SIR C.R.

REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

ELURU – 534 007

ANALOG COMMUNICATION (AC)

LABORATORY MANUAL

III / IV B.E. (ECE) : II - SEMESTER

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING
SIR C.R.REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
ELURU-534007
Dept. of ECE
Dt:20.12.2014

ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS (PRESCRIBED)

1. AM Modulation and Demodulation

2. Frequency Modulation and Demodulation
3. Radio Frequency Amplifier
4. Active Band Pass Filter
5. Active Low Pass Filter
6. Active High Pass Filter
7. Harmonic Generator
8. Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis
9. Phase Locked Loop
10. IF Amplifier
11. Balanced Modulator
12. Constant K-Type LPF and HPF
13. Symmetric and Asymmetric π – Type attenuator
14. Constant K-Type Band Pass Filter
 1. AMPLITUDE MODULATION & DEMODULATION

AIM: To generate the amplitude modulated waveform with modulation indices, and
demodulate the same.

APPARATUS:
1. Signal generator
2. CRO
3. AM trainer kit

CIRCUIT :

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in the circuit diagram

2. Set the carrier frequency to 100 KHz and amplitude of 20V p-p.
3. Apply the 1 KHz of modulating signal of 2V p-p.
4. Vary the carrier signal frequency and observe the output waveform from CRO.
5. Calculate the maximum and minimum points of modulated wave under CRO
and calculate the depth of modulation
V  Vmin
m  max
Vmax  Vmin
 Vm
6. Compare the theoretical value given by m  where Vm is the modulating signal
Vc
amplitude and Vc is the carrier signal amplitude.
7. Repeat the above procedure for 60%, 80% and 100% modulation index.
8. Apply the output of modulator to the input of the demodulator circuit.
9. Observe the output of modulator to the input of the demodulator circuit from
CRO.
10. Compare the input modulating signal and demodulating signal.

TABULAR FORM
At fm = fc =

S.NO Vmax Vmin m = Vmax - Vmin / Vmax + Vmin

1
2
3

AM WAVE FORMS:

RESULT:

AM signal is generated and original signal is demodulated from AM signal depth of

modulation is calculated for various amplitude levels of modulating signal
VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is modulation and why modulation is needed?

2. Compare different AM techniques?
3. What is narrow banding?
4. What is frequency translation?
5. What is synchronous detection?
6. What are different methods of SSB?
7. What is envelope detection?
8. Explain the operation of the diode detector?
9. What is pilot carrier?
10. Can you detect AM using synchronous detector?
11. What is frequency division multiplexing?
12. Draw the waveforms for under modulation over modulation and 100%
modulation?
 2. FREQUENCY MODULATION

AIM: To generate frequency modulated waveform

APPARATUS:

1. FM Trainer Kit
2. Dual trace CRO

CIRCUIT:

MODULATOR:

DEMODULATOR:

PROCEDURE:

1. Switch on the trainer and measure the carrier frequency and amplitude
generated internally by the IC 8038 which is available at output terminals with
the help of CRO
2. Now apply modulating signal to the terminals of the FM circuit
3. Observe the FM wave at the output terminals and corresponding modulating
signal by adjusting the amplitude of the modulating signal
4. Plot the wave forms on a graph sheet
5. Feed the FM wave to the detector ckt and observe the waveform
a) before the diode b) after the diode. Plot the waveform

CALCULATIONS:

Measure the carrier frequency f c =

Measure the frequency f max & f min
Now find the frequency deviation   f max  f c

FM:
Calculate modulation index    / f m

WAVEFORMS:
RESULT:

The modulated wave for the given modulating signal has been verified
VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is analog modulation?

2. What is angle modulation?
3. Compare AM with Narrow band FM?
4. What is exponential modulation?
5. What is linear modulation and non-linear modulation?
6. Compare NBFM and WBFM?
7. Advantages and disadvantages of AM and FM?
8. What is Carson rule?
9. What is single tone modulation?
10. Different methods of FM generation and demodulation?
11. What is threshold effect and how to reduce?
12. Relation between FM and PM?
13. What is frequency deviation?
 3. RADIO FREQUENCY AMPLIFIER

AIM: To obtain the sensitivity and selectivity characteristics of an RF amplifier.

APPARATUS:
4. regulator power supply
5. CRO
6. signal generator

CIRCUIT :

PROCEDURE:

a) Sensitivity:
1
6. Design the RF amplifier to the tuned frequency of 400KHz. f o  ,
2 LC
C  390 pf , L 
7. Apply the 100Hz. 50mV signal as an input to the amplifier and note down the
output. of 2V p-p.
8. Vary the signal frequency from 100Hz to 1MHz keeping the input voltage
constant at 50mV.
9. tabulate the result:

S.NO Frequency Output Gain in dB

 10. Note down the frequency at which the output is amx and this maximum
voltage value.
11. Draw the frequency response on the semi log.

b) Selectivity:

a. Apply 50mV input at the frequency f o and note down the output Vst .
b. Now vary the frequency in steps of 20 KHz and vary the input voltage to get
the Vst in each step.
 V offresonance 
c. Calculate the attenuation in dB  20 log  in 
 Vin atresoance 
d. Tabulate the results:

I/P voltage required to

S.NO Frequency attenuation in dB
produce Vst

MODEL GRAPH:

RESULT:
VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is selectivity?
2. What is sensitivity?
3. What is fidelity?
4. What is noise figure?
5. What are the advantages of using RF stage?
6. What is image frequency?
7. Draw backs of TRF receiver?
8. What is double spotting?
9. Why RF amplifier is needed in radio receivers?
10. What are the problems if there no RF amplifier?
11. Compare TRF and SH receivers?
12. Explain the characteristics of radio receivers?
13. RF frequency range?
 4. ACTIVE BAND PASS FILTER

AIM: To obtain the frequency response of active Band pass filter whose side band
voltage gain is 1 with 3-dB band width of 30 KHz.

APPARATUS:

7. CRO
8. Signal generator
9. power supply
10. Resistors: 5.36K, 5.3K, 5.6K
11. Capacitors: 1000pf, 0.1μf

CIRCUIT :

DESIGN EQUATIONS:

Let C 2  1000 pf
Voltage gain = 1
1
R2  =5.3K
2f 2 C 2
f 1  300 Hz , f 2  30 KHz
R1  R2  5.36 K
1
C1   0.1f
2f1 R1
R3  5.6 K

PROCEDURE:

12. Connect the circuit as shown in the fig.

13. Switch on the power supply and function generator.
14. Apply 20mV signal as an input.
15. Now vary the input frequency, keeping the input voltage constant and at each
step note down the output.
16. tabulate the results:
S.NO Frequency Output voltage Gain in dB
MODEL GRAPH:

RESULT:

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. Explain how to increase the selectivity?

2. Compare the butter worth and chebyshev filter?
3. Derive the expression for transfer function of second order filter?
4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of active filter?
5. Differences between active filters and digital filters?
6. Name various active filters?
7. What is notch filter?
8. What do you know about active filters?
9. Discriminate active and passive filters?
10. What are the characteristics of the filters?
 5. ACTIVE LOW PASS FILTER

AIM: To obtain the frequency response of active low pass filter.

APPARATUS:

12. CRO
13. Signal generator
14. power supply
15. Resistors: 1.59K, 10K, 5.86K
16. Capacitors: 0.1μf -2Nos

CIRCUIT :

DESIGN EQUATIONS:
1
fc 
2 R2 R3C2C3
let R2  R3  R, C2  C3  C
take f c  1KHz , C  0.1 f , R  1.59 K 
1
fc 
2 RC
R R
but again AVo  1.586,1  f  1.586, f  0.586
R1 R1
let R f  R1 0.586( R1  10 K )
R f  5.86 K 

PROCEDURE:

17. Apply 100mV, 100Hz signal as an input of this filter and note down the output
voltage.
18. Now vary the input frequency, keeping the input voltage constant and at each
step note down the output.
19. tabulate the results:
Output Gain in dB
S.NO Frequency
voltage
MODEL GRAPH:

RESULT:

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. Explain how to increase the selectivity?

2. Compare the butter worth and chebyshev filter?
3. Derive the expression for transfer function of second order filter?
4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of active filter?
5. Differences between active filters and digital filters?
6. Name various active filters?
7. What is notch filter?
8. What do you know about active filters?
9. Discriminate active and passive filters?
 6. ACTIVE HIGH PASS FILTER

AIM: To obtain the frequency response of active High pass filter.

APPARATUS:

17. CRO
18. Signal generator
19. power supply
20. Resistors: 33K, 27K, 15.8K
21. Capacitors: 0.0047μf -1Nos

CIRCUIT :

DESIGN EQUATIONS:

1
fc 
2 R2 R3C2C3
let R2  R3  R, C2  C3  C
take f c  1KHz , C  0.0047  f , R  33K 
1
fc 
2 RC
R
but again AVo  1  f , R1  27 K , R f  15.8k 
R1

PROCEDURE:

20. Apply 100mV, 100Hz signal as an input of this filter and note down the output
voltage.
21. Now vary the input frequency, keeping the input voltage constant and at each
step note down the output.
22. tabulate the results:
Output Gain in dB
S.NO Frequency
voltage
MODEL GRAPH:

RESULT:

VIVA QUESTIONS:

10. Explain how to increase the selectivity?

11. Compare the butter worth and chebyshev filter?
12. Derive the expression for transfer function of second order filter?
13. What are the advantages and disadvantages of active filter?
14. Differences between active filters and digital filters?
15. Name various active filters?
16. What is notch filter?
17. What do you know about active filters?
18. Discriminate active and passive filters?
19. What are the characteristics of the filters?
 7. HARMONIC GENERATOR

AIM: To generate different harmonics for a given fundamental frequency of a

harmonic generator.

APPARATUS:

22. regulator power supply

23. CRO
24. signal generator

CIRCUIT :

PROCEDURE:

23. Connect the circuit as shown in the fig.

24. Switch on the power supply and function generator.
25. Apply 10KHz sinusoidal signal as an input.
1
26. calculate the theoretical value of inductance using the formula f 
2 LC
27. repeat the process for 1st, 2nd, 3rd hormonics
28. Find the O/P frequency and compare the theoretical frequency with that of
practical frequency.
29. tabulate the results:
I/P Output Theoretical
S.NO Inductance
Frequency frequency frequency

RESULT:
VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is frequency multiplier?

2. Difference between frequency multiplier and frequency mixing?
3. Applications of harmonic generator?
4. Harmonic generator operates in which mode?
5. What is main function of resonance circuit in harmonic generator?
 8. PRE-EMPHASIS AND DE-EMPHASIS

AIM: To obtain the characteristics of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis.

APPARATUS:

1. Regulated power supply

2. CRO
3. Signal Generator
4. transistor SL100
5. resisters 47K, 3.3K, 560Ω, 22K, 10K, 470 Ω, 75K, 1K
6. capacitors 10μf – 2Nos, 33 μf – 1No, 1kpf – 1no

CIRCUIT :

PROCEDURE:

Pre-emphasis:

1. Apply input signal, through the signal generator and set the amplitude of
the input signal at 100mv (p-p).
2. Now vary the frequency of the i/p signal from 100Hz to 15 KHz in steps
and note down the output in each case.
3. Tabulate the above readings.
4. Draw the graph frequency Vs gain in db on a semi log sheet.
De-Emphasis:
1. Adopt the same procedure 1 to 4 as above

TABULAR FORM:

I/p signal Gain in db 20 log

S. No o/p voltage
frequency (Hz) V0/Vi

EXPECTED WAVEFORMS :

RESULT:

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. Draw the circuit of FM transmitter and receiver with pre-emphasis and de-
emphasis network?
2. Draw the pre-emphasis and de-emphasis curves corresponding to different
standards?
3. Compare FM discriminators?
4. What is hard limiter?
5. Define SNR?
6. What is pre-emphasis and de-emphasis?
7. What is threshold effect and how to reduce it?
8. What is FMFB?
 9. PHASE LOCKED LOOP

AIM: To find the lock range by using LM565

APPARATUS:

1. MREC PLL Trainer Kit

2. Decade Resistance Box
3. Signal Generator
4. Multimeter

CIRCUIT:
Circuit of PLL:

PIN of IC 565:
PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the fig.

2. Check the VCO output at pin 4 of LC 567
3. This is square wave form. The frequency of the wave form is fo .
4. Short the IC pins 4 and 5 and give any signal of (1V p-p, 1KHz) and observe
the VCO o/p.
5. When input and output frequencies are equal then note down it as f1 and by
increasing the I/P frequency slowly O/P frequency will also follow the I/P
frequency. This follow up will come up to f 2 and going on increasing I/P

frequency, the O/P frequency will back at f o only.

6. Now decrease the I/P frequency slowly, at one point I/P and O/P frequencies
will be equal that point of I/P frequency is noted as f 2 .
7. by still decreasing I/P frequency, O/P frequency will also follow up once

again, this follow up continuous up to f1 further decreasing I/P frequency,

O/P frequency will once again go back to fo only.

THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS:

1.2 f1
fo  , Capture range f c  2 , Lock range f L  1.39 f 0
4 R0C0 2  3.6 103 C2

f 0  10 KHz, Lock range f L  f 2  f1 , Capture range f c  f 2  f1

RESULT:
VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What type of feedback is used in PLL?

2. What is PLL?
3. What are main components in PLL?
4. Define the terms lock range; capture range and free running frequency?
5. What is loop filter?
6. What are main applications of PLL?
 10. RADIO FREQUENCY AMPLIFIER

AIM: To obtain the frequency response of an intermediate frequency amplifier.

APPARATUS:
25. regulator power supply
26. CRO
27. signal generator
28. transistor SL100
29. resistors 1K, 22K, 1.8K, 400K
30. capacitors 10 µf, 33µf

CIRCUIT:

PROCEDURE:

30. connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram

31. Apply the 1KHz. 50mV signal as an input and note down the output.
32. Vary the signal frequency from upto 1MHz keeping the input voltage constant
at 50mV note down the output.
33. tabulate the result:

S.NO Frequency Output Gain in dB

34. Draw the frequency response on the semi log.

MODEL GRAPH:

RESULT:

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What are the factors that govern the choice of an amplifier?

2. List out the standard intermediate frequency?
3. What is double conversion? List out the advantages if any?
4. Draw the block diagram of radio receiver. Explain the need of an IF amplifier?
5. What is neutralization?
6. What type of feedback used in IF filter?
 11. BALANCED MODULATOR

AIM: To study the process of balanced modulation and the corresponding

waveform.

APPARATUS:

31. balanced modulator Trainer Kit

32. CRO
33. AF generator

CIRCUIT :

Vcc=9V
1K 1K

3.9K

3.9K
0.1uF

10uF 68E
10 2 3
6
8 MC 1496

1 4 12
14 5
470uF
4 .7K

5 6E

56 E

Modulating

10K
Input
Modulated
4.7K O utput
Carrier
Input 1K
-9V

BALANCED MO DULATO R

PROCEDURE:

6. Switch on the trainer kit and measure the internal carrier frequency and
amplitude by using CRO. It will be around 110 KHz and 200mV record this
frequency as fc.
7. Connect the built in carrier to the carrier input terminal and AF generator
between I/P signal terminal and ground terminals.
8. Observe the I/P and O/P signals simultaneously on CRO
9. Keeping AF signal level to zero and frequency approximately 4KHz. Switch
ON power supply of the board.
10. Slowly increase the AF generator signal level and obtain a stationary balanced
modulated waveform on CRO by adjusting the amplitude of the carrier and the
amplitude and frequency of the modulating signal. Modulated waveform are
not uniform Adjust the pot below the I/P signal terminal.
 11. Trace the envelope of modulation waveform from CRO compare this with the
waveform shown in fig.
12. Connect the CRO to the other O/P terminal of balanced modulator and observe
the waveform. Is the two output waveforms are same? Also measure the DC
voltage associated with the O/P.
13. Obtain the trapezoidal pattern on CRO by putting CRO in X-Y mode.
14. Connect both the traces of CRO to both the O/P’s and see the sum and
difference of both the O/P’s.
15. Observe the effect on balanced modulated wave for different settings of AF
signal level, frequency, and comment on the findings.
16. Increase the frequency of the modulating signal to about40KHz and adjust the
sweep so that you get two –three envelops on the CRO screen. Can you
observe the phase reversal in the carrier at the crossing point?

WAVEFORMS :

RESULT:

The frequency doubling and DSB-SC modulation are observed and verified
VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is balanced modulator?

2. Draw the spectrum of BM?
3. What is the output of BM?
4. Name different DSB-SC modulators?
5. Compare different AM techniques?
6. What is VSB? And its main application?
7. What is synchronous detector?
8. What is product modulator?
9. What is the use of non linear device?
10. Give mathematical expression for DSB-SC?
11. Which AM technique is preferred over other technique?
 12. CONSTANT K-TYPE LOW PASS & HIGH PASS FILTER

AIM: To obtain the characteristics of a K-type low pass and high pass filter.

APPARATUS:
34. signal generator
35. CRO
36. Decade inductance box – 3Nos
37. Decade capacitance box – 3Nos
38. Decade resistance box – 1No
39. connecting wires

CIRCUIT:

LOW PASS FILTER:

HIGH PASS FILTER:

PROCEDURE:
Low pass filter:
1
35. Design the LPF with a cutoff frequency 4KHz. f c  let C  0.1f
 LC
L  63.4mH , L / 2  31.66mH
36. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in the circuit diagram
37. Apply the input (50mV, 100Hz signal) and note down the output voltage
reading.
38. Now vary the frequency, keeping the input voltage constant and at each step
note down the output.
39. tabulate the results:
 Output Attenuation in dB
S.NO Frequency
voltage

High pass filter:

1
1. Design the HPF with a cutoff frequency 4KHz. f c 
4 LC
2. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in the circuit diagram
3. Apply the input (50mV, 100Hz signal) and note down the output voltage
reading.
4. Now vary the frequency, keeping the input voltage constant and at each
step note down the output.
5. tabulate the results:
Output Attenuation in dB
S.NO Frequency
voltage

MODEL GRAPH:

LOW PASS FILTER HIGH PASS FILTER

RESULT:
VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. Give a typical example demonstrating the use of a BPF?

2. What do you know about active filters?
3. Discriminate between active and passive filters?
4. What is filters and classification of filters?
5. What are the characteristics of the filters?
6. What is constant K-type filter? And its draw backs?
7. What is m-derive filter?
8. What are the advantages of m-derive filters over k-type filters?
9. What is the composite filter?
10. What is the lattice filter?
11. What is crystal filter?
12. Explain how m-derive filter is obtained from k-type filter?
 13. ACTIVE HIGH PASS FILTER

AIM: To design a asymmetrical and symmetrical π – type attenuator having an

attenuation constant at 10dB with a load resistance of 600 Ω.

APPARATUS:

40. CRO
41. Signal generator
42. Resistors: 600 Ω, 820 Ω, 1.2K, 1.5K, 1.18KΩ – each 2 Nos

CIRCUIT :

DESIGN EQUATIONS:
Symmetrical:
Rs  RL  600
D
Attenuation constant D  20 log10 N  10dB, N  anti log    3.16
 20 
2
RA  RL ( N  1) / 2 N , RB  RL ( N  1) /  N  1

Asymmetrical:
Attenuation constant: D  20 log10 N  10dB
D
N  anti log    3.16
 20 
Rs
R1  R2  Rs  RL  600 , S 
RL
 ( N 2  1) R1 R2 ( N 2  1)
RA  RL  1.5 K , RB   1.2 K ,
( N 2  2 NS  1) 2 N
 
 N 2 1 
RB  R2    1.2 K
2N
 N2  1 
 S 

PROCEDURE:

40. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

41. Input is applied, having amplitude of convenient value with same frequency
the output is measure across the load for this condition.
42. By varying the frequency of input signal maintaining the amplitude of signal
constant and note the output voltage at every step of frequency.
V
43. The attenuator factor N  i is calculated at every stage.
Vo
44. Tabulate the results
Vi
Output N
S.NO Frequency Vo
voltage

MODEL GRAPH:

RESULT:
VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is the need of attenuators?

2. List out the properties of attenuators?
3. How to compare the attenuators?
4. What is an attenuator?
5. Differentiate between symmetric and asymmetric attenuators?
6. What is an equalizer? Describe typical attenuation and phase equalizer?
7. What is image impedance?
 14. CONSTANT K-TYPE BAND PASS FILTER

AIM: To obtain the characteristics of a K-type band pass filter.

APPARATUS:
43. Decade inductance box – 3Nos
44. Decade capacitance box – 3Nos
45. Decade resistance box – 1No
46. connecting wires

CIRCUIT :

PROCEDURE:

45. design the BPF using the design formula

1 Ro f 2  f1
46. L1  2  , L2  C1 Ro2 C1  ,
4 f1 f 2  ( f 2  f1 ) 4 Ro ( f 2  f1 )
1
C2 
 Ro ( f 2  f1 )
47. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in the circuit diagram
48. Apply the input (100mV, 100Hz signal) and note down the output voltage
reading.
49. Now vary the frequency, keeping the input voltage constant and at each step
note down the output.
50. tabulate the results:
Output Attenuation in dB
S.NO Frequency
voltage

MODEL GRAPH:
RESULT:

VIVA QUESTIONS:

13. Give a typical example demonstrating the use of a BPF?

14. What do you know about active filters?
15. Discriminate between active and passive filters?
16. What is filters and classification of filters?
17. What are the characteristics of the filters?
18. What is constant K-type filter? And its draw backs?
19. What is m-derive filter?
20. What are the advantages of m-derive filters over k-type filters?
21. What is the composite filter?
22. What is the lattice filter?
23. What is crystal filter?
24. Explain how m-derive filter is obtained from k-type filter?