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International Conference on Recent Trends in Computing (ICRTCE-2021) IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1979 (2021) 012037 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1979/1/012037

5G Network Security Issues, Challenges, Opportunities and

Future Directions: A Survey
Mamoona Humayun1, Bushra Hamid2, NZ Jhanjhi3, G.Suseendran4, M N Talib5

1
dept of Information systems,College of Computer and Information Sciences, Jouf University
Al-Jouf KSA
2
University Institute of Information Technology, PMAS, Arid Agriculture University,
Rawalpindi,Pakistan
3
School of Computer Science and Engineering (SCE), Taylor’s University, Malaysia
4
Department of Information Technology, Vels Institute of Science, Technologyand Advanced
Studies,Chennai,India
5
Papua New Guinea University of Technology, Lae, PNG,Papua New Guinea
Email : mahumayun@ju.edu.sa1, noorzaman.jhanjhi@taylors.edu.my2,
muhammad.talib@pnguot.ac.pg3,bushrakiani@uaar.edu.pk4,suseendar_1234@yahoo.co.in5

Abstract—5G is expected to bring tremendous advancement in wireless cellular network by

providing faster speed, high capacity and low latency. It has widely been adopted in various parts
of the world and is expected to bring a noteworthy revolution in major industries and overall
economies. Although 5G service providers are promising integrity, confidentiality and
availability of data, still security is an important concern that needs to be addressed. This paper
provides a detailed survey on 5G security by addressing 5G opportunities, common threats
targeting 5G network along with their mitigation strategies, security services offered by 5G
networks and 5G security challenges. We have also provided a case study to demonstrate the
potentials of 5G. This survey will help 5G researchers, service providers and 5G users in getting
quick awareness of 5G network.
Keywords—5G (fifth generation), Cellular network, Wireless Communication, Security,
Latency

1. INTRODUCTION
The target of wireless communication (WC) is to deliver reliable, and high quality communication
just like wired communication and each new generation is a step towards this direction. 5G is a leap
forward in this direction by providing high coverage and very high frequency by deploying dense base
station (BS) with enhanced quality, extremely low latency and increased capacity [1, 2]. According to 5G
public-private partnership, it is expected to connect about 7 trillion things or devices, and average service
delivery time will decrease from 90 hours to 90 minutes with advance privacy. 5G aims at a smart and
digital society empowered with high quality service availability by using diverse technologies [3, 4]as
shown in Figure.1

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International Conference on Recent Trends in Computing (ICRTCE-2021) IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1979 (2021) 012037 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1979/1/012037

Figure.1. Interconnectivity of diverse devices using 5G

Almost all industries and enterprises will get benefits from 5G technologies. However, some key
industries that will leverage the benefits of 5G include healthcare, transportation logistics, manufacturing,
agriculture, financial service providers, public sector, communication & entertainment and retail [5]as
shown in Figure.2. Healthcare is one of the key sectors that will be revolutionized by leveraging benefits
of 5G, including the increase of telehealth using smart devices in unserved areas, real-time patient
monitoring using wearable technologies and data analytics. Transportation and logistics will be
revolutionized using 5G in terms of the vehicle to vehicle communication; real-time data collection,
analysis and communication; improve transportation and shipping time and by making vehicle fuel-
efficient and less polluting. Manufacturing is also expected to benefit the most from 5G, lower latency
and higher bandwidth will enable manufacturers to improve production standards, stay in contact with
remote employees and real-time analysis for machines [6, 7].

Figure.2. 5G empowered industries /business

5G will also improve the agriculture industry by providing smart farming, Figureht against climate
change and increasing yields. The financial services industry is probable to get benefits from 5G in a big
way by improving back-end processes, quick service delivery, mobile pay applications and more in-depth
understanding of the customers. 5G is expected to revolutionize the public sector by making everything
smart, 24/7 liaison with citizens and empowering government workforce with the latest technologies.
Higher transfer speed and low latency of 5G is expected to bring significant improvement in
communications. The high speed of 5G network will make communication a breeze. On the other hand,
low latency will improve response time. Last but not least is retails that will be positively impacted by

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International Conference on Recent Trends in Computing (ICRTCE-2021) IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1979 (2021) 012037 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1979/1/012037

5G. It will enable retailers to improve their services by transmitting a large amount of data to consumers
[8, 9].
The above discussion shows that 5G is the need of the time and it will positively impact almost every
field of life by connecting all aspects of life, however; it needs robust solutions and architecture to make
it secure. Security and privacy of 5G network is a challenge for researchers and practitioners that need to
be addressed to leverage its potential benefits. According to next-generation mobile networks (NGMN),
some of the key challenges that are faced by 5G networks include; flash network traffic, user plane
integrity, the security of radio interfaces, roaming security, signaling storms, Denial of service (DoS)
attacks on the infrastructure and on end-user devices [10, 11]as shown in Figureure 3. Before providing
any solution related to 5G network security and privacy, there is a need to synthesize key security issues,
challenges and opportunities to provide detailed awareness to 5G researchers and practitioners. To do
this, a detailed survey of 5G is provided in this paper.

Figure.3. 5G common security issues

The remaining part of this paper is organized into 4 sections. Section 2 provides an overview of 5G
literature that will include 5G Network,5G Network current and future research issues and challenges.
Section 3 will provide a discussion on 5G. Paper will be concluded in section 4 by providing future
research directions in section 5. The complete structure of the paper is shown in Figureure 4.

Figure. 4. Paper structure

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
This section of the paper will discuss 5G network opportunities, common security threats targeting
5G along with mitigation techniques, security services offered by 5G network providers and associated
challenges.
2.1 5G Network opportunities
5G networks are expected to bring a great revolution in mobile broadband by providing enhanced
opportunities to its users. Below we provide some important opportunities provided by 5G service
providers to their clients[7, 12-15]
• Existing cellular networks are not sufficient to accommodate the tremendously increasing number
of cellular phone users and data-intensive applications. 5G is expected to address this issue by
providing high speed, more bandwidth and low latency.
• Various key sectors of economy, e.g. healthcare, manufacturing, education, energy, transportation
and logistics will operate as anticipated without any failure.

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International Conference on Recent Trends in Computing (ICRTCE-2021) IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1979 (2021) 012037 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1979/1/012037

• 5G will create a global digital economy by connecting everything everywhere.

• It will increase economic opportunities by providing easy access to social services, job hunting
etc.
• It will provide affordable high speed internet access to people all around the world and thus will
positively impact the communities of color.
2.2 Common Security Attacks on 5G Network and mitigation techniques
5G is a rapidly growing phenomenon with a lot of associated benefits; however; security is an issue
that needs to be paid attention. Although 5G network providers are trying to provide secure and fast data
transmission to its intended users, still there are chances of security attacks. In this section, we will provide
some common security attacks along with mitigation techniques to help 5G practitioners
2.3 Eavesdropping and Traffic Analysis
It is a kind of passive attack in which an intruder tries to intercept a message from its intended receivers
without affecting normal communication. This passive nature of the attack makes it difficult to detect;
however, awareness, strong encryption, network access control, network segmentation and physical
security are some measures that can mitigate the risk of eavesdropping. Another passive attack is traffic
analysis in which intruders cannot access the data because it is encrypted; however, they try to intercept
identity and location by analyzing traffic patterns. Recently, researchers are focusing on PLS analysis to
tackle eavesdropping [14-17]. Figureure 5 shows the working of the eavesdropping attack

Figure. 5. Eavesdropping attack

According to Figureure 5, eavesdropper try to intercept a message to others by sensing traffic.
2.4 Jamming
Unlike traffic analysis and eavesdropping, jamming completely interrupt the communication between
legitimate users. It prevents authorized users from accessing radio resources via intentional interference
using malicious code. The jamming attack can be prevented using anti-jamming techniques e.g. spread
spectrum technique(SST) and by using random key distribution method [16, 17]. Figureure 6 shows the
working of the jamming attack

Figure.6. Jamming attack

2.5 DoS and DDoS
DoS and DDoS attacks are the key security issues for 5G operators due to massively interconnected
devices. In this attack, attackers try to exhaust the network resources so that it may become unavailable
for legitimate users. In DoS attack, attackers flood the server with TCP an UDP packets while in DDoS
multiple systems target a system with DoS attack. DoS and DDoS attack can be seen in Figureure 7. DoS
and DDoS attack can be prevented through more bandwidth, anti-DDoS hardware, DNS server
protection, redundant infrastructure and proper network monitoring [15-17]

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International Conference on Recent Trends in Computing (ICRTCE-2021) IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1979 (2021) 012037 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1979/1/012037

Figure.7. DoS and DDoS attack

2.6 Man-in-the-Middle attack (MITM)
MITM is a 4G vulnerability inherited by 5G; it is an attack in which intruder takes control of the
communication channel between two legitimate users and intercept the message as per choice. It is a kind
of active attack that compromise the availability, confidentiality and integrity of information. This attack
can be prevented through mutual authentication, data encryption, using IDS solution, Security Services
in 5G Network, awareness through employees training and base station [16, 18]. MITM is elaborated in
Figureure 8

Figure.8. MITM attack

2.7 Security Services in 5G network
The latest technologies, new infrastructure, new architecture and 5G use cases provide new security
requirements and services. This section will briefly elaborate some primary security services of 5G
network
2.8 Authentication
Authentication in a 4G cellular network is mainly of two types: entity authentication and message
authentication, entity authentication ensure that the communicating entity is the legitimate entity and is
the same, which it claims to be. At the same time, message authentication ensures that the message to be
communicated is from a legitimate user and is not been modified while transiting. The authentication
between UE (user equipment) and MME (mobility management entity) in a 4G cellular network is
symmetric-key based but this solution is not feasible in 5G. 5G not only need to ensure mutual
authentication between UE and MME but also between service providers. Since 5G networks have
varying trust models, new service delivery models, more privacy concerns than traditional cellular
networks, therefore; flexible and hybrid mutual authentication of UE is required. This mutual
authentication in EU is implemented in three ways, namely; authentication by service providers only, by
the network only and by network and service providers only. Further, the multitier architecture of 5G
demands quick handover and mutual authentication that need to be addressed using SDN enabled fast
authentication and service-based architecture. To ensure authentication, 5G networks define three
authentication methods namely; 5G-AKA (authentication and key agreement), EAP-TLS (extensible
authentication protocol-transport layer security), and EAP-AKA.
2.9 Confidentiality
Confidentiality consist of two key concepts, namely; privacy and data confidentiality. Privacy refers
to controlling and managing information of legitimate users. Privacy is mainly of three types, namely;
data privacy, identity privacy and location privacy. All these privacy dimensions are equally important
and need to be considered. On the other hand, data confidentiality ensures the protection of data from
passive attacks during transmission. It needs limited access to intended users and preventing data
disclosure to unauthorized users. Strong data encryption is used in 5G to preserve the confidentiality of
data. Regarding privacy concerns; identity privacy can be preserved through anonymous authentication;

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International Conference on Recent Trends in Computing (ICRTCE-2021) IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1979 (2021) 012037 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1979/1/012037

data privacy needs strong authentication and location privacy can be preserved through k-anonymity,
location encryption and dummy location [17, 19].

2.10 Availability
Availability refers to the degree to which information or service is available to its intended users when
and where required. This feature evaluates the robustness of a system and is one of the key performance
metric used in 5G network. Attacks like DoS and Jamming make the service unavailable to users through
interception. 5G network improves availability feature by providing more capacity and increased
bandwidth. Still, massive interconnected IoT devices need more protection from these attacks.
Pseudorandom time-hopping spread spectrum (PTHSS) and proper resource allocation can help in
improving availability of information and services [19].
2.11 Integrity
Integrity is one of the key security requirements that prevent information from alteration and
modification through active attacks by unauthorized entities. Malicious insiders compromise the integrity
of data via insider malicious attacks e.g. code injection and data manipulation. Further, insiders are
difficult to detect due to valid identities. 5G aims to provide massive interconnectivity of devices anytime
and anywhere and is expected to support the applications that are closely related to human beings such as
healthcare, transportation etc. In such cases, data integrity is a key challenge that needs to be addressed
[4, 13].
2.12 5G Security Challenges
5G is expected to provide a lot of opportunities in every field of life; at the same time there are some
challenges associated with it. Below we provide a brief overview of some key challenges faced by 5G
network
2.13 New Trust Models
5G is expected to provide 10 times higher speed than 4G and will replace current Wi-Fi connections.
However, building trust between network entities and stakeholders is a big challenge that needs to be
addressed. Trust is an important factor for the adaptability; 5G operators need to make sure that every
computing device has not been compromised. To do this, 5G service providers need to develop new trust
models which need a new architectural approach. New trust models need to ensure the authenticity of
hardware, operating system, network management and access management [12, 16].
2.14 More Privacy Concerns
The large volume of data transmission in 5G network poses the challenge of privacy. Massive
interconnected devices, e.g. wearable IoT sensors, will transfer sensitive personal information that needs
protection from cyber breaches. All three dimensions of privacy, namely; identity privacy, data privacy
and location privacy need to be preserved. To do this, 5G service providers need to define new data
granularity standards, strong encryption, awareness and proper identity management [7, 12, 13, 16].
2.15 New Security Attack Models
With the advancement in technology, attackers are coming with new ways to breach security. In such
cases, end-to-end security is inevitable. Automated and sophisticated security features need to be built for
monitoring and managing network devices. Some key security challenges expected to face 5G network
providers include radio interface security, user plane integrity, flash network traffic, roaming security,
DoS attack, signalling storms etc. [16].
2.16 New service delivery model
5G is not the replacement of previous network generation; rather, it is an enhancement with flexible
new layers, high speed, low latency and more bandwidth. In such cases, new service delivery models are
expected to emerge that will leverage the benefits from cloud computing, edge computing and SDN for
delivering optimal network services [7, 15].
2.17 Threat Landscape
Massive interconnectivity and high-speed data transmission in a 5G network enhance threat landscape.
In such cases, 5G service providers need to create comprehensive architecture, threat assessment, asset
identification, exposure identification and proper network management and control for building client
trust on 5G services. Key security attacks targeting each layer of 5G network need to be identified, and
proper measures should be taken in advance to protect the network from internal and external cyber-
attacks [12, 13, 16].

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International Conference on Recent Trends in Computing (ICRTCE-2021) IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1979 (2021) 012037 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1979/1/012037

2.18 Case Study

Vodafone is a well-known Spain based cellular company that has launched 5G network cells phone.
In this case, study a driving test of 5G was conducted in a metropolitan area of Madrid. The study was
performed with Samsung Galaxy S10 (5G enabled devices) on two measurement days. The first day, the
mobile setting was set to “5G preferred network” while on the second day it was set to “4G preferred
network”. The concentration was on measuring data connectivity; however, no voice measurement was
done. The results of the two days were analyzed by comparing the performance of both networks. The
results were positive, and as expected, the peak data rate using 5G preferred network rose up to 511.5
Mbps.
On the other hand, with 4G preferred network settings, 218.3 Mbps was maximum download data rate
at the same location. Figureure 9 shows the area of Madrid where the test drive was performed. The spot
marks in orange color show the areas where 5G Vodafone connection was provided.

Figure.9. 5G test area of Madrid [20]

In the same way, the maximum upload speed for 5G network was 69.6 Mbps as compared to 4G
preferred network that was 50.4 Mbps. Other than data rates, latency was also measured, during ping to
various web services, an average latency in 4G/LTE preferred network was around 47 to 50 ms while the
same ping reduced to 20 ms in case of 5G. Further, no security breach was reported. Although it was just
a test drive for 5G network, still results were quite impressive as shown in Figureure 10
HTTP download in Mbps using various Networks
600

511.5
500

400

300

210.6 218.3
200
149.1
124.5

100

0
5G LTE LTE 2CA LTE 3CA LTE 4CA

Figure.10. Comparison of 5G download speed with other networks [20]

Similarly, latency results can be seen in Figureure 11; there is a clear variation in the Latency of 5G
Vodafone as compared to other networks

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International Conference on Recent Trends in Computing (ICRTCE-2021) IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1979 (2021) 012037 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1979/1/012037

Figure.11. Comparison of 5G latency with other networks [20]

The above results show significant data speed and low latency in 5G cellular networks as compared
to existing networks.

3. DISCUSSION
The network operators all around the world are trying to shift on 5G. 5G is not only an advancement
in existing 4G rather it’s a big leap in terms of data rate, latency, capacity, bandwidth etc. However, in
order to provide awareness to the common people as well as 5G researcher and practitioners, there is a
need to synthesize 5G opportunities and challenges. To do so, we have conducted this survey, it provides
an insight into 5G opportunities, challenges, 5G security services and common attack targeting 5G along
with mitigation techniques.
We have also provided a case study of Spain-based cellular company to provide a comparison between
5G and existing networks. The results of the case study show that 5G is much better than 4G and other
existing networks in terms of data rate and latency. However, still 5G is not implemented everywhere
due to the scarcity of 5G enabled devices and cost. It is expected that in next few years, most of the
cellular devices will support 5G and it will positively impact all the major sectors of life. Besides of that
privacy issue is also highly considered in case of 5G [21-23]. In addition, smart IoT dependent
applications where 5G can play an important role [24-25] such as E-health applications, body areas
sensors applications, etc. will have higher boost using 5G. Security and privacy issues [26] will also
increase with this growth.

4. CONCLUSION
This paper provides a survey on 5G network to provide state-of-the-art picture of 5G opportunities,
security challenges, security services and its comparison with existing cellular networks. Some common
attacks that are expected in the 5G network are discussed along with mitigation techniques. In the end, a
comparison of 5G performance is evaluated using a case study and results are compared with existing
studies. The case study results show a higher data rate and lower latency for the 5G over the existing
networks.

5. FUTURE WORK
In the future, we are planning to extend our survey by providing more insights into 5G opportunities,
challenges, issues and key security threats along with mitigation techniques with the help of more real-
time case studies.

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