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Lecture 3-2

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17 views12 pages

Lecture 3-2

Uploaded by

Chetan Gupta Gupta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Microwave Transmission

Line Model

Dr. H. Rahaman, Associate Professor


Department of Electronics and Communication, BKBIET Pilani
Objective

 Transmission line model


 Concept of modes.
 Different types of modes
 Features of modes
Recap
 We discussed on different types of transmission.
 Transmission line presentation with distributed parameters-
R, L, C, and G.
 Transmission line equations in homogeneous medium for V
and I.
 Important terms: propagation constant, attenuation, phase
and impedance for lossy line and lossless line.
 Different types of losses: conductivity loss and dielectric
loss.
 Field analysis on transmission line to develop model.
 Transmission signal characteristics depends on conductor
and medium.
Plane wave equations
Plane wave: A plane wave is a wave whose phase is constant over all set
of planes. If magnitude and phase are also constant, then it is called
uniform plane wave.

In a source free, linear and homogeneous medium, the plane wave can be given
by Maxwell’s curl equation
𝛻 × 𝐸 = −𝑗𝜔𝜇𝐻 𝛻 × 𝐻 = 𝑗𝜔𝜖𝐸
Taking curl of eqns. 𝛻 × 𝛻 × 𝐸 = −𝑗𝜔𝜇𝛻 × 𝐻 = 𝜔2 𝜇𝜖𝐸
For free space 𝜵∙𝑬=0
𝛻 2 𝐸 + 𝜔2 𝜇𝜖𝐸 = 0 Helmholtz equation/
Wave equation
Identical eqn for 𝐻. 𝛻 2 𝐻 + 𝜔2 𝜇𝜖𝐻 = 0
Plane wave equations
𝛻2𝐸 + 𝑘2𝐸 = 0 Helmholtz equation/ 𝒌 = 𝝎 𝝁𝝐
𝛻2𝐻 + 𝑘2𝐻 = 0 Wave equation
k is called the propagation constant/
𝟐
𝛁 is a operator phase constant/ wave number (1/m)

Cartesian system

Cylindrical system

Spherical system

𝟐𝝅
𝝀=
𝒌
Plane wave equations
Phase velocity:
The velocity of the wave in the medium
𝜔 1
𝑣𝑝 = = 𝑘 = 𝜔 𝜇𝜖
𝑘 𝜇𝜖

Intrinsic Impedance: 𝜔𝜇 𝜇
of the medium 𝜂= =
𝑘 𝜖

Wavelength: 2𝜋 2𝜋𝑣𝑝 𝑣𝑝
Distance between two maximum 𝜆 = 𝑘 = 𝜔 = 𝑓

In free space: ε0 = 8.854 X 10-12 F/m


μ0 = 4π X 10-7 henry/m

1 𝜇0
𝑣𝑝 = =𝐶 𝜂= = 120𝜋
𝜇0 𝜖0 𝜖0
C = 2.998X 108 m/s η = 377 
Phase constant and wave number
Phase constant:
It represents the change in phase per unit length 𝝓
and is represented by 𝛽. Unit is radians per unit
length.
2𝜋
𝛽=
𝜆
Wave number:
Spatial frequency of a wave measured in cycles per unit
wave or radians per unit distance.
It means that frequency is the number of waves per unit
time and similarly, wave number is number of waves
per unit distance.

1 2𝜋
𝑘= or 𝑘=
𝜆 𝜆
Wave number increases with
frequency.
Transmission Line- Modes
Modes: Patterns of electromagnetic fields. Solution of microwave
propagation in free space or waveguide.
Transverse electromagnetic (TEM) mode – No longitudinal field components.
Transverse electric (TE) mode – Longitudinal magnetic field.
Transverse magnetic (TM) mode – Longitudinal electric field.

Two conductor transmission line Single conductor transmission line


supports TEM mode supports TE or TM mode
Transmission Line- Modes
Maxwell’s equations in a dielectric medium: Faraday’s and displacement law
𝑑𝐵 𝑑𝐷
𝛻𝑋𝐸 =− = −𝑗𝜔𝐵 = −𝑗𝜔𝜇𝐻 𝛻𝑋𝐻= = 𝑗𝜔𝐷 = 𝑗𝜔𝜖𝐸
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Where, 𝑒 and ℎ represents
transverse electric and magnetic
field. 𝑒𝑧 And ℎ𝑧 are longitudinal
components along z direction.
Maxwell equation with component
wise (rectangular coordinates)

(1a) (1b)
Transmission Line- Modes
Six equations can be reduced by expressing in terms of Ez and Hz

Where 𝑘𝑐2 = 𝑘 2 − 𝛽2
(2)
𝑘 = 𝜔 𝜇𝜖 = 2𝜋/𝜆

If dielectric loss is present,


then 𝜖 is a complex quantity
𝑘𝑐 is cutoff wave number, 𝜖 = 𝜖0 𝜖𝑟 1 − 𝑗𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛿
k is wave number depending on material filling, 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛿 is the loss tangent and
𝛽 is phase constant accounts for losses,

 Equations 1 and 2 are master equations to determine different kinds of modes:


TEM, TE and TM modes.
 One of the milestone in microwave engineering to develop variety of waveguides
and other transmission lines for low loss microwave power transmission.
Summary

 We discussed on uniform plane waves and equations.


 Different parameters of plane waves – impedance, phase
velocity, phase constant, wavenumber etc.
 Different kind of transmission lines.
 Concept of modes.
 Master/ most generalized equations from Maxwell’s theory.
Thank you !

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