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14 views5 pages

Linkers

Uploaded by

cecinfante
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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LINKERS

This information has been retrieved from the following page:


https://sites.google.com/site/maycaingles2011/writing/linkers-and-connectors

Formal writing/ speech

Contrast

. In spite of / Despite
Link two contrasting ideas. Followed by a noun phrase.
Despite/ in spite of the rain, we went to the beach.

. Although / (Even) though


Link two contrasting ideas. Followed by a sentence.
Although/ even though it was raining, we went to the beach.

. However / Nevertheless / Still / Yet / Even so / On the contrary / In contrast. Introduce a new
idea which marks a contrast with previously stated ideas. Introduced by a comma.
I went to the beach. However, I had to go back home because it started raining.
It was raining. Even so/Still, we went to the beach.

. On the one hand ... On the other hand. Links two contrasting ideas / paragraphs.
On the one hand, exercise is good for your health. On the other hand, it makes you happier.

. In contrast to / Contrary to. Link two contrasting ideas. Followed by a noun phrase.

. Whereas Link two contrasting ideas. Not separated by commas.


Eating organic food makes you healthier whereas eating junk food makes you unhealthy.

Reason and cause

. Because / As / Since / Seeing that Introduce a sentence. Subordinate sentences introduced


by because always appear in final position.
I study English because I want to travel abroad.
Since I want to travel abroad, I study English.

. Because of / On account of / Owing to / Due to. Introduce a noun phrase.


We couldn't go to the beach because of/ owing to/ due to the rain.
Or
Because of/ owing to/ due to the rain, we couldn't go to the beach.

Purpose
. In order to / So as to Introduce an infinitive of purpose.
. In order that / So that Introduce a sentence.
I am working longer hours in order to/ so as to/ so that I earn more money

Consequence

. Consequently / As a consequence / As a result / Therefore


. As a consequence of / As a result of Followed by a noun phrase.
. So Introduces a sentence. No commas.

Addition

. Moreover / Furthermore / In addition / Besides / What's more Used after a strong pause and
separated from the sentences. They are introduced by a comma.

My job has flexible working hours. What's more/ moreover/ furthermore/ in addition/ besides, the
teamwork is friendly.

. As well as / In addition to / Besides Used to add one more piece of information. Followed by
a noun phrase.

My job has flexible working hours as well as/ in addition to/ besides a friendly teamwork.

Exemplification

For example / For instance Introduces an example referring to previously stated ideas.
. Such as Introduces an example referring to the last idea.

INFORMAL SPEECH

Contrast

but / yet: followed by a noun phrase or a sentence.


‘The book is short but / yet interesting’

in spite of / despite: It is placed at the beginning or in the middle of the sentence.


‘He arrived on time despite / in spite of getting up late’

although / though/ even though / in spite of the fact that: followed by a complete sentence. They
can be placed at the beginning or in the middle of the sentence. If it is placed at the beginning
we need to use a comma after the clause.
‘Although / though / even though / in spite of the fact that the pupils had not studied, they all
passed their exams’.

however, nevertheless, even so, on the one hand, on the other hand, on the contrary:
‘He was quite ill however/ nevertheless/ even so, he went to school’

while, whereas
‘This film is very interesting, while/whereas that one is quite boring’

Reason and cause

because, as since, seeing that:


‘Because / as / since / seeing that it’s late, we should go home’

because of, on account of, owing to, due to:


‘Because of / on account of / owing to / due to the weather, we stayed at home’

in order to, so as to, to:


‘She uses her video in order to / so as to / to record TV programmes’

Adding information

for example, for instance, such as:


‘Vegetables are a good source of vitamins: for example / for instance, oranges have vitamin C’

Moreover, furthermore, besides, in addition to:


‘In addition to soul music, she likes rap’

apart from, except for:


‘Apart from English, she speaks French’.

Succession/ sequencing

- First of all / Firstly / To begin with / First …. - Second / Secondly / Then …


- Third / Thirdly / After that...
- The next stage …
- Finally / in short / to sum up / in conclusion / lastly / last but not least…

​Result

As a result of:
‘As a result of his brave action, he was awarded a military medal.

Therefore, as a result, consequently, for this reason:


‘Consequently / for this reason, it always passes its annual road test’.

Order

First paragraph

At first sight:
First:
First of all:
In the first place:
To start with:

Second paragraph

In the second place:


Second:
Secondly:
Third:
Thirdly:

Conclusion

Finally:
In conclusion:
Lastly:
On the other hand:
and eventually:

Expressing facts
actually: en realidad
as a matter of fact: de hecho
in fact: de hecho
really: en realidad

Expressing a personal opinion


as far as I am concerned: por lo que a mí respecta
from my point of view: desde mi punto de vista
I agree: estoy de acuerdo
I disagree: no estoy de acuerdo
in my opinion: en mi opinión
in my view: según lo veo
I think that: creo que
it is true that: es verdad que
personally: personalmente
to be honest: para ser honesto
to tell the truth: a decir verdad

Explaining/ paraphrasing
that is (to say): es decir
in other words: en otras palabras
in short: en resumen
above all: sobre todo
all in all: en general
at least: al menos
basically: básicamente, fundamentalmente
especially: especialmente, sobre todo
essentially: esencialmente
in general: en general
in particular: en particular
more or less: más o menos
on the whole: en general
to a certain extent: hasta cierto punto

Summarizing
all in all: en suma
in brief: en resumen
in conclusion: Para concluir
in short: en resumen
on the whole: en general
to sum up: Para resumir

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