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14 views9 pages

Lecture43 EMFT Ashish Gupta

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theuntamedguardianwoh159
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Radiation and Antennas

Lecture 43_ Electromagnetic Field Theory (18B11EC312)

Presented By:
Dr. Ashish Gupta
Asst. Prof. (Sr. Grade)
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Jaypee Institute of Information Technology 1
Radiation from Current Filament
(Electric Fields, magnetic Fields, and EM Radiation)
Electric Fields:
The basic functionality of an antenna is that a voltage is applied, which causes a current. The
voltage produces an electric field, and the current produces a magnetic field. These fields
radiate away from the antenna as an EM wave, in the manner shown in Figure 1.
Continues…
• The easiest way to understand how an antenna radiates EM waves is by modeling an
antenna as a capacitor. A capacitor is a device that can store a charge between
two conductive plates. A typical parallel-plate capacitor is shown in Figure (a),
where it is connected to a D.C. voltage supply. (represented by an E inside of a circle).
A voltage applied to two plates produces an electric field between the plates. The
electric field lines are shown by arrows pointing from the positively charged plate (+)
to the negatively charged plate (–). Figures (b) and (c) show the change in electric
field lines due to a change in the orientation of the capacitor’s plates. Note that the
electric field lines always hit the conductive plates at right angles from the plane of
the plate.
Continues…
• The antenna is fed, or supplied with voltage, by the two wires connected to the middle
of the antenna. Figure (a) shows a voltage being applied (note the + and – signs), which
creates an electric field
• We are applying A.C. voltage, though—not D.C. This means that after an amount of time,
the voltage changes from the top conductor being positive and the bottom negative,
to the bottom conductor being positive and the top negative (see Figure (b)). Note the
consequential change in the direction of the electric field lines. As this sequence of
alternating voltages continues, an alternating electric field loop “detaches” from the
antenna, and radiates outward. Figure (c) helps to visualize how these electric fields
loops radiate from the antenna, and propagate outward into the surrounding medium.
Continues…
• As these electric fields propagate, they spread out, as shown in Figure. Note that the
direction of propagation is not just perpendicular to the antenna, as one might expect.
The top of the electric field loops travel slightly upward, and the bottom of the
loops travel slightly downward. The overall effect is a spherical-like radiation pattern.

In summary, an A.C. voltage source connected to an antenna produces alternating


voltage and current. This produces, respectively, alternating electric and magnetic
fields. These fields travel together, as radiated EM waves, outward from the antenna.
Radiation Pattern
• An antenna radiation pattern or antenna pattern is defined as “a mathematical function
or a graphical representation of the radiation properties of the antenna as a function of
space coordinates.”
• Inmost cases, the radiation pattern is determined in the far field region and is
represented as a function of the directional coordinates. Radiation properties include
power flux density, radiation intensity, field strength, directivity, phase or polarization.
• Often the field and power patterns are normalized with respect to their maximum value,
yielding normalized field and power patterns. Also, the power pattern is usually plotted
on a logarithmic scale or more commonly in decibels (dB). This scale is usually
desirable because a logarithmic scale can accentuate in more details those parts of the
pattern that have very low values, which later we will refer to as minor lobes. For an
antenna, the
(a) Field pattern( in linear scale) typically represents a plot of the magnitude of the electric
or magnetic field as a function of the angular space.
(b) Power pattern( in linear scale) typically represents a plot of the square of the
magnitude of the electric or magnetic field as a function of the angular space.
(c) Power pattern( in dB) represents the magnitude of the electric or magnetic field, in
decibels, as a function of the angular space.
Continues…
• To demonstrate this, the two-dimensional normalized field pattern (plotted in linear scale),
power pattern( plotted in linear scale), and power pattern (plotted on a logarithmic dBscale ) of
a 10-element linear antenna array of isotropic sources, with a spacing of d = 0.25λ between the
elements, are shown in Fig. In this and subsequent patterns, the plus (+) and minus (−) signs in
the lobes indicate the relative polarization of the amplitude between the various lobes, which
changes (alternates) as the nulls are crossed. To find the points where the pattern achieves its
half-power (−3 dB points), relative to the maximum value of the pattern, you set the value of
the-
Analysis and Design, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,

(a) Field pattern at 0.707 value of its maximum, as shown in Figure (a)
(b) Power pattern (in a linear scale) at its 0.5 value of its maximum, as shown in Figure (b)
Hoboken, New Jersey, 3rd Edition, 2005.

(c) Power pattern (in dB) at −3 dBvalue of its maximum, as shown in Figure (c).
Source: C. A. Balanis,, Antenna Theory
Radiation Pattern Lobes
• Various parts of a radiation pattern are referred to as lobes, which may be subclassified into major
or main, minor, side, and back lobes.
A major lobe (also called main beam) is defined as “the radiation lobe containing the direction
of maximum radiation.” In Figure 2.3 the major lobe is pointing in the θ = 0 direction.

A minor lobe is any lobe except a major lobe. In Figures 2.3(a) and (b) all the lobes with the
exception of the major can be classified as minor lobes. A side lobe is “a radiation lobe in any
direction other than the intended lobe.” (Usually a side lobe is adjacent to the main lobe and
occupies the hemisphere in the direction of the main beam.)

A back lobe is “a radiation lobe whose axis makes an angle of approximately 180◦ with respect
to the beam of an antenna.” Usually it refers to a minor lobe that occupies the hemisphere in a
direction opposite to that of the major (main) lobe.
References
1. A. R. Harish, M.Sachidananda, Antennas and Wave Propagation, Oxford
University Press, 2015.
2. C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory Analysis and Design, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
Hoboken, New Jersey, 3rd Edition, 2005.

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