COMPLETE ADVANCED LEVEL PHYSICS ST TR oto FIRST EDITION 2020 PREPARED BY The Chambilo Book Production Mob: +255 754 249 049/+255 653 176 895 Email: Chambilopm5@gmail.com EEE ee‘We, ehmb“PA ‘ec Tecnology COMPLETE ADVANCED LEVEL PHYSICS CURRENT ELECTRICITY Mr. Chambilo Edward BSc.ED (Physics & Mathematics)‘We, ehmb“PA ‘ec Tecnology Copyright © 2019 © All rights reserved. No part of this publication/work may be reproduced, reported, stored in any retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means of electronic system, mechanical system, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the permission of the copyright owner ISBN: 978 - 9976 - 59 648 -9 First Edition 2020 Written by; Mr. Chambilo Edward Benitho Contact details: +255 754 249 049/+255 653 176 895 Chambilopms@gmail.c P.O BOX 356699 Published by: Contact: +255754249049 Email: Inforchasi@gmail.com Website: www.Chasi.printers P.0 BOX 355699 Dar es salaam - Tanzaniav v ‘Chambo"Pa ecical Tecnology Other series of books related and written by the same author * Heat And Thermodynamics A-Level + Modern Physics A-Level ‘+ Principle Of Electromagnetism + Fundamental Of Electrostaties, + Environmental Physics ‘+ Alternating Current Theory (A.C) ‘+ Fundamental Of Mechanics ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Special thanks to almighty GOD for giving me knowledge, strengths, good healthy and courage me to ‘overcome obstacles and challenges towards accomplishing this text book T would like to express my special feelings to. my precious, lovely wife Stella Singaile and my lovely son Daniel, for their tolerant and encouraged me in either a way for completion of this text. I would like to resent a lot of thanks to my lovely parents who spent a lot energy and spent a lot of money so that I can acquire this specialization I would like to congratulate Mr. Chambilo Tito, a teacher at Maghare Secondary school (Department of English language) who helped to organize my work in a grammatical order and is the one ~“*5 provided ii original idea of extracting the book. fii |rorm 61, Camo Pa Heat Teboloey > Also T would like to express my feelings to my lovely friend Mr. Kitaule Stephen, mechanical engineering (UDSM) who helped me to design and to construct my work > Important thanks to Dr. Msambwa Y. a senior lecture at Dar es Salaam University College Of Education (department of Physics and Mathematics Block No: 003) > really very gratefully to the manager, Head of school and all staff members at Msangani Secondary School For making suitable environment for accomplishment of this text book > Otherwise I congratulates all form six students of the year 2020/2021 at Msangani Sec. School for their cooperation Mr. CHAMBILO “PM” MSANGANI SEC. SCHOOL WORKING CENTER, P.O. BOX 31673 DAR ES SALAAM ~ TANZANIA Wl Form 6‘ec Tecnology 1, Camo Pa > Further Remarks, advice and any other ‘additional idea/knowledge for the readers are completely considered for further improvement and modification. Send via +255 754 249 049 Viren 6‘We, ehmb“PA ‘ec Tecnology DEDICATION OF THE BOOK TOGOD ‘Typing, drawing and all other system type setting was done by mw. Chambilo +255754249049 chambil il, vilrorm 6‘Chambo"Pa ecical Tecnology TABLE OF CONTENT ACKNOWLEDGEMEN Tessin DEDICATION OF THE BOO! (CHAPTER 1: ELECTRIC CURRENT AND RESISTANCE. Introduction to current electricity. Electric current Types of Current Electrical conduction in metals. 2 3 Mechanism of conduction in metals ......-...0::-:sseeee 4 Basic concepts in Current electricity nnn The relation between & electric field and Drift velocity 8 a) Relation between current and drift velocity, Verification of Ohm's law ... esessseseseserseneesete 1 Limitation of Ohm's law. 12 ‘Ohmic and Non Ohmic conductor. 2d Electrical Resistivity and Conductivity....cccenee22 ‘The effect of temperature on the resistivity and resistance of the material Comprehensive competition questions Set B.. Classification of the materials on electrical conductivity SupercOndUctivity..avrearienseetnseeees Applications of superconductors... Temperature coefficient of resistance... Competition Examination Questions vii [room 6Resistor. Arrangement of resistors... Competition Examination Questions... 56 Electric conduction in gases Mechanism of electric conduction in gases.. lonized gases lonization curve..... esesetetee (CHAPTER 2: ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS .cseesnnvseens 67 Potential difference between two points. vn 4 Electromotive force (E.M.F) Comparison of emf and potential difference Difference between EMF and Potential difference of the cell Internal resistance of a cell. Competition questions Set A Comprehensive questions set B..... 82 Electric energy and electric power. Electrical energy 85 Maximum power transfer theorem. Cell. Cells of equal e.m.f and internal resistance Properties of cell Terminal potential difference. The p.d of the circuit vilifrorm «‘We, ehmb“PA ‘ec Tecnology ‘Wheatstone ige (Meter Bridge) .. 97 99) The slide wire (meter Bridge) . Advantages of metre bridge. . 103 Potentiometer.. 103 Principle of action of potentiometer. 104 Uses of potentiometer 105 Competitive Examination unit for potentiometer... 113, Complex Circuits 4 Kirchhoff s first law (current law) .. 4 Kirchhoff's second aw (voltage aw)... MS 2134 Competition Question for Kirchhoff's laws... CHAPTER 3: ALTERNATING CURRENT (A.C) THEORY. Mean Or Average Value Of A.C Relationship between lav and Imax...... 143 144 oneness 146 146 147 149 149 151 153 Phasor Diagram In Alternting Current (A.C) Circuits 155 C=R Alternating Ci 155 Impedance In R- C Cit 156 Alternating Current Circuit... Alternating Current Through A Resistor. Alternating Current Through Capacitor Capacitive Reactanee...c. Alternating Current Through An Inductor. Inductive Reactance Of The Circuit (Xc) Phasor (Vector) Diagram... its ik] Form s‘We, ehmb“PA ‘ec Tecnology L-R Alternating Current Circuit 156 L-C-R Alternating Circuit. 159 Resonance In L—R ~ C Series Circuits ....... 161 Graph Of Xi, X_ Z And R Against Resonant Frequency. sssseneseseretseess 162 The Graph Of Xa. X. Z And R Against Frequency... 169 Parallel Circui 170 R~L Parallel Alternating Circui 170 RC Alternating Circuit .. 172 General Overview Solved Problems 173 Power In A.C Circuit... . 184 Power In Capacitor. 185 Power In Inductor 186 Power Factor... 187 Worked Example: 201 GENERAL SOLVED QUESTIONS wvon 212 References Books. KX] Form 6‘Chambo"Pa ecical Tecnology CHAPTER 1: ELECTRIC CURRENT AND RESISTANCE. Introduction to current electricity The branch of Physics which deals with the study of motion of electric charges is called current electricity. ‘The thermodynamic intemal energy of the material is sufficient to liberate the outer electrons from individual atoms, enabling the electrons to travel through the material. But the net flow of charge at any point is zero. Hence, there is zero current. These are termed as free electrons, ‘The extemal energy necessary to drive the free electrons in a definite direction is called electromotive force (emf). The emf is not @ force, but it is the work done in moving a unit charge from one end to the other. The flow of free electrons in conductor constitutes electric current Electric current Electric current is defined as a rate of flow of charges across any cross section area of a conductor. It is denoted by letter “T" and its ST unit is Ampere. ‘One ampere of a current is said to flow through if at any cross section area one coulomb of charge in one second hence 1 coulomb = 6.25 x 10" electrons This means that one coulomb of charge which passed through a conductor contains 6,25 x 10° Suppose a conductor possesses a charge "q” having a current which passed through a cross section area at a time "e" as shown in a figure below. I] rorm 6n= 1.25x10" 12.An alu m wire of diameter 0.24 em is connected re of series to copper imeter 0.16 cm. the wires carry an electric current of 10A. calculate (a) Current density in the wire (b) Drift velocity of the wire Given number of electron per cube metre is 8 x 102% solution (a) Required the current density in the aluminium wire >I- current density J area A A= mx (0.12 x 1077)? A= 45x 10-Sm? nr Hence the current density of thealuminium wire (J) 10°A/m? (©) the drift velocity of the copper wire As mt A= 1x (0.08 x 10-?)? 2 rom sA= 20x10? since nfor copper = 8.4 x 107° drift velocity 1 “a= oa _ 10 Va Bax 10 x 16% 1 10 Ya = 36880 vq = 3.7.x 10-¢m/s 13. ‘Ohmic and Non Ohmic conductor. 4 Ohmic conductors these are the materials which Obey Ohm's law. For the Ohmic conductor the potential difference between the conductor is directly proportional to electric current o — “Non Ohmic conductor; Is the material which do not Obey Ohm’s law. For this ‘material, the relation between V and I is not linear so that R is not constant, from srn «ek do such that the relation can be written as aR ag xR hence the resistance increases from 0°C to 8°C In(Ra) — Ink, = a0 R n() = a0 R Re gue Ro = Roe®® by using mauclaurian series expansion of e* eo? 2 neglecting the highest power the equation results Ry = Ro(1+ ade) 89D Ot vere eee one HD Hence the coefficient of resistance of a conductor is the increase in the resistance per Ohm original resistance per °C rise in temperature. 30 [Form 6R,—Ry “= 0, Rao 27-24 “= @ix 100) - @75*27) 06 “= 70-7425 @ = 0.00842°C- hence the temperature coefficient of silver Example 3; Using Nichrome connected to a 230V supply main drawn initially a current of 3.24 which settles after a few second to steady current of 2.8. calculate the steady value of heating clement if the room temperature is 27°C, Given the temperature coefficient 1.7 x 10-#°C-* solution The question need to determine the temperature 62°C of Nichrome wire 0.00442: R,-Ri Ry@2 — R28, Making 02 the subject the relation will become [* +00) =| from the relation « = Re ° (1417 x 104 x 27) 2 1.7 x 10* & proms? - 87s} 17x 107% B3[rorm 62(28x108)* _ (100% 10° (2) 2axt0*) 04x10 27 = 3.6(54) = 075 t 161 8 O75 hom Hence the length of wire Bis 1.6m then follow the following procedure Ra _ Roa(t + 4004) Re Rete aeey enn Ce Roa Ay Rog. Pate m- BOE) 2 nee CEI) Bee CEE) nnn substituting equation (iii) into equation (iv) (Oe) eee‘We, cnsmbo-Pa Heat Teboloey Rex & x 300) 7 75 +300; Ry = 20460 Rr = 809 ‘Then the total current flowing in the circuit 1, = Total ped n= Re p= aq 7 80 7 Potential difference through Rz and Ry CASE I:p.d across Ry V, = 240 - (20x 3) Vy = 240-60 Vv, = 180V The current through R = 3002 1, = 8~ oa * 300 ~ current through R = 752 r= Oe asa = 5p = 2 Potential difference through Ry w= Gera)” Tl Form 6‘Though the connections between the resistances are made by thick copper strips of negligible resistance, and the wire AC is, also soldered to such strips a small error will occur in the value of ([2) due to the end resistance, This error ean be climinated, if another set of readings are taken with X and QR interchanged and the average value of X is found, provided the balance point D is near the mid-point of the wire AC. ‘The slide wire (meter Bridge) = The metre bridge is one of the practical forms of the Wheatstone bridge used for measuring resistance = It consists of @ uniform resistance wire; AC (usually 100 cm long) stretched along side a metre scale. See the fig below * The resistance X, is connected across the gap “AB” and another resistor ¥ is connected across the gap BC. = A galvanometer G is connected to the terminal B and to a jockey D. 99 [Form 5Solution CASE [: The balanced point is obtained at £; = 33.7em frompoint A CASE IE: The resistance § is shunted by 120 so that the effective resistance of the right gap iss Riv XS © Ri tS 12xS i248 s wove oe il) Hence the balancing point is obtained at €2 = 51.9em from A R__ > i00-% LJ rorm 640. n —_ + oow ‘The resistance of 40em of potentiometer wire wx 10 R= 40 p.dacross 40 cm wire due to 2V cell _ (2x4 v= Goa) 8 = qoaR ‘This is balnced by 0.01V due to the second cell but V = 0.01V 8 001 = OER 0.01 x (10+R)= 8 solving for R R= 7900, Conceptual concepts + Explain how will you increase the sensitivity of the potentiometer using a resistance box. Ans, ‘The smaller the potential gradientalong the potentiometer wire, the greater the sensitivity of ‘the potentiometer hence the device will be able to LUZ[rorm 6Rew A 12D Bnav Row 2 Bea Eps av Ream 19, 5 € (a) Calculate the current flows through Ry (b) Calculate the potential difference between points C and D. solution H, =2¥. Consider the figure below Assume the current flows in the direction shown at junction A t+h+h = 0 (i) consider the loop ABCE clockwise direction 2th +l, = 2-4 2, +21, = -2 L-k a) consider loop BADF clockwise direction WI soem 6Relationship between Igy and Tay Suppose the current through the resistance remains constant for an infinitesimally small time dt. Then the small amount of heat produced in the resistance R in time dt is given by dQ = PRatt= IhaxRsintwt dt ‘The amount of heat produced in the resistance in time T/2 (half time period) can be obtained by integrating the above equation. If Lis an instantaneous current passed in an alternating circuit, Then Q = It such that dQ = Idt where 1 = ImaxSinot dQ = Inaxsinest dt @ i | dQ= J Imax Sint Ina fin ot dt Q a a= tae eos} a= on ff ; (o_o me eo cos (* G) 4 = = tmae| 5 since cos = —1 144 | 2c theory‘The phasor diagram for this circuit. ° Vey In this case, the supply current [is the vector sum of fy and Ip, but I, is 90° out of phase with Ix since Ip is in phase with V and I, lags 90° behind V. Then P= + IE v v but = q such that I, = 5 v z phase angle is given by the relation AJ a theory= 4.244 8. Calculate the power consumed in the circuit having a resistance of 309 in series with an inductor of inductance 400 in series with an a.c with peak current of 1A and peak voltage of 220V. solution R= 300; X,= 400 therefore, impedance of LR ~ cir: a= |Re+ xP z= 30? + 40? 900+ 1600 z= 500 R power factor; cos = 5 = 06 power factor = 0.6 now, Emax = 220V; Tay = 1A Pay = Ermslrmscos® Emax cos v2 V2 220 1x 0.6 V2 x V2 = 66watt 180 | 2 < theoryGiven R= 20009; C = 2uF; V = 24V (i) The reactance of the capacitor Xe = 2 but » = ant c= Bg butw= x 1 6 Dnt 1 Xe = dex 50K 2x10 X, = 159150 Hence the reactance of the capacitor = 1591.50 Gi) The current flowing Yems From Impedance Z = = Vr > butalso Z R2+X2 2 = 20007 + (1591.5)? Z= 25560 24 = = 3, = Fee x 107A lems = 9.4% 10-0 (iif) Voltage across the capacitor Ve = lnmsXe Ve = 9.4.x 1073 x 1591.5 Vo = 14.95V 189 | 2c theory1 f, = ———_+____ 2avi00 x 10-* x 100 x 10- fy = 1.59 x 10%H2 (i) Current at resonance Ix (ii) Voktage across L. VW = Wx Xt but X, = 2nfb Vi = 2nfglly Vy = 20x 0.1 x 1.59 x 10% x 100 x 10-6 v= 100V (iv) Voltage across C Ve=hXe vy =o1x © 2nf,c 1 x ———_ 1+ 2m x 1,59 x 108 x 10-1 Ve= 100V v= 04 At series resonance, the voltage across L or C is much greater than the applied voltage. 202 [2 < theory58. A sinusoidal voltage has an rms. value of 240 V and a period of 16.7ms, What is the frequency and peak value of the voltage?(ans. 59.8812; 3394V) 59. A sine wave has a frequency of 100 Hz and in amplitude of 20 V. Determine the instantaneous value of voltage (a) 2 ms and (b) 9 ms from the start of a cycle, voltage drop will appear across the inductor when a current of 1.5 A is flowing? (ans, 19V, 11. 8V) 60. A sinusoidal current of 20 mA. pk-pk flows in a resistor of 1.5 KF. Determine the rms. voltage applied. (Ans. 10.6V) 61. Determine the reactance of a 220 nF capacitor at (a) 20 Hz and (b) 5 kHz, (ans. 36.19k0; 144.769) 62. A 47 nF capacitor is connected across the 240 V 50 Hz mains supply. Determine the rm. current flowing in the capacitor. (ans. 3.54mA) 63. Determine the reactance of a 33 mH inductor at (a) 50 Hz and (b) 7 kHz, (Ans.10,3620; 1.45k0) 64. A 10 ml inductor of negligible resistance is used to form part of a filter connected in series with a 50 Hz mains supply. What voltage drop will appear across the inductor when a current of 1.5 A is flowing? (ans. 4.71V) ‘A 10 uF capacitor is connected in series with a 500 F resistor across a 110 V 50 Hz ac. supply. Determine the impedance of the circuit and the current taken from the supply.(ans. 592.59; 0.186A) 66. A choke having an inductance of 1 H and resistance of 250 F is connected to a 220 V, 60 Hz ac. supply. Determine the power factor of the choke and the current taken from the supply.(ans. 0.55; 0.487A) A series-tuned L-C network is to be resonant at a frequency of 1.8 kHz, If a 60 mH inductor is available, determine the value of capacitance required. (Ans, 157nF) 68. A parallel resonant circuit employs a fixed inductor of 22H and a variable tuning capacitor. If the maximum and minimum values of capacitance are respectively 20 pF and 365 pF, determine the effective tuning range for the circuit (Ans, 1.77MHz to 7. 58MHz) 68. 67. 211] > c theoryKWA UNAYEHITAJI KITABU HIKI KIKTWA COMPLETE WASILIANA NA ‘THE CHAMBILO BOOK PRODUCTION, P.O BOX 356699, DAR ES SALAAM 0754 249 049 Email. ChambilopmS@gmail.com Kitabu hiki kina page 239 0754 249 049