - self exctled Mier s exetled mixer , mtxer and lecal esctlletor Where as, th self excited ard lecal osctlledor ave ™ separa lave preant fn Separalt cireatla artes» the ckenetton of the Mixer combined to one circuit. The Followsteg quite. shous self exettéel mixer using 8TT The cfreatt oscillates and the transconduckance of the dremetalor te Vartech ty a nonlinear manner at the leeal eactlltkes jrate . Ths variable transconductane (qm) fs usecl bay be teams tte to amplefy the tnceming RF Signal-Rp + Vec “Les Sarge Teens Hq: Selt Exctltd Mixer. (). Lecal oscillator + is ae M+ For such cperarhing limtt local osctllertens such as Arinshong » Hartley, Colpttts , clapp of ultra audion aie used. “The Colpttts , Clapp ard utha-aucdion oicilletas are Used ab the top h Abe cperating Int, wheteas the, Hentley oscillabor ts Uad or Arequeretes belery 120 Milx. “All these oxctllators are LC oscillators and each employs ove teined ctreuit to fed wcll ne te acts 7 treat are used. Me krawthat, for mectem wave hand, the signal Frequency ranges rom syo kike to wsokia and IF ts math) ass kia we Arequeney range of local oscillator : (Syo+4s5) to( wt455) Maxchea, . 2105 _ mut Min. req, TAS Suppose , the leral oscillator ts designed to he below seqnal Frequent then, the trequeney range o& Local oscillator : (Syo-yss) te U6S0-Ye5) ma PEnse| RANG Sskte to as ki Th Short wave breadeasking + the eperatin lnmit for receivers ~ & v & &K & saskia bo 2105 kis vMax Meq 95 2 aia, Mta-treg © 8s ~ |The Normal teanable capacitor hat a capacitance rake - ot approximately lor qivteg a Frequency veeio of 31621. Alene» 2-31 ratko is Well with ty dhe remge + whereas, Moe Frequency rahe Mt cant be cbhamd usrng practical -hable capacitors That ts why, the Necal oscillator Arequene fs always made bicey_ than the seynal requeney tn receivers - t et : + The Tracking dittrealties can be elimenatid by keepine ~ he local oxcillaber (Fe) te signal (era) srequency rahe consleml ~ | When forks, : al the bettom ct the broad calbedte = QE = 1-84 qo at the dep of the broadecatt bands fo 2 2105 | AB” 650 . when fo 4s « This ts aleo one mor reason for, the local eacillater = 128. Frequency Ts always made higher than the siqnal Frecquers tM beceivers + Beaters tp choose dozts + TS make men. fe mtn: freq, ratto of lecal osetllater to he bith ty - | the Same tange of theq, rahe ct practical tenable capacitors we) TB keep local oscillator to stqnel Frequency ratio conttmt such that tb eliminates Aretking drtrculbies.8. Temnedote tequenay UE) tment + - IF ampletirs are tunable voltage amplifrers « th -fmckon . is +o amplrty only tuned Arequerey «nal ard to tepeck - lall olber re giqnals . Mosk of dhe receiver qm rovided at the tr amplrfcalton stage. 40,40 eblatn required qate usually hao cr more thages of Tramplifiers - are used. S We. eee hae? chows the a shage IF eamphfir:- fe al en 4 wK i : FTA o | hac ta +Vee | Big: Too shage tr Ampirtrey - - | Re tes daga of TF ampltrer ate tranthermer coupled 7 and all TF Tanstormeg (tet) ate sfngle timed fen temed 2 for single Areqieney : 4 Chotce of Inlermedial “frequen , Whtle cheostng the tnbitmediat Frequency » thes mmeessary to comidey Aollowing factors : 4 | ’ La. Very high Te will result tm selectivity awd poor 5 | wr channel rejechion - per 5 feed value of IF Increases the -hacking diffreulles 4 (se He lew values of TF 4 tmage Arequeney) rejection fs fer. Lb\* At Meany tern veer Cr IR, Sekctvity is tee stony |= AL Very lew IF, She hrequensy slabilly of tbe lecerl oscil wast be Comesporcingly high because any Arecjcency cherft % now a luger proportion ot the low tF than of a | high IF- le. Te TE must not tall fm the teens range ot the receiver (thers ttabilthy will eccur and helaredyne whesths fill he beard, making tt possible te tome tothe Frecprencs | bom tomed rately adiocnt +. IF | With the ahove Conetderations, the standard breackea AM receivers Leming syokWa 4e lesokwe2] use an TF wih wm the 438 kia to 467 kita. The ass kia IF 7% isnot comment used . |B. Oelectors Lame Deleclor Hock comstabi oh demodulator ctrcuts whet ‘depends oD Abe type of medulatton sects | Ke wedulatid carrier siqnal otter passing Abreugh RF and TF amplifier stages . qa aucttrcrent-velterqe ev necessary tor demedulaton Ti demedalatien ctieuthh than ranshorme the medulek, caer in to th modulating Blanal. “We detector, thus “yecovers the ortarinal wwessoge argnal trem the medulatial | qauer signal. Tw AGC. Medalated . IF sqral - Medulat nqatgnal To NEC Tako suppitet” wehererce stqnale te Age cme AFC Circuit©). Aulomalre Gam Contral (ngc’) : which the overall yin ct a Radio recetver te Vatted automealeally wilh the variatrons tn the lrenath of the tecetver stqpal to maintoto the cutput constard Age cireatt dertves the die bras Voltage Fromm the ol put ot the clelechor. ab apflice thes derived de brax volkage toa ieelecteel nember of RF, TE and Mixer sages to conbel det fos « i When the average si mal level trereares , the AGC bras voltage increase and aem of the conholled shages 4€5 RE, IF and onitxer sacyes decreases and viceversa . When there fs no siqnal » there fs a mintmum fee bias and the armplifrers Produce Maximum gatn Tete are coo types of nee Creent They ate? ()- Stmple Age Re Delayed hac. Stops acs Te tollewing Agqure shows the Sinope Age civeutl : Vee Vee. igi Stimple hee Cheeatl- The automedte gat combol (Age) fs a system ‘hy means of . v LK v CECE CEE EEE EEE EERE EEE EE OLEAn Simple AGC Neceivers 4 the bias staafk to tncrease cs Acoma the | veceieet signal Nevel exceed the backg wound noise level «As a reset! Neceiver ain stark falling down , reducing the. senathivity ct the Vectiver . | Rew, de bias fs produced by Half_Wave rectifier amd AM delete [15 used fo cotbel the got of RF or TF amplifiers. Refore application of this voltage to th base of the RE) IF stage amplifier, dhe oudio x fs removed by LPF. Be recovered afgnal ifs then passed Abrough the Capacitor (ee) fo wemove the dic The [reastting OC Signal ts further amplified and then applied to th lewd speaker. . | Deboyed aac : Te Fellow Figure shows the delayed AGC Creutt : | “We Nee Diode delector Reet Se louclspes RE \ Low-pase tiller Py avec. spredhold Adjustment | Higz Delayed Age Circuit, | In ctimple Age creas the unmaralil Weak (nei) signals are amplified with Web em: Yo avoid this, in delarecl AGC Checalr, Age ies is net aaphed te ampltters antilBiqnal sheng{h reaches & predelermined level - Here, Age cutpat tS applied te the difference amplter. Th aves negative dic uhen Age culput qenratid ly diode delecter ® ctheve certain dic twecheld velkage, whith can be achjustec| byt ackusting the velloge ot the qosttive Jp of the ep-amp:We Aollowing Figure thon the response of the teceiver watt Simple Age er) Delacyed Age Compared to the tecponte welbeub Age : Recehedl axtput veltage Theoming sigral trerath By Response of receiver with and with cut Age Clreatté . A Decknpharts Circult Co LPF # To reproduce dhe sqral ot the readivey al tk normal level, Ja De-emphasts cfreutt fs used at “the recener . ° Wig a ciple Re citcuil having respome Curve as shown below + . i. Gein led? . : ; T 7 Ve TS ae £ E (Begs de-Emphauis ctreuik Hig: Frequenay Response curve The signal been the cut-off trequenay are allowed 4o pow but the seals above eed-olt Frequency, Ue) are attenuated. Vee pre-emphasis efreutt ad th trammitter #s exactly otteck by dhe de-emthasis ctreutt at the receiver , quing a. normal Trequeney retponse « CECE EEE EE EEE & [OO CEE LE ATE ING OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION.Jn adarnan “Fo We apeve secHeMS , MeN ale ‘HUAKo amplctier and pewer avoplter secliont fin the recetver, for -hecther aroptiticetion ck the Wedalecting Atqnal auch thot it can be qiven to the Veudl speaker . - > Todking? - Tn Super beter receiver, there are matohy 3 sfeuned civeeiits ¢ \ RE Tamed circuit. 2. Mixer TEmedl Chreuth. x. lecal cxillatoy teed etveutt - All these circuits have to he toned correctly with out any eters Fer this , gonged seaning fs employed » Which aedhantcally couple all the daned cireutlt , 40 that only ome Aeming conbel / aed ts required . Any error Abed exicle tn the ney dittererce wil) reatl tm an trrorrect Trequeney beta fed +e the TF ample r The precess a Teaning cweatk to gt the destrea| output ts called “Tracking and the errors which led to. tnoorrect encie, ar known at “* Tracking Enors” ave these mush be a sta to ayetd aching Bors? GB averted tracking errors Ww Avoid the usage et chandard Capacitors « (2) Use the Gang Capaciters with tdlentical sechoms . @) Fer odasting the capacitane: dt the local oscillators » & iffetert value of inductance amd spectal echa capacthors called -yimmets and posters ewe used .Teaching Methacls « There ate three commen methods used for Teacking . Trey ares )- Padder Tracking - @) Trimmer TWackrog @ Tree -peint Tacktng - W: Tedder Tracking : Re tollowtng Fequre thows the connection for poder racking ty a tuned etreutt : a The connectton of oad ctreat for podaler-trackg Th padder thackma, the oscillator tenes below the Frequerey tt should th ™mIdbane « g, the Tnkrmedrat Frequenuy (fF) creatid ts higher than | tk chou he and postlive enor Is cteatrd as shown belo: to Reto Error at Teo potnhi ot CECE EE EE EE EEE ELS SEE E EEO EEE E CELL AR TECHNICAL FDIICATION.(2) + Tetmmer Leacktog + ee Tre Acllowsing Faqere drewe the comredion ef tend ceveeth for “Times Teacktng « Th “Winer ttecking, the esctllar feenes ahove th. Arequeneay th choad be fo midband - so, the Iclermedialt Arequency crealtéd #s less thon tt should he and a regative enor fs creakd as drown belews + Bq: Tracking Error th Trimmer Tracking Ss Tree pont Tracking : Fe fellecwting Figure chows the coancction of tened efreitt fer Tree perk Arackeng : Hiqs Connection of tuned efreutt for Tiree potat rocking| The Three point ‘hacking Creeut sa combination ctreutl of both padder and +tmmer Aracking cireutte - Tk conbe adlutil te give Xet0 over at three pomni: jection the fend, ab vardhend' ak ab We ently ax cheeen below 3 + Zeto- Ener at Tree potnls vg Biqt Wacking enor th Three port Tracking Frecedure to at Values of Copacttor requtted fy above freurk : ep? Caleulati Minimum ancl Martine ‘hequenctes and Cxcillator capacitance talto uty * Ge)anta = Ge) aig + TF Ue)men = Cemex + TF (Calmax - [fee fr (omen — CaS anre slep-@): Cakeulalt Sqnel Capecthores ratio usirgp (Cx)imox _ |= 2 Correa or ctep-@): Calculat: the exctllator tuning capacitance using, Co = Cs tm Serfes with Cp = ost 4p | step-@: Calealati Paddler capacitemer (Cp) uring , | G]dmax _ (Cedmex tn series with Cp _ deux [ (COmint gl (3 men Cdmtn tn settles with &p . (Cate [Dear] SOE EE EE EE EEE EEE EEE E EEE EEE EEE EES KELL 4step -@? Calculak the cscillater Cou wae (Loy usrry> i en ee Le = ExtSempeen 1ST fener] un Te abwe precede jp used tor calculating Abe capacitances required tm padder Tracking cfreutts . * Fo, calealating Capactanees tm Wimmer Tracking » TWh precede fs dame except dep-s- Tr dpa. Co =Cs im parallel with cr = CstCr * For, calculating capacitances in Three pert Tracking ; wo equations fy terms of Cp amd Cr mut be set up - ©) Find the value ob padder capacttor ond osiilleilor tnduder to ave fodder tracking for the receiver having eminay tonge ~ ok atqnak trom 4eo Ha to Nesp kita and uxs an IF of 455K ~ Pegume Ahat the valoe & Calmax i equal 40 200 pr Ako And he error ‘tn asiilletor tacking Frecueney tor a signal Frequensy ch AMHR: Given, Usdin = 4cokll> (eden = 20 pF Cmax = tesokna “aa sepa): tr 0 sass kip Codantn = 4ook+4ssk = esskt2 | Uadmax = tesck+ assk = 2105 kd (Comex _ (855 172 _ (2105 (Eamin *(322] . Ge = G06 epee (Cadmax _ (1GS0% _ yg (Esinin +00 = SPF lie 1 edmm © (es)min = UHCS pFshep- + > ’ (comax _ €xdmax| (Codwin+ cpl J (Co etn (Cad arin { (Cs) max +Cp] 4 | G06 = 3c0pF Linessep) - 1 (4.65pF [ S004 Cp] ~ > Cp = 38.49 pF - sep-u 2 | Co= CsCp : | es4cp 4 (Coymax = (Cs)max*P _ B00% 13849 _ 2 | (Eadmex + Sp Roos aeaq TST PF Y | Cdmm = Eade ech des xiseda | SD . : Caminecp 14.65 + 138.94 t 4 | a , | = 365phH 7 “sane” fexsiyxessxios]? x ayer xi® Y J Newo,tind the Tacking Error, os follows 4 AL AMM 2 & loooktz , Gedmid = leootyss = WSs kas. ~ (Codmid = (Cmax HBA. ys PF - @gmax]> [205 42 4 | (ea) (isas ras] 7 | \ L Achual ae de (a'med = ar Juco 7 oe 4 2X BAYH) 366: = Iasesca.g ko [Pat Ake desired vetue , Po)mid = ss kite | 4 1 Wacking ettor, Tay =Colinid + Go)anid =A236as 24 155 = +218-64 hur Gve tadeeng ener, since paddler tracking ) 5Noles In Aheece previems » Caretta we TWaccig Ener oy wang either, Ten = Gedmtd - Gdtmd fr] Ten = fetnrd~ felme such that, Ten ts postive thor podder Mracking and vigotive da Tirnmer Tracking : ( > ~Mdjecert Chore Seledaviey * Every Elechronic tgnal used th communication has a -tiette Randiidth «When a camer tS medulaked by the trtor mation signal Siclehond are Preduceal Tre reauthing signal occupies a Cerlatn ameunt cf space tr the RF Spectrum. The space cccerpteel fay eteynal rth RE sebum ts Galle "Shona! dis . enka “a ” communication, signals and comespendiog channel increase, More, : end mow cf the RF Spectrum space sSusedl up . “As the need _ for elecronte commumicction has inereagedls Ihe number of Radio _ communication chatrons has thereased and dhe RE Spectrum has heceeme. extremly crowded , resulhing channek closer to eachdhe- As the channels ate very close 40 each cther wih a very nano aps thas becam: more dittrculk forthe recetver to sepals siqinals eceurpying the adjacent channels witth cut infer ference behucen them. auch a chataclridic of the receiver ts called “Adracert channel selectivites” The felewmg Aqure throws the Ideal TF Barrel pase Charackeristtes + : — depend ae SE estan —- Bond ‘ Ct aft i bh 4 — Hiqe Teal IF Panel pass Choradarcaltes -s\n Ideal TF Bare pas hat a flat Aopped response witht she bandwtdth certirecl on the chamel frequenay 43 | and tdeally commplele rejection oulstde the Randwtlth ieduding. dhe adjacent channel oe. But prackeally such an ideal 4 lerr’s are unavailable. > Thorder to improve the prachcal Band pase characterishcg ” Like luned circuit, can be cascaded. Te Bandpass resporwe ot cascaded Angle temed create ts shean below + ‘t Whe res becomes Narrcwer wath the freteare of (N’ be, Net nod temeal etrcertts N=2 cascaded. CECE EE EE EER | ti > $ | Ha: Bord pass response ob dhe cascaded Stele tured ateur Rub, the above method to fropreve che _respome aA Bandpass sudters trom Amplitude and Phase distortions . > ‘Stagger tuned technrque fe another method te impreve Ahe Bandpass Fekporwe drasttaally - qnes beller flak and pide hard reeponte. th conhast with very harp, rejechve land Narowhand reeporge of the catcated tuned efrearl- The Ganclpass respome ad dlagqgered tuned ctreurts ts chown below + L [ix conlsred reapore \ 4 UW tigh ripples) CEEEE EE EEE EEE EERE —Ft : #! 4, i" Hq? Band pass responce of the thagger tuned Cfreuit:Here, the Hirt tuned eieuthy arehined to a hequieney | slightly lower than exact Centre recency Cees £'< 41) whik dhe lak tuned cticetls ate temed to a Areqprencay ceghtly highe than exact cenbre Areqqieney, Cire, f">t1) and dhe Mickle dumed crreat are kept at exact cembe tre tieney Chery #4) Tre Fiqure hetore dows the individual respomes cf frst, miclle and lact tamed cercurte aborq with th: overall Yeaponse . sat, the res ot the above method fe nb completely Atak and th contains several peaks which forms the vipples Hh we had +o smecth tha: repples 5 moe ened ctrcutte with heir peaks stuned closer Feqether are acted > T aves coupled double timed cireett ako improves Abe Fespomse ct the shagqger turd etrccah as checon belo: Vo | , Messer vippks) condsing’ response Double tenes) resporse. £ Ea Bard pass response oF over coupled double tuned erreurs -— EM Becetyer Secteens : The following figure chows the Hock dragram ot FM tecetver + ey Block dragram cot EM Receiver Guperhelttedyne) Th FM recefver costs: of the Adllowing blocks | eeclions : a). RF ampliter Ie) Mixer G) TE Ampeter 4) Linnttey- (S) Drecrimtnadtoy, \e Be-emphasts | @) Auctio amplifier @® Audio power amplitter lay Lecal Oxctllabor ete. lw. RE Amnplitier + gine, FM signal has a larger bandutdth » th ts do erceurter more noise - Hence , to reduce the Noise fiquie af the vecever, om RE annplttier cheqe ts used. The RF ampirfrer chage matches She antenna to the tecetver . irkely| To avwid neuhaltzction , Qyreunded-Base Gr) Grounded: |cneutts are expleyed for Mnrs tage - Ret these erveutts have Hew tnpak Ymnpeclance » suttable tor matching with antnna |impeclanes and nether circu requires neutraliz, oN. Te ‘ellewing Frqure sheees the Greanclecl -qok Fer | RE amplitiey 2 S Hq: Greunded-qate FET RF amplctrer since , the gee teemtnal is qanded 5 the toput and exttput | aides ae teclaked fer RF porpeses « Tere 6 ro posatbaley ck teedhack and shereby rostaslitey in epatction Terefore, ‘Yhe cireutt does nek vecyire ntuhclizeton. Tre low in put tenpeclar vot dk. FET amplttrey Law bev eanily matched te antenna treagh a stole secondare damed ~ RE transformer. Beth the _ inpet ard output fark efreuth are temd 40 canrier recpience i. Mixer stage and Leal Oscillator + | with the bep of lccal oscillator, this shage deeneomverls ite arcoming aairfer requeny to TF which fg 10.7 Milz for FM recetver The lecal oscillator ts usually the cleyp cacillate , suibable tov vir eperedion « Mainbetintng a contlant difference ‘\sehescen the carrer Frecqueney| amd lecal oscillator thequency ts met a preblem in FM receiver unlike in an AM tecetver-Compareel fo NM receiver, semtng tal canter requenetes or FEM tecetver te amall, from aa Mila to 10g MX fey about fast. Thus, the tracking is Comparitively cosy tH FM receiver nge of mocethiing Since, FETS are lew notsy than BITs, RF ampiter deage and mixer elage uses FETs wrth Local oxctllator Lonetracledl with BIT - Fe Mixer stage uses a chine circatt ar th load. The ctreeit: ts tuned to THtermdrale trequency of 10.7 Mae land hence celede the drttetence between facoming camer Precuercty and lecalky generalid cactllator Prequenuy . pers aera qe ws Ze Armpleier age + Most of the qe" of the receiver developed w the Te amplifier thage. Tre IF and Bandwidth requtrementt are normally much + than en AM reeetver . Fe typtcal values for an FM. tecetver operating tm FM band Prom @¢ Mia 40108 M2 ate 104 Mia for TF and |acoktia for Bw - | Generally, coo TF eampirtier dtarzes are employed. However, While deerqning hese sages , Alsrtn kage of Rardividlh due te cascading mast be taken ty accoud. He TF amplter slage use a dened crew ar th lead. “fe cfreutt © dund 4o Inimediak Arequuancy . Cok CELE EE EEE EEE EE EEE EE EEE EHH ‘Frequency Moedulelion ts developed te provide a commentcche austem which is lees Norse~ censthve then the AM systeon The Mast of the note accompanying the deatred atqnal fs present on the amplrticle of dhe stgmal Thus, coruses ampltlucte varahon due to notse - TH tte tafermation to contatned ta the Arequenesy vartertrons of the stqrals dhen the atnplrluce variations can be temavecl with eut loss ad Mn Toformertion cenit of the desired signal - We Amplttuce Lamtler shage Temeves alll the amolicle vaviations of the signals” “Whe tdlowing iqure -ehows the “Amplitude Netter evrceat + figs Amplttade Limiter Fentheughs the foput signal amplitucte may he Vaan « the j cuttpul ob the ttle stage has a conthant amplitude Atgqnetl . i easterly » the Nimtley ts a clipper circu which ckps otf | Mhe undested amplitude variations of the input sqnal We Topal stgnal povides Abe bres for the FET CircuitTre Negative bias fnetecses cu the trput thetecses and here, Tk lowers the gam of th amplifter fox gh amplitude ot the Topat srqnal anel ook pat veltage | remains constant - The baste functton of the Irmrley cs tat topping [ Squewving oH] the “ee and lower extremiter of- dh eeqnal Ths t& Waushaled th the following, rquie + fo No limiting limihing Hege Ampittade lfnitter Talneler ehorackerettcs Eventhough Ae @ nal qe distorted! » wt aloes net make much dtference th FM eiqnal, at the Thformation ts combind itn frequency variations ancl net fn amplttude Nerfettions - |The Limiter resporee charactrrches te shown below + Vout qt Fe Response charackertetics of a Itmrtir. ee’ & CEEE EE EEE EEE EE EEE EEE EEE EH EETE we chsevwe the Wniter response charac ti iste , 1 Vout ¥% peeper ema to Vin at the port @ + Amplitacke lmithing steak at ®, which ts known as “TBrechold of brenthiney’ (cd "lewer pers of \renthing” e Ampitucde Venting ends at ©, which te known ar” Upper end & leentting”. Fem poiok @ to pomt ® . cutpat voltage ts ideally con stant eventhough Tope vellage contains variations . Werelore, the practical lrmitiy wil) be fed ninth an anput vellage which lres nernallly tn the middle of the | | lereiting range ie @©. (). Automatic Gata Combrol Cage) and Deable \gpoaking : Generally » te trpat voltage shat ts te be teal to he lentter eheuld bef She midle “of the Nrmthing range . the Tapa veltage sfqnal arn plites may Buk » pradktcally ’ oge. Asa result .cherlher leennting Wwe cxcbstdle the Lrniting Ro becomes Tece stare Tits can te acedmplrshecd witth abe ube j of " Deubsle litter” comtstt of -keo -Aonpttbace \amttrrs th Cascacle - Amaltanctive reehed fe to wie Automerke Gate comb @ac) ctreut az he aecone Weiter - Be MC tedaces the higher atgnal ahrenglls ob Truk atanal and fhereases fhe lower ctgnal atvengibs At topat srqnal such that the cxtpact oh age ill be wilbm athe Nimtbing range the bwittty and then qver to the Amped Witter tor galing oolpuk With content omplict. “We use GF Double Vantin medhed ake [revenki the overlaacing ot Mh lat TF amplifier chage «Th addition to these Gecltons, the FM receiver ~ lakocenbatns the blocks of De-emphare circuits Audlto ond power ompitier, which will have the sane Femctionalityy ae thet ct AM receiver - wb => Comparision of AM ancl EM realven 5 : A.M reeeiver EM reciver 4 4.i fs hasteally a 4. 1 & ako a superbekvodyel — superbelirod ne receiver tecetver- 5 2» Uses steely BW 2. Uses Narger BW o 2 operales fr LE and MF 3. Operatis tn VHEA “ 4. Limtler ts not required! 4. Limiter ts essentially rerpane. Detection of AM te |. Demadulatag Tecbriquie |” drHerent trom that of FM. | ch FM ane clfterent thom | 7 thal of AM & ve Either aimple or Delayed 6. Urer AGC tov Deedee limelse- . Gc. 4 q. Lesser Notse dae to smaller 4. More Nets. compared to : Bandwelth . AM (eceiver due to larger BW}. 7 ig. possthitthy of tveteedhack |@- Thre fg no pessbtlity of | ~ Couring totality : feedback sand here it Je 5 stale . a. The thandard AM hand uret | q, Th dandard &M bend . he Arequentier from syo kya | Wes ty the vange trom 8@ MIF 4o 1660-42 to log Mita ¥ to. TF i 45s kuna (ha tor TE yg tot M2 tor akeve | shondard values. “ W. Maintaining fo~fs =condent |i. Marntatining fow fx =corttart as Atticult ts not a quchlem here. . ta. Both RFT amplifters way Ue }i2, Uses FET'S whith are BITE crasing | Nowe. cemparitively less Noisy °® Calectlate the value of reststance of the coll that must be lrecluced +0 qt so kite BW utha Aumed efrentt having | ja isp cot with a vestekance of os Je Connecti thr | rallel with 64-6 pF Vartable capadtor Ako, Coleulab the [aw ot the dened cet a Given, L= 1st R- = 252 | Cr Ste pr Resoweent hequenuy ad tc tuned ctreuit, = ane | \ Rx Sy x ISITE xt - 3 4-= 5MHe2. - q- Se antyL _ axaiyx éxyex Axi een RO RU”CORY ~ pw dr - 5X08 - 265252 We . gq (8.85 < Te qet, BW = SokHZ, q of semed) circu muct be eae #K10%* < 100 BW” HBxw Resichanc ek cet p= Bu gq = agate - = . - = De sany xf xox exe 2 Sod - Re 4s = Reduction tr rericstance, R- RE = 25-44) ~ = 20,24 N— The 25% reststane , dheuld be reduced by 20:29 value te qe sollte Randuscth with th aiven Aamecl ctveurt «@) Tha Breadeaut Superhebtrod ame vecefver having no RF amplttrer , the loaded @ of the arbona coupling creer Fraquencry ts yss kta: Calealab + G) The fmage Trequenuy and rejectton ratio ak 4AMH2 Sole Given, @=80 Te dss kaa = 47 > Given, 45 = tooo ke Rejectton velio » K=firg?t? —ay = 4st_ts = JAlo _ love ts fs; 'e00 Ilo | Subctlatr Qin, ade 1+ @oP Ursecy = 0.88 ™ Given, 4s = so,cco kHa-= soMil> = 1.386 >) | Ast = so,cco + 2( 45s) - Bo, a0 kW2 = soa mya. P—speret ss. 'ae so sal ‘ . Rejection Yertio» & = Viger? = Ve Go)* (e038)? = S.044 | Nores TH the vecetver jg having RE amplifier, Aber ik requency % daken arf" and Led, Timage trequency, tore Soy ak Rejectron taho, we Vig Where, fe As te tsi Ai = TF frequen R= Qualtky factor. Cat the trput to the mixer) i go. Th the Tiltrmeckak | GO The, Image Arequenuy and tt vefecteon tealfo at so Map : | Frage Srequencsy, tat = $54 241 = 10004 2tyssd =ttiokwe _ wb eeu EEE EOE EEE CELL