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com
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10113_9789813143746_tp.indd 1
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 Mathematical Olympiad Series
ISSN: 1793-8570

Series Editors: Lee Peng Yee (Nanyang Technological University, Singapore)

Xiong Bin (East China Normal University, China)

Published
by 180.81.33.9 on 12/03/24. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

Vol. 15 Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014):

Problems and Solutions
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

edited by Bin Xiong (East China Normal University, China) &

Peng Yee Lee (Nanyang Technological University, Singapore)

Vol. 14 Probability and Expectation

by Zun Shan (Nanjing Normal University, China)
translated by: Shanping Wang (East China Normal University, China)

Vol. 13 Combinatorial Extremization

by Yuefeng Feng (Shenzhen Senior High School, China)

Vol. 12 Geometric Inequalities

by Gangsong Leng (Shanghai University, China)
translated by: Yongming Liu (East China Normal University, China)

Vol. 11 Methods and Techniques for Proving Inequalities

by Yong Su (Stanford University, USA) &
Bin Xiong (East China Normal University, China)

Vol. 10 Solving Problems in Geometry: Insights and Strategies for

Mathematical Olympiad and Competitions
by Kim Hoo Hang (Nanyang Technological University, Singapore) &
Haibin Wang (NUS High School of Mathematics and Science, Singapore)

Vol. 9 Mathematical Olympiad in China (2009–2010)

edited by Bin Xiong (East China Normal University, China) &
Peng Yee Lee (Nanyang Technological University, Singapore)

Vol. 8 Lecture Notes on Mathematical Olympiad Courses:

For Senior Section (In 2 Volumes)
by Xu Jiagu (Fudan University, China)

The complete list of the published volumes in the series can be found at
http://www.worldscientific.com/series/mos

Suqi - 10113 - Mathematical Olympiad in China.indd 1 19-01-18 10:39:14 AM

 Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com
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 Published by
East China Normal University Press
3663 North Zhongshan Road
Shanghai 200062
China

and

World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.

5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224
by 180.81.33.9 on 12/03/24. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601

UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Xiong, Bin. | Lee, P. Y. (Peng Yee), 1938–
Title: Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) : problems and solutions / editors, Bin Xiong,
East China Normal University, China, Peng Yee Lee, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
Description: [Shanghai, China] : East China Normal University Press ; [Hackensack, New Jersey] :
World Scientific, 2017. | Series: Mathematical olympiad series ; vol. 15
Identifiers: LCCN 2017002034| ISBN 9789813143746 (hardcover : alk. paper) |
ISBN 9813143746 (hardcover : alk. paper) | ISBN 9789813142930 (pbk. : alk. paper) |
ISBN 9813142936 (pbk. : alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: International Mathematical Olympiad. | Mathematics--Problems, exercises, etc. |
Mathematics--Competitions--China.
Classification: LCC QA43 .M31453 2017 | DDC 510.76--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017002034

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Copyright © 2018 by East China Normal University Press and

World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.

All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval
system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher.

For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance
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Printed in Singapore

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 Pr
efac
e
by 180.81.33.9 on 12/03/24. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

Thef
irs
ttime Ch
ina pa
rti
cipa
tedi
nIMO wa
sin1985,when
twos
tuden
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res
entt
othe26
thIMO.S
ince1986,Ch
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at
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ultoft he
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Compe
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ⅴ
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acefortwo week
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rch.Af t
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osix
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

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ⅵ
 Pr
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by 180.81.33.9 on 12/03/24. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

t
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Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

Un
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 Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com
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b2530_FM.indd 6
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b2530   International Strategic Relations and China’s National Security: World at the Crossroads

01-Sep-16 11:03:06 AM
 Int
roduc
tion
Ea
rlyday
s
by 180.81.33.9 on 12/03/24. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

The In
terna
tiona
l Ma
thema
tica
l Ol
ymp
iad (IMO ),
f n 1959,i
oundedi sone oft
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stcompe
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f IMO. The coun
tri
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e Hunga
ry,t
hef
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rSov
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andt
heUn
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tat
es.He
rei
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ftheIMO and
ma
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nCh
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heDepa
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nHunga
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ⅸ
 Ma
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tic
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expe
r t,hadbrough
imen tHunga
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lds
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ftr,t
e hepr
izef
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thema
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tit
ioni
n Hunga
ry
s named “Et
wa övö
s pr
ize”. Th
is wa
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irs
t forma
lly
or
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ized ma
thema
tica
lcompe
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ion i
nthe wor
ld.In wha
t
fo
llows,Hunga
ry hadi
ndeed pr
oduced al
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ll-known
by 180.81.33.9 on 12/03/24. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

s
cien
tis
tsi
ncl
udng L .Fe
i jér,G .S
zegö,T.Radó,A .Haa
r
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

and M .Ri
esz(
inr
ealana
lys
is),D .Kön
ig(
incomb
ina
tor
ics),
T.von Kármán (
inae
rodynami
cs),andJ.C .Ha
rs i(
any i
n
gamet y),whohada
heor lsowont
heNobe
lPr
izeforEconomi
cs
n1994.Theya
i llwe
ret
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nne
rsof Hunga
ry ma
thema
tica
l
compe
tit
ion.Thet
op s
cien
tif
ic gen
iuso
f Hunga
ry,J.von
Neumann,wa
soneo
fthel
ead
ing ma
thema
tic
ian
si he20
nt th
c
ent
ury.Neumann wa
sove
rsea
s wh
ilet
he compe
tit
ion t
ook
l
pace.La
terhed
idi
thims
elfandi
ttookh
im ha
lfanhourt
o
comp
let
e. Ano
the
r ma
thema
tic
ian wor
th men
tion
ing i
sthe
h
igh
lyproduc
tivenumbe
rtheor
istP.Erdö
s.Hewa
sapup
ilof
Fe
jér and a
lso a wi
nne
roft
he Wo
lf Pr
ize.Erdö
s wa
sve
ry
pa
ssi
ona
te abou
t ma
thema
tica
l compe
tit
ion and s
ett
ing
compe
tit
ionque
sti
ons.Hi
scon
tri
but
iont
odi
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s
wa
s un
ique and g
rea
tlys
ign
ifi
can
t.The r
api
d pr
ogr
ess and
deve
lopmen
tofd
isc
ret
e ma
thema
tic
s ove
rthe s
ubs
equen
t
decade
shadi
ndi
rec
tlyi
nfl
uencedt
het
ype
sofque
sti
onss
eti
n
IMO.Ani
nte
rna
tiona
llyr
ecogn
ized pr
ize nameda
fte
r Erdö
s
wa
stohonourt
hos
e whohadcon
tri
but
edt
otheeduca
tionof
ma
thema
tica
lcompe
tit
ion.Pr
ofe
ssor Qi
u Zonghu f
rom Ch
ina
hadwont
hepr
i n1993.
zei
In1934,af
amou
s ma
thema
tic
ian B.De
lone conduc
teda
ma
thema
tica
lcompe
tit
ionf
orh
ighs
choo
lst
uden
tsi
nLen
ing
rad
(
nowS
t.Pe
ter
sbug).In1935,Mo
r scowa
lsos
tar
tedor
gan
izi
ng
s
ucheven
t.Ot
hert
hanbe
ingi
nte
rrup
teddur
ingt
he Wor
ld Wa
r

ⅹ
 In
troduc
tion

I,t
I hes
eeven
tshad beenca
rri
edonun
tilt
oday.Asfort
he
Ru
ssi
an Ma
thema
tica
lCompe
tit
ion (
lat
err
enameda
stheSov
iet
Ma
thema
tica
lCompe
tit
ion),i
t wa
s no
tst
art
ed un
til1961.
s,t
Thu hef
orme
rSov
ietUn
ionand Ru
ssi
abecamet
hel
ead
ing
powe
rso
f Ma
thema
tica
lOl
ymp
iad.A l
otofg
randma
ste
rsi
n
by 180.81.33.9 on 12/03/24. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

ma
thema
tic
sinc
lud
ingt
he g
r t A .N .Ko
ea lmogo
rov we
rea
ll
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

ve
ry en
thu
sia
sti
c abou
tthe ma
thema
tica
lcompe
tit
ion.They
wou
ld pe
rsona
llyi
nvo
lve i
nse
tti he que
ng t sti
ons for t
he
compe
tit
ion. The forme
r Sov
iet Un
ion even ca
lled i
tthe
Ma
thema
tica
l Ol
ymp
iad, be
liev
ing t
hat ma
thema
tic
sist
he
“
gymna
sti
cso
fth
ink
ing”.The
se po
int
sofv
iew gavea g
rea
t
impac
tont
heeduca
tiona
lcommun
ity.Thewi
nne
roft
heFi
eld
s
Meda
lin1998,M .Kon
tse
vich,wa
sonc
ethef
irs
trunne
r-upof
t
he Ru
ssi
an Ma
thema
tica
l Compe
tit
ion. G . Ka
spa
rov,t
he
i
nte
rna
tiona
lche
ssg
randma
str,wa
e soncet
hes
econdr
unne
r-
up.Gr
igo
riPerelman,t
hewi nne
roftheFiel
ds Medalin2006
(bu
thedecl
ined),whosol
vedthePo
inca
ré􀆳
sConjecture,wasa
go
ldmeda
lis
to n1982.
fIMOi
In t
he Un
ited S
tat
esof Ame
rica, due t
othe ac
tive
promoti
onbyt her
enowned ma
themat
ican G .
i D.
Bir
kho f and
f
hi
ss on,toge
ther wi
th G .Pólya,the Pu
tnam mathemati
cs
compe
tit
ion wa
sor
gan
iz n1938f
edi orj
uni
orunde
rgr
adua
tes.
Manyoft
he que
sti
ons we
re wi
thi
nthes
cope o
fhi
ghs
choo
l
s
tuden
ts.Thet
opf
ivecon
tes
tan
tsoft
hePu
tnam ma
thema
tica
l
compe
tit
ion wou
ldbeen
tit
ledt
othe membe
rsh
ip ofPu
tnam.
Many o
fthe
se we
re even
tua
lly ou
tst
and
ing ma
thema
tic
ians.
The
rewe
ret
hef
amou ynman (
sR .Fe winne
roft
heNobe
lPr
ize
forPhy
sis,1965),K .Wi
c lson (
winne
roft
heNobe
lPr
izefor
Phy
sis,1982),J.Mi
c l r(
no wi
nne
roft
heFi
eld l,1962),
sMeda
D .Mumf
ord (wi
nne
roft
he Fi
eld l,1974),and D .
s Meda

ⅺ
 Ma
thema
tic
alOl
ymp
iadi
nCh
ina

Qu
ilen (
l wi
nneroft
heFie
ldsMedal,1978).
Snce1972,i
i norde
rt o pr
epa
refort heIMO,t
he Un
ited
S
tat
es of Ame
rica Ma
thema
tica
l Ol
ymp
iad (USAMO ) wa
s
or
gan
ized.Thes
tanda
rd of que
sti
ons po
sed wa
s ve
ryh
igh,
pa
ral
lelt
otha
toft
he Wi
nte
rCampi
nCh
ina.Pr
iort
oth
is,t
he
by 180.81.33.9 on 12/03/24. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

Un
ited S
tat
es had or
gan
ized Ame
rican Hi
gh Schoo
l
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

Ma
thema
tic
s Exami
nat
ion (AHSME ) for t
he h
igh s
choo
l
s
tuden
tss
i e1950.Th
nc iswa
satt
hej
uni
orl
eve
lye
tthe mo
st
popu
larma
thema
tic
scompe
tit
ioni
nAme
rica.Or
igi
nal
ly,
itwa
s
pl
anned tose
lec t 100 con
t abou t
est
ant
sf rom AHSME t o
par
tic
ipa
teinUSAMO.Howeve r,duetothedi
scr
epancyi
nthe
l
eve
lofd
iff
icu
lty be
tween t
he two compe
tit
ion
s and o
the
r
r
est
ric
tions,f
rom 1983 onwa
rds, an i
nte
rmed
iat
eleve
l of
compe
tit
ion, name
ly, Ame
rican Inv
ita
tiona
l Ma
thema
tic
s
Exami
nat
ion (AIME ), wa
sin
troduced. Hence
for
th bo
th
AHSMEandAIMEbe
camei
nte
rna
tiona
lly we
ll-known.Af
ew
c
iti
esi
n Ch
ina had pa
rti
cipa
tedi
nthe compe
tit
ion and t
he
r
esu
ltswe
reencour
agi
ng.
S
imi
lar
lya
sint
hef
orme
rSov
ietUn
ion,t
he Ma
thema
tica
l
Olympiadeduca
tion was wi
delyrecogni
zedin Ame
rica.The
book “How toSolveit”writen by Geo
t rePo
g l
ya al
ong wi
th
many o
the
rti
tle
s had been t
rans
lat
ed i
nto many d
iff
eren
t
l s.Ge
anguage ore Po
g lya prov
ided a who
les
eri
es of gene
ral
heur
ist
icsfors
olv
ingpr
obl
emsofa
llk
ind
s.Hi
sinf
luencei
nthe
educa
tiona
lcommun
ityi
nCh
inashou
ldno
tbeunde
res
tima
ted.

I
nte
rna
tiona
lMa
thema
tic
alOl
ymp
iad
In1956,t
heEa
stEu
ropeancoun
tri
esandt
heSov
ietUn
ion
t
ookt
hei
nit
iat
ivet
o or
gan
izet
heIMO forma
lly.Thef
irs
t
In
terna
tiona
l Ma
thema
tica
l Ol
ymp
iad (
IMO ) wa
s he
ldi
n

ⅻ
 In
troduc
tion

Br
asov,Roman
ia,i
n1959.Att ime,t
het her
ewe
reon
lys
even
pa
rti
cipat
ingcountri
es,namely,Romana,Bu
i l
gar
ia,Poland,
Hungary, Czecho
slovak
ia, Eas
t Germany and the Sovi
et
Un
ion.Sub
sequen
tly,t
he Un
ited S
tat
esof Ame
rica, Un
ited
ngdom,Fr
Ki ance,Ge
rmanyanda
lsoo
the
rcoun
tri
esi
ncl
udi
ng
by 180.81.33.9 on 12/03/24. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

t
hos
efr
om As
iaj
oined.Today,t
heIMOhadmanagedt
oreach
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

a
lmo
sta
llt
hedeve
lopedanddeve
lop
ingcoun
tri
es.Exc
epti
n
t r1980 duet
heyea ofi
nanc
iald
iff
icu
lte
isf
aced by t
he ho
st
coun
try,Mongo
lia,t
her
ewe
rea
lready49 Ol
ymp
iad
she
ldand
97coun
tri
espa
rti
cipa
ting.
The ma
themat
ica
lt op
icsinthe IMO i
ncl
ude Algebra,
Combi
nat
ori
cs,Geomety, Numbe
r rt heor
y.Theseareas had
prov
idedguidanc
ef orsett
ingquest
ionsfort
hecompetit
ions.
Otherthant
hef i
rstfew Olymp
iad ,
s eachIMOi snorma
llyheld
i
nmi
d-J
ulyeve
ryyea
randt
het
estpape
rcons
ist
sof6que
sti
ons
i
nal
l.Theac
tua
lcompe
tit
ionl
ast
sfor2day
sforat
ota
lof9
hour
swhe
re pa
rti
cipan
tsa
rer
equ
iredt
ocomp
let
e3 que
sti
ons
eachday.Eachque
sti
oni
s7po
int
swi
tht
ota o42po
lupt int
s.
Thef
ulls
cor
eforat s252 ma
eam i rks.Abou
tha
lf oft
he
par
tici
pan
ts wi
ll be awa l, whe
rded a meda re 1/12 wi
ll be
awardedagoldmedal.Thenumbersofgo
ld,si
lverandbronze
meda
lsawa
rdeda
rei
nther
ati
oof1:
2:3appr
oxima
tel
y.Int
he
ca
se when a pa
rti
cipan
t prov
ide
sa be
tte
rso
lut
ion t
han t
he
of
fic
ialan r,as
swe pec
ialawa
rdi
sgi
ven.
Eachpa
rti
cipa
tingcoun
try wi
llt
aket
urnt
oho
stt
heIMO.
Theco
sti
sbornebyt
heho
stcoun
try.Ch
inahads
ucc
ess
ful
ly
ho
st he31
edt stIMOi
n Be
iji
ng.Theeven
thad madea g
rea
t
impac
tont
hema
thema
tica
lcommun
ityi
nCh
ina.Ac
cord
ingt
o
t
her
ule
sandr
egu
lat
ion
so heIMO,a
ft llpa
rti
cipa
tingcoun
tri
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rer
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ired t
osend a de
lega
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f al r,a
eade

􀃸
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nCh
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depu
tyl
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ts.Thepr
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emsa
recon
tri
but
ed
byt
hepa
rti
cipa
tingcoun
tri
esanda
rel
ate
rse
lec
tedca
ref
ull
yby
t
heho
stcoun
tryf
ors
ubmi
ssi
ont
othei
nte
rna
tiona
ljur
yse
tup
by t
he ho
st coun
try.Even
tua
lly,on
ly 6 pr
obl
ems wi
ll be
ac
cep
tedf
oru
sei
nthecompe
tit
ion.Theho
stcoun
trydoe
sno
t
by 180.81.33.9 on 12/03/24. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

provide any quest

ion. The s hort
-li
sted probl
ems are
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

subs
equent
lytrans
laed,i
t f nece
ssary,i n Eng
lih, Fr
s ench,
rman,Ru
Ge ssanando
i the
rwork
ingl
anguage
s.Af
tert
hat,t
he
t
eam l
eade
rs wi
llt
ran
sla
tet
he prob
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ntot
hei
r own
l
anguage
s.
The answe
rsc
rit
pso
f each pa
rti
cipa
ting t
eam wi
ll be
ma
rkedbyt
het
eam l
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ircon
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tte
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llbes
ett
ledbyt
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ury.Thej
uryi
sformedbyt
heva
riou
s
t
eaml
eade
rsandanappo
int
edcha
irmanbyt
heho
stcoun
try.
Thej
uryi
sre
spon
sib
lef
orde
cid
ingt
hef
i l6prob
na lemsfort
he
compe
tit
ion.The
ir du
tie
sal
soi
ncl
udef
ina
liz
ing t
he g
rad
ing
s
t rd,en
anda sur
ing t
he ac
cur
acy o
fthe t
ran
sla
tion of t
he
probems,s
l t
andard
izing r
epl
iest o wri
tten queri
esr a
ised by
part
icipan
tsdur
ingt hecompet
iton,s
i ynchroniz
ing d
ifferenc
es
i
ngr
adi
ngbe
tweent
het
eaml
eade
rsandt
hecoord
ina
tor
sand
a
lsodec
idi
ngont
hecu
t-o
ffpo
int
sfort
hemeda
lsdepend
ingon
t
hecon
tes
tan
ts􀆳r
esu
ltsa
sthed
iff
icu
lti
eso
fprob
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r
a
red
iff
eren
t.
Ch
inahadpa
rti
cipa
tedi
nforma
llyi
nthe26
t n1985.
hIMOi
On
lytwos
tuden
ts we
res
ent.S
tar
ti rom 1986,excep
ng f tin
1998whent
heIMO wa
she
ldi iwan,Ch
nTa inahada
lway
ssen
t
6 of
fic
ial con
tes
tan
tst
othe IMO. Today, t
he Ch
ine
se
con
tes
tan
tsno
ton
lype
rformedou
tst
and
ing
lyi
ntheIMO,bu
t

􀃹
 In
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tion

a
lsoi
ntheIn
terna
tiona
lPhy
sis,Chemi
c sty,Inf
r orma
tis,and
c
Bi
ology Ol
ymp
iad
s.Th
iscanber
ega
rdeda
sani
ndi
cat
iont
hat
Ch
ina pay
sgr
eata
tten
tiont
othet
rai
ning of ba
sicsk
ill
sin
ma
thema
tic
sands
cienc
eeduca
tion.
by 180.81.33.9 on 12/03/24. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

Wi
nne
rso
ftheIMO
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Amonga
llt
heIMO meda
lis
ts,t
her
e we
re many oft
hem
whoeven
tua
lly becameg
rea
t ma
thema
tic
ian
s.They we
rea
lso
awa
rdedt
heFi
eld l,Wo
sMeda lfPr
izeandNevan
linnaPr
ize (
a
promi
nen
tma thema
tic
spri
zeforcomput
ingandinforma
tis).
c
Inwhatfol
lows,wenamesomeofthewinne
rs.
G . Ma
rgu
lis,a s
ilve
r meda
lis
to n 1959, wa
f IMO i s
awa
rdedt
heFi
eld
s Meda
lin1978.L .Lova
sz,who wont
he
Wo
lfPr
i n1999,wa
zei sawa
rdedt
heSpec
ialAwa
rdi
nIMO
cons
ecu
tive
l n1965and1966.V .Dr
yi ine
fld,ago
ldmeda
lis
tof
n1969,wa
IMOi sawa
rdedt
heF
iel
ds Meda
lin1990.J.-C .
Yoc
coz and T.Gowe
rs,who we
re bo
th awa
rdedt
he Fi
eld
s
Meda
lin1998,we
rego
ld meda
lis
tsi n1974and1981
nIMOi
r
espec
tive
ly.As
ilve
rmeda
lis
to n1985,L .La
fIMOi ffo
rgue,
wont
heFi
eld
sMeda
lin2002.Ago
ldmeda
lis n1982,
tofIMOi
Gr
igo
riPe
relmanf
rom Ru
ssa,wa
i sawa
rdedt
heF
iel
dsMeda
lin
2006f
ors
olv
ingt
hef
ina
lst
ep oft
hePo
inca
récon
jec
tur
e.In
1986,1987,and1988,Te
r eTao wonabronze,s
enc il r,and
ve
go
ld meda
lres
pec
tivel
y.He wa sthe younge
st par
tic
ipantto
da
teintheIMO,fi
rstcompe
tingattheageoft en.Hewa sal
so
awa
rdedt
heF
iel
dsMeda
lin2006.Go
ld meda
litofIMO1988
s
and1989, Ngo Bau Chao, won t
he Fi
eld
s Meda
lin 2010,
t
oge
the
r wi
th t
he bronze meda
lit of IMO 1988, E.
s
Li
nden
str
aus
s.Go
ld meda
lis
tofIMO 1994and1995,Ma
ryam
Mi
rzakhan
iwont
heF
iel
ds Meda
lin2014.A go
ld meda
lis
tof

􀃺
 Ma
thema
tic
alOl
ymp
iadi
nCh
ina

n1995,Ar
IMOi turAv
ilawont
heFi
eld
sMeda
lin2014.
As
ilve
rmeda
lis
to n1977,P.Sho
fIMOi r,wa
sawa
rded
t
he Nevan
linna Pr
ize.A go
ld meda
lis
to n1979,A .
fIMO i
Razbo
rov,wa
sawa
rdedt
he Nevan
linna Pr
ize.Ano
the
r go
ld
meda
lis
tofIMOi rnov,wa
n1986,S.Smi sawa
rdedt
heCl
ay
by 180.81.33.9 on 12/03/24. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

Re
sea
r rd.V .La
ch Awa ffo
rgue,a go
ld meda
lis
tofIMO i
n
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

1990,wa
sawa
rdedt
heEur
opean Ma
thema
tica
lSoc
iet
ypr
ize.
sL .La
Hei ffo
rgue􀆳
syounge
rbr
othe
r.
Al
so,a f
amou
s ma
thema
tic
ian i
n numbe
rt y, N .
heor
El
kis,whoi
e sal
so a pro
fes
sora
t Ha
rva
rd Un
ive
rsi
ty, wa
s
awa
rdedago
ld meda n1982.Ot
lofIMOi herwi
nne
rsi
ncl
ude
P.Kr
onhe
ime
rawa
rdedas
ilve
rmeda
lin1981andR .
Tay
lora
con
tes
tan
to n1980.
fIMOi

Ma
thema
tic
alc
ompe
tit
ioni
nCh
ina
Duet
ova
riou
srea
sons,ma
thema
tica
lcompe
tit
ioni
nCh
ina
s
tar
tedr
ela
tive
lyl
atebu
tisprog
res
singv
igorou
sly.
“Wea
rego
ingt
ohaveourown ma
thema
tica
lcompe
tit
ion
oo!”s
t aid HuaLuog
eng.Huai
sahou
se-ho
ldnamei
nCh
ina.
Thef
irs
t ma
thema
tica
lcompe
tit
ion wa
she
ldconcur
ren
tlyi
n
Be
ijng,Ti
i ani
jn,Shangha n 1956.Duet
iand Wuhani othe
pol
iti
cals
ituat
iona
tt ime,t
het h
iseventwasinte
rrup
tedaf ew
t
imes.Un ti ,
l1962 whenthe pol
iti
calenv
ironmentsta
rtedto
improve, Be
iji
ng and o
the
rci
tie
sst
art
ed or
gan
izi
ng t
he
compe
tit
ion t
hough no
tregu
lar
ly.In t
he e
ra of Cu
ltur
al
Revo
lut
ion,t
he who
le educa
tiona
lss
ytem i
n Ch
ina wa
sin
chao
s.Thema
thema
tica
lcompe
tit
ioncamet
oacomp
let
eha
lt.
Incon
tra
st,t
hema
thema
tica
lcompe
tit
ioni
nthef
orme
rSov
iet
Un
ionwa
sst
il
lon
-go
ingdur
ingt
hewa
randa
tat
imeunde
rthe
d
iff
icu
ltpo
lit
ica
lsi
tua
tion.Thecompe
tit
ionsi
n Mo
scow we
re

􀃻
 In
troduc
tion

i
nte
rrup
tedon
ly3t
ime tween1942and1944.I
sbe twa
sindeed
commendab
le.
In 1978,i
t wa
sthe s
pri
ng o
fsc
ience. Hua Luog
eng
conduc
tedt
he Mi
ddl
eSchoo
l Ma
thema
tica
lCompe
tit
ionfor8
prov
inc
esi
n Ch
ina.The ma
thema
tica
lcompe
tit
ioni
n Ch
ina
by 180.81.33.9 on 12/03/24. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

wa
sthenmak
ingaf
reshs
tar
tandemba
rkedonaroado
frap
id
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

deve
l t.Hua pa
opmen ss n 1985.In commemor
ed awayi a
ting
him,acompet
itonnamedHuaLuog
i eng Go
ldCupwasse
tupi n
1986fors
tuden
tsi
nGr
ade6and7andi
tha
sag
rea
timpac
t.
The ma
thema
tica
lcompe
tit
ion
sin Ch
inabe e1980can
for
becons
ide
red a
sthei
nit
ial pe
riod.The pr
obl
ems we
res
et
wi
thi
nthes
copeo
f mi
ddl
eschoo
ltex
tbook
s.Af
ter1980,t
he
compe
tit
ionswe
reg
radua
lly mov
ingt
owa
rdst
hes
eni
or mi
ddl
e
s
choo
ll l.In 1981, t
eve he Ch
ine
se Ma
thema
tica
l Soc
iet
y
de
cidedt
o conduc
tthe Ch
ina Ma
thema
tica
l Compe
tit
ion,a
na
tiona
leven
tforh
ighs
choo
ls.
In1981,t
heUn
itedS
tat
esofAme
rica,t
heho
stcoun
tryof
IMO,i
ssuedani
nvi
tat
iont
oCh
inat
opa
rti
cipa
tei
ntheeven
t.
On
l n 1985, Ch
yi ina s
ent two con
tes
tan
tst
o pa
rti
cipa
te
i
nforma
llyi
ntheIMO.Ther
esu
ltswe
reno
tencour
agi
ng.In
v
iew oft
his,ano
the
r ac
tiv
ity ca
lled t
he Wi
nte
r Camp wa
s
conduc
ted a
fte
rthe Ch
ina Ma
thema
tica
l Compe
tit
ion. The
Wi
nte
rCamp wa
sla
terr
enamed a
sthe Ch
ina Ma
thema
tica
l
Ol
ymp
iadorCMO.The wi
nni
ngt
eam wou
ldbeawa
rdedt
he
Che
rnSh
iing
-Shen Cup.Ba
sedont
heou
tcomea
tthe Wi
nte
r
Camp,a s
ele
cti
on wou
ld be made t he 6
o form t -membe
r
na
tiona
lteam f om 1986 onwa
orIMO.Fr rds,o
the
rthant
he
year when IMO was or
gani
zedi iwan, Ch
n Ta i
na had been
send
inga6 -membe
rteamt oIMO.Upto2011,Chinahadbeen
awa
rdedt
heove
ral
lteamchamp
i or17t
onf ime
s.

ⅹ
ⅴⅱ
 Ma
thema
tic
alOl
ymp
iadi
nCh
ina

In1990,Ch
inahads
ucc
ess
ful
ly ho
st he31s
edt tIMO.I
t
s
howedt
hatt
hes
tanda
rdo
fma
thema
tica
lcompe
tit
ioni
nCh
ina
ha
sleve
ledt
hatofo
the
rlead
ingcoun
tri
es.F
irt,t
s hef
actt
hat
Ch
inaach
ieve
stheh
ighe
stma
rksa
tthe31s
tIMOfort
het
eam
i
sanev
idenceoft
hee
ffe
cti
vene
sso
fthepy
rami
dappr
oachi
n
by 180.81.33.9 on 12/03/24. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

s
ele
cti
ng t
he con
tes
tan
tsi
n Ch
ina.Second
ly,t
he Ch
ine
se
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

ma
thema
tic
ian
shads
imp
lif
iedand mod
ifi r100pr
edove obl
ems
ands
ubmi
tt hemt
edt othet
eaml
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rso
fthe35coun
tri
esfor
t
hei
rpe
rus
al.Even
tua
lly,28pr
obl
emswe
rer
ecommended.At
heend,5pr
t obl
emswe
recho
sen (
IMOr
equ
ire
s6 pr
obems).
l
Th
isi
sano
the
rev
idencet
oshowt
hatCh
inaha
sach
ievedt
he
h
ighe
stqua
lit
yins
ett
ingpr
obl
ems.Th
ird
ly,t
heanswe
rsc
rit
ps
oft
hepa
rti
cipan
tswe
rema
rkedbyt
heva
riou
steaml
eade
rsand
a
sse
ssedbyt
hecoord
ina
tor
swho we
renomi
nat
edbyt
heho
st
coun
tri
es.Ch
ina had formed a g
roup 50 ma
thema
tic
ianst
o
s
er scoord
vea ina
tor
swho wou
lden
sur
etheh
ighac
cur
acyand
f
airne
ssi
nma
rki
ng.Thema
rki
ngproc
esswa
scomp
let
edha
lfa
dayea
rli
ert
hani
twa
sschedu
led.Four
thy,t
l hatwa
sthef
irs
t
eve
rIMO or
gan
izedi
n As
ia.Theou
tst
and
ingpe
rformanc
eby
Ch
inahadencour
agedt
heo
the
rdeve
lop
ingcoun
tri
es,e
spec
ial
ly
t
hos
ein As
ia.The or
gan
izi
ng andcoord
ina
ting work oft
he
IMObyt
heho
stcoun
try wa
sal
sor
eas
onab
lygood.
In Ch
ina,t
he ou
tst
and
ing pe
rformancei
n ma
thema
tica
l
compe
tit
ioni
sar
esu
ltof many con
tri
but
ion
sfr
om t
he a
ll
quar
tersof ma
themat
ical communi
ty. Ther
ea rethe ol
der
gener
ati
onofmathema
tic
ians,midd
le-agedmathemat
ici
ansand
a
lsot
he mi
ddl
eande
lemen
tar
yschoo
lteache
rs.The
rei
sone
pe
rsonwhode
ser
vesas
pec
ialmen
ti sHuaLuog
onandhei eng.
Hei
nit
iat
edandpr
omo
tedt
hema
thema
tica
lcompe
tit
ion.Hei
s
a
lsot
he au
thoro
fthef
oll
owi s:Beyond Yang hu
ng book i􀆳s

ⅹ
ⅴⅲ
 In
troduc
tion

Tr
iang
le,Beyondt i of Zu Chong
he p zhi,Beyondt
he Mag
ic
Compu
tat
ion of Sun
-zi, Ma
thema
tica
l Induc
tion, and
Ma
thema
tica
lProb
lems of Bee Hi
ve.The
se we
reh
is books
de
rivedf
rom ma
thema
tic
scompe
tit
ion
s.When Ch
inar
esumed
ma
thema
tica
lcompe
tit
i n 1978,he pa
oni rti
cipa
tedi
nse
tti
ng
by 180.81.33.9 on 12/03/24. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

prob
lemsandg
ivi
ngc
rit
iquet
oso
lut
ion
soft
heprob
lems.Ot
her
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

ou
tst
and
ing books de
rived f
rom t
he Ch
ine
se ma
thema
tic
s
compe
tit
ionsa
re:Symme
tr fu,La
yby DuanXue tti
ceandAr
ea
by Mi
nShe,OneS
i troke Dr
awi
ng and Po
stman Prob
lem by
J
iangBo
ju.
Af
ter1980,t
he younge
r ma
thema
tic
iansi
n Ch
ina had
t
aken ove
rfrom t
he o
lde
r gene
rat
ion o
f ma
thema
tic
iansi
n
r
unn
ing t
he ma
thema
tica
l compe
tit
ion. They worked and
s
tri
vedha
rdt
obr
ingt
hel
eve
lof ma
thema
tica
lcompe
tit
ioni
n
Ch
inat
oa new he
i t.Qi
gh u Zonghu i
sones
uch ou
tst
and
ing
r
epr
esen
tat
ive.Fromt
het
rai
ningofcon
tes
tan
tsandl
ead
ingt
he
eam 3t
t ime
stoIMO t
othe or
gan
izi
ng o
fthe31
thIMO i
n
Ch
ina,hehadcon
tri
but
edpr
omi
nen
tlyandwa
sawa heP.
rdedt
Erdö
spr
ize.

Pr
epa
rat
ionf
orIMO
Cur
ren
tly,t
hes
ele
cti
onproc
essofpa
rti
cipan
tsf
orIMOi
n
Ch
inai
sasfo
llows.
Fi
rst,t
he Ch
ina Ma
thema
tica
l Compe
tit
ion,a na
tiona
l
compe
tit
ionforh
ighSchoo
ls,
isor
gan
izedont
hes
econdSunday
i
n Oc
tobe
r eve
ry yea
r.The ob
jec
tive
sae:t
r oinc
rea
set
he
i
nte
res
tofs
tuden
tsi
nlea
rni
ng ma
thema
tis,t
c o pr
omo
tet
he
deve
lopmen to
fco -
curri
cula
racti
vit
iesin ma
thema
tics,tohe
lp
improve t
he teaching of ma
thematic
si nh i
gh schoo
ls,to
d
iscove
randcu
lti
vat
ethet
alen
tsanda
lsot
o pr
epa
ref
ort
he

ⅹ
ⅰⅹ
 Ma
thema
tic
alOl
ymp
iadi
nCh
ina

IMO.Th
is happens s
ince 1981. Cur
ren
tlyt
her
ear
e abou
t
200,
000pa
rti
cipan
tst
aki
ngpa
rt.
Throught
heCh
ina Ma
thema
tica
lCompe
tit
ion,a
round350
o
fst
uden
tsa
res
ele
ctedt
otakepa
rti
ntheCh
ina Ma
thema
tica
l
Ol
ymp
iadorCMO,t
ha s,t
ti he Wi
nte
rCamp.TheCMOl
ast
s
by 180.81.33.9 on 12/03/24. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

for5 day
sandi
she
ldi
nJanua
ry eve
ryyea
r.Thet
ype
sand
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

d
iff
icu
lti
eso
fthe prob
lemsi
n CMO a
res
imi
lart
otheIMO.
The
rea
rea
lso3prob
lemst
obecomp
let
edwi
thi 5hour
n4. seach
r,t
day.Howeve hescor
eforeach prob
lemis21 ma rkswh
ich
addupto126 ma
rksintot
al.Sta
rtingfrom 1990,t
he Winte
r
Camp inst
itu
t he Che
ed t rn Sh
iing-
Shen Cup for team
champ
ionsh
ip.In 1991, t
he Winte
r Camp was off
ici
all
y
r
enameda
sthe Ch
ina Ma
thema
tica
lOl
ymp
iad (CMO).I
tis
s
imi
lart
otheh
ighe
stna
tiona
lma
thema
tica
lcompe
tit
ioni
nthe
forme
rSov
ietUn
ionandt
heUn
itedS
tat
es.
The CMO awa rdst
he f
irt,s
s econd and th
ird pri
zes.
Amongthepa
rti
cipant
sofCMO,about60studen
tsaresel
ected
t
opa
rti
cipa
tei
nthet
rai
ningf
orIMO.Thet
rai
ningt
ake
spl
ace
i
n Ma
rcheve
ryyea
r.Af
ter6t
o8t
est
sandano
the
r2round
sof
qua
lif
yingexami
nat
i s,on
on ly6con
tes
tan
tsa
reshor
t-l
ist
edt
o
f
ormt
heCh
inaIMO na
tiona
lteamt
otakepa
rti
ntheIMOi
n
J
uly.
Be
side
sthe Ch
ina Ma
thema
tica
l Compe
tit
ion (
for h
igh
s
choo
ls),t
heJ
uni
or Mi
ddl
eSchoo
l Ma
thema
tica
lCompe
tit
ion
i
sal
sodeve
lop
ing we
ll.S
tar
tingf
rom1984,t
hecompe
tit
ioni
s
or
gan
izedi
nApr
ileve
ryyea
rbyt
hePopu
lar
iza
tionCommi
ttee
oft
he Ch
ine
se Ma
thema
tica
lSoc
iet
y.Theva
riou
sprov
i s,
nce
c
iti
esandau
tonomou
sreg
ion
swou
ldro
tat
etoho
stt
heeven
t.
Ano
the
rma
thema
tica
lcompe
tit
ionf
ort
hej
uni
ormi
ddl
eschoo
ls
i
sal
so conduc
tedi
n Apr
ileve
ry yea
r by t
he Mi
ddl
e Schoo
l

ⅹ
ⅹ
 In
troduc
tion

Ma
thema
tic
s Educa
tion Soc
iet
yoft
he Ch
ine
se Educa
tiona
l
Soc
iet
ysnce1998t
i il
lnow.
The HuaLuog
eng Go
ldCup,acompe
tit
ionbyi
nvi
tat
ion,
had a
lso been s
ucc
ess
ful
ly conduc
ted s
i e 1986. The
nc
pa
rti
cipa
tings
tuden
tscompr
isee
lemen
tar
ysi
xandj
uni
ormi
ddl
e
by 180.81.33.9 on 12/03/24. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

ones
tuden
ts.The f
orma
t oft
he compe
tit
ion cons
ist
s of a
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

pr
elimi
nar
yround,semi-
fina
lsinvar
iou
sprov
i s,c
nce iti
esand
au
tonomousr
egi s,t
on henthefi
nal
s.
Ma
thema
tica
lcompe
tit
ioni
nCh
inaprov
ide
sap
lat
formf
or
s
tuden
tst
oshowca
set
hei
rta
len
tsi
nma
thema
tic
s.I
tencour
age
s
l
earn
ing o
f ma
thema
tic
s among s
tuden
ts.I
t he
lps i
den
tif
y
t
alen
ted s
tuden
ts and t
o prov
ide t
hem wi
th d
iff
eren
tia
ted
l
earn
ing oppor
tun
ity.I
t deve
lops co
-cur
ricu
lar ac
tiv
iti
esi
n
ma
thema
tic
s.F
ina
lly,i
tbr
ing
sabou
tchange
sint
het
each
ingof
ma
thema
tic
s.

ⅹ
ⅹⅰ
 Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com
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b2530_FM.indd 6
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b2530   International Strategic Relations and China’s National Security: World at the Crossroads

01-Sep-16 11:03:06 AM
 Con
ten
ts
by 180.81.33.9 on 12/03/24. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

Pre
face ⅲ
I
ntr
oduct
ion

Ch
inaMa
thema
tic
alCompe
tit
ion 1

2010 (
Fui
jan) 1
2011 ( i)
Hube 13
2012 ( i)
Shaanx 23
2013 (
Ji
lin) 35

Ch
inaMat
hema
tic
alCompe
tit
ion (
Comp
lemen
tar
y
Tet)
s 44

2010 (
Fui
jan) 44
2011 ( i)
Hube 51
2012 ( i)
Shaanx 56
2013 (
Ji
lin) 62

Ch
inaMa
thema
tic
alOl
ymp
iad 68

2011 (
Changchun,J
iln)
i 68
2012 (
Xian,Shaanx
i) 77
2013 (
Shenyang,Li
aon
ing) 86
2013 (
Nan
jing,J
iang
su) 99

ⅹ
ⅹⅲ
 Ma
thema
tic
alOl
ymp
iadi
nCh
ina

Ch
inaNa
tiona
lTe
amS
ele
cti
onTe
st 109
2011 (
Fuzhou,Fu
jian) 109
2012 (
Nanchang,J
i i)
anx 119
2013 (
Jiangy
in,J
iang
su) 131
by 180.81.33.9 on 12/03/24. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

2014 (
Nan
jing,J
iang
su) 145
Mathematical Olympiad in China (2011–2014) Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

Ch
inaGi
rls
􀆳Ma
thema
tic
alOl
ymp
iad 160
2010 (
Shi
jiazhuang,Hebe
i) 160
2011 (
Shenzhen,Guangdong) 174
2012 (
Guangzhou,Guangdong) 190
2013 ( i,Zhe
Zhenha jiang) 199

Ch
ina We
ste
rn Ma
thema
tic
alOl
ymp
iad 211
2010 (
Tayuan,Shanx
i i) 211
2011 (
Yushan,J
i i)
angx 221
2012 ( t,Inne
Hohho rMongo
lia) 230
2013 (
Lanzhou,Gan
su) 240

Ch
inaSou
the
ast
ern Ma
thema
tic
alOl
ymp
iad 252
2010 (
Lukang,Changhua,Ta
iwan) 252
2011 (
Ningbo,Zhe
jiang) 265
2012 (
Put
ian,Fu
jian) 278
2013 (
Ying
tan,J
i i)
angx 286

I
nte
rna
tiona
lMa
thema
tic
alOl
ymp
iad 299
2011 (
Ams
terdam,Ho
lland) 299
2012 (Ma
rDe
lPl
ata,Ar
gen
tina) 311
2013 (
San
ta Ma
rta,Co
lomb
ia) 321
2014 (CapeTown,TheRepub
lico
f
Sout
hAfrca)
i 336

ⅹ
ⅹⅰⅴ