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Limits in Calculus

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9 views1 page

Limits in Calculus

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099sudip
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Understanding Limits in Calculus

1. Indeterminate Forms with Examples


Indeterminate forms occur in calculus when the result of a mathematical operation is not
immediately clear and requires further evaluation using limits. Common types of
indeterminate forms include 0/0, ∞/∞, 0×∞, ∞−∞, 1^∞, 0^0, and ∞^0. These forms
indicate a need for additional analysis to find a meaningful result.

For example:
Evaluate the limit as x approaches 2 for (x^2 − 4)/(x − 2):
Direct substitution gives 0/0, an indeterminate form. Using factorization:
(x^2 − 4)/(x − 2) = [(x − 2)(x + 2)]/(x − 2).
Canceling (x − 2), we get x + 2. Substituting x = 2, the limit is 4.

2. Concept of Left-Hand and Right-Hand Limits with Examples


Left-hand and right-hand limits are essential for understanding the behavior of functions
near specific points. The left-hand limit (LHL) is defined as the value a function approaches
as the input approaches a point from the left, denoted as lim(x → a⁻) f(x). Similarly, the
right-hand limit (RHL) is the value as x approaches a from the right, denoted as lim(x → a⁺)
f(x).

For example:
Consider f(x) = 1 for x < 0, and f(x) = 2 for x ≥ 0. Evaluate the limit at x = 0:
LHL: lim(x → 0⁻) f(x) = 1 (as x approaches 0 from the left).
RHL: lim(x → 0⁺) f(x) = 2 (as x approaches 0 from the right).
Since LHL ≠ RHL, the limit does not exist at x = 0.

3. Limit at Infinity with Examples


Limits at infinity describe the behavior of a function as the input grows arbitrarily large or
small. These limits are crucial for understanding horizontal asymptotes in graphs. If a
function approaches a finite value L as x → ∞ or x → −∞, then L is the horizontal asymptote.

For example:
Evaluate lim(x → ∞) (1/x):
As x becomes very large, 1/x approaches 0. Thus, lim(x → ∞) (1/x) = 0.

Another example:
Evaluate lim(x → −∞) (2x^2 + 3)/(x^2 + 1):
Dividing numerator and denominator by x^2 gives:
lim(x → −∞) (2 + 3/x^2)/(1 + 1/x^2) = 2/1 = 2.

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