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Mathematical Model of Microwave Transmission

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89 views11 pages

Mathematical Model of Microwave Transmission

Uploaded by

Nirav Patel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Mathematical model of

Microwave Transmission
Lecture-1
N.D.Patel
TEM,TE,TM & HE wave
• TEM (transverse electromagnetic wave): both electric and magnetic fields
are purely transverse to direction of propagation i.e.Ez =0 and Hz = 0.
• TE (transverse electric wave): only electric field is purely transverse to
direction of propagation and magnetic field is not purely transverse. i.e.
Ez = 0 and Hz ≠ 0.
• TM (transverse magnetic wave): only magnetic field is transverse to
direction of propagation and electric field is not purely transverse. i.e. Ez
≠ 0 and Hz = 0.
• HE (hybrid wave): neither electric nor magnetic field are purely
transverse to direction of propagation. i.e. Ez ≠ 0 and Hz ≠ 0.
Concept of Mode
• Electromagnetic wave inside waveguide can have infinite no. of
patterns which are called modes.
• Magnetic and electric fields both perpendicular to each other.
• Electric field cannot have component parallel to surface.
• Electric filed must be perpendicular to surface at conductor.
• In general, two type of modes in waveguide, TE and TM modes
• TEmn or TMmn where m indicates no. of half wave variations of electric
field across wider dimension a of waveguide and n indicates no. across
narrow dimension b.
TE and TM modes
• Mode having highest cut-off wavelength is known as dominant mode of waveguide and all other
modes are called higher modes.
• For example TE10 is dominant mode for TE waves.
• Dominant mode is almost always low-loss, distortion less transmission and higher modes results in
significant loss of power and also undesirable distortion.
• TM00, TM01 and TM10 modes can not exist in in waveguide.
• TM11 and all higher modes exist in waveguide.
• TEM wave can not exist in rectangular and circular waveguide.
• TE00 mode cannot exist in waveguide
• TE01, TE10, TE11 and higher modes exist in waveguide.
• Higher order modes having same cut-off freq. are called degenerate modes.
• TE11 mode is dominant mode in circular wave guide.
• All TM0m and TM1m modes are degenerate in uniform circular waveguide.
TEM,TM & TE MODES
• Two more modes have same cut-off frequency said to be degenerate
modes.
• Modes with lowest cut-off frequency in particular guide is called
dominant mode.
• TMmn modes in rectangular guide are characterized by Hz = 0.
• TEmn modes in rectangular guide are characterized by Ez = 0.
• TEM modes in rectangular guide are characterized by Ez = 0 and Hz = 0.
Wave Guide
Electric and Magnetic field
MODES
Losses associated with microwave
transmission
• Attenuation loss: measure of power loss due to absorption of signal in
the transmission line given by
• Attenuation loss (dB) = 10 log10((Ei-Er)/Et)
• Where Et is i/p energy
• Er is reflection energy from load to i/p
• Et is transmitted energy to load
• Reflection loss: measure of power loss due to reflection of signal due to
impedance mismatch of transmission line given by
• Reflection loss (dB) =10 log10(Ei/(Et-Er))
• Where Et is i/p energy
• Er is reflected energy
Losses associated with microwave
transmission
• Transmission loss: is measure of power loss due to transmission through
transmission line given by
• Transmission loss (dB) = 10 log10 (Ei/Et)
• Return loss: is measure of power reflected by transmission line given by
• Return loss (dB) =10 log10(Ei/Er) = 10 log10 ((|Vs|)^2)/((|Vr|)^2)
• Insertion loss: is measure of energy loss through transmission line as compared to
direct transmission of energy without transmission line given by
• Insertion loss (dB) = 10 log10 (E1/E2)
• Where E1 is energy received by load when connected directly to source
without transmission line and E2 is energy received by load when
transmission line is inserted between source and load keeping i/p energy
constant
Concept of Impedance in Microwave
transmission
• Intrinsic impedance of free space is E/H=squareroot(permittivity of
free space/permeability of free space)= 120*pi=377 ohm.
• Characteristics impedance Z0=(voltage wave value)/(current wave
value)
• Z0=(R+jwL)/(G+jwC), where R=resistance of line, L=inductance of
line, G= conductance of line, and C= capacitance of line.
• For lossless line R0=squareroot(L/C)

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