THE CELL AS THE BASIC UNIT

OF LIFE
LESSON 3: EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE
 TWO MAIN TYPES OF CELLS

PROKARYOTIC CELL EUKARYOTIC CELL

3
P RO K A RYO T I C C E L L S
o coined from two Greek words “pro”, which means
before, and “karyon”, which means nut or kernel.

o unicellular (single-celled) organisms that lack true

nucleus and membrane-bound cell organelles.

o smaller than eukaryotic cells

o Bacteria and archaea are prokaryotes.

4 S T R U C T U R E O F A P R O K A RY O T I C C E L L
FIMBRIAE
CAPSULE long filamentous polymeric
sticky protective protein structures located at
outer layer the surface of bacterial cells

CELL WALL INCLUSION

helps prokaryotes water-insoluble protein
maintain its shape aggregates formed in the
bacterial cytoplasm

PLASMA MEMBRANE PILUS

separates the cell a hairlike appendage
from the environment found on the surface
of many bacteria
PLASMID FLAGELLUM
a small circle of DNA primarily a motility
organelle that enables
NUCLEIOD movement
CYTOPLASM RIBOSOME
region within the cell semi-fluid where metabolic the site of protein
containing the DNA processes happen synthesis in the cells
5
E U K A RYO T I C C E L L S
o have cells that possess true nucleus where most of
the DNA molecules are found

o have a distinct compartmentalization that partitions

the cell into different membrane-bound organelles

o larger compared to prokaryotic cells

o Organisms that belong to kingdom protista, fungi,

plantae and animalia are eukaryotes.
6 CELL MEMBRANE

o a semi-permeable membrane

o serves to protect the organelles in the cytoplasm

and determines which materials can pass in and out
of the cell

o has an outer membrane that regulates the

exchange of materials between the cell’s internal
and external environment.
7 CELL MEMBRANE
The cell membrane is composed of the following molecules:

Phospholipid – serves as a protective barrier and controls the

entry and exit of substances into and from the
cells.
– consists of two different ends – a head a and
tail
head (polar and hydrophilic) – made up of
phosphate group
tail (non-polar and hydrophobic) – made up
of fatty acid chains
8 CELL MEMBRANE

Cholesterol – a molecule responsible for maintaining the

consistency of the cell membrane
– Embedded into the inner and outer leaflet of the
membrane to increase its fluidity

Proteins – found in the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane

– some of these proteins act as enzymes that help
speed up chemical reactions involved in
transporting materials across the cell membrane
THE CELL MEMBRANE
10 CELL MEMBRANE
Protein Transporters
Uniport – allows unidirectional
movement of
substances
Symport – facilitates
cotransport of
substances in one
direction
Antiport – allows entry of a
substance together
with an exit of the
other
11 CYTOPLASM
o colloidal part of the cell composed of
water with dissolved nutrients,
enzymes, and other important
substances that support the cell’s
metabolic functions.

o a highly viscous (gel-like) substance

enclosed within the cell membrane.
o majority of cell organelles are located in
the cytoplasm. For this reason, most of
the metabolic activities occur within the
cytoplasm.
12 NUCLEUS

o the largest and most distinct feature

of both animal and plant cells
o usually centrally located, serves as the
control center of the cell

o it is where DNA is located

o responsible for cell division
13 NUCLEUS
Nuclear • double-walled membrane that
envelope regulates the exchange of
materials between the nucleus
and the cytoplasm
Nuclear • provides support proteins that
lamina comprise the nuclear envelope
Nucleolus • houses the genetic material
• site where replication and
transcription occurs
• disappears when the cell is about
to divide
Nucleoplasm • liquid matrix

Chromatin • Long thread-like structure that

are made up of genetic material
and proteins to form
chromosome
14 MITOCHONDRION

o serve as site for chemical reactions

that extract energy from different food
sources
o responsible for the generation of ATP

Under the electron microscope, the mitochondrion appears as

double-walled sausage-like structures or oval bodies

o have smooth outer wall and inner wall

consisting of several inwardly directed
folds
o termed as the “powerhouse” of the cell
for its involvement in cellular respiration
15 G O L G I A P PA R AT U S

o also known as Golgi body

o located near the nucleus and is linked
to other organelles through
microtubules.

In most organisms, the Golgi appears as a set of flattened,

disk-like membranous cisternae.

o responsible for the correct folding of

proteins
o prepares proteins and carbohydrates
release into the body
16 VA C U O L E

o fluid-filled spaces found in both plant

and animal cell
o part of the cell where water and
waste materials are stored

o Plant cells have significantly larger

vacuoles than animal cells.
o It occupies about 90% of the entire plant
cell’s volume.
17 LY S O S O M E
o contains hydrolytic enzymes used for
digestion
o the main function is cellular digestion
and waste removal.

“suicide bag of the cell”

18 RIBOSOME

o are tiny bead-like structures which

serve as sites of protein synthesis
o composed of small and large subunits

o Two types of ribosomes include those

which are bound to the RER and
unbound ribosomes that synthesizes
enzymes and proteins
19 ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM ( RER)

o comprised of a network of
membranes that interface the
cytoplasm
o extends from the nuclear envelope

o ribosomes are attached to the surface

of the RER
o involved in some protein production,
protein folding, quality control and
dispatch.
20 SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (SER)

o no ribosomes are attached to its

surface
o more tubular than rough ER and
forms an interconnecting network
sub-compartment of ER.
o It is found fairly evenly
distributed throughout the
cytoplasm.
o associated with the production
and metabolism of fats and
steroid hormones.
21 PEROXISOME

o a membrane-bound vesicle that

contains a dense crystalline core of
oxidative enzymes

o are called microbodies that are

involved in the oxidation of VLCFAs
that cannot be degraded and
oxidized by the mitochondrion

o the site and degradation of highly

toxic hydrogen peroxide
22 CENTRIOLES

o structures found outside the

nucleus

o responsible for the formation of

spindle fiber in cell division

o self-replicating organelles made

up of nine bundles of microtubules

o found only in animal cell

23 C ELL WA LL

o rigid structure that provides the

cell its shape and prevents the
plant cells from bursting due to
high turgor pressure.
o present only in plant cells
24 CHLOROPLAST
o an organelle that is found among
photosynthetic organisms.
o contains the pigment “chlorophyll”,
which absorbs all wavelengths of light
except green.

“Chloroplast is an organelle that contains the

photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll that captures
sunlight and converts it into useful energy,
thereby, releasing oxygen from water. “
END OF LESSON 3
Jessica R. Carlon, LPT
Science Teacher
TRC Senior High School