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DIGITAL LOGIC DESIGN
MRS NANCY IPOLE-ADELAIYE
INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL SYSTEM • A Digital system is an interconnection of digital modules and it is a system that manipulates discrete elements of information that is represented internally in the binary form. • Nowadays digital systems are used in a wide variety of industrial and consumer products such as automated industrial machinery, pocket calculators, microprocessors, digital computers, digital watches, TV games, signal processing, and so on. CHARACTERISTICS OF DIGITAL SYSTEMS • Digital systems manipulate discrete elements of information. • Discrete elements are nothing but the digits such as 10 decimal digits or 26 letters of the alphabet and so on. • Digital systems use physical quantities called signals to represent discrete elements. • In digital systems, the signals have two discrete values and are therefore said to be binary. • A signal in digital system represents one binary digit called a bit. The bit has a value either 0 or 1. ANALOG SYSTEMS vs DIGITAL SYSTEMS • Analog systems process information that varies continuously i.e; they process time-varying signals that can take on any values across a continuous range of voltage, current, or any physical parameter. • Digital systems use digital circuits that can process digital signals which can take either 0 or 1 for binary system. ANALOG SIGNAL DIGITAL SIGNAL ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL SYSTEM OVER ANALOG SYSTEM 1. Ease of programmability • The digital systems can be used for different applications by simply changing the program without additional hardware changes. 2. Reduction in cost of hardware • The cost of hardware gets reduced by the use of digital components and this has been possible due to advances in IC technology. With ICs, the number of components that can be placed in a given area of Silicon is increased which helps in cost reduction. 3. High speed • Digital processing of data ensures high speed of operation which is possible due to advances in Digital Signal Processing. ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL SYSTEM OVER ANALOG SYSTEM cntd. 4. High Reliability • Digital systems are highly reliable one of the reasons for that is the use of error correction codes. 5. Design is easy • The design of digital systems which require use of Boolean algebra and other digital techniques is easier compared to analog designing. 6. Result can be reproduced easily • Since the output of digital systems unlike analog systems is independent of temperature, noise, humidity and other characteristics of components the reproducibility of results is higher in digital systems than in analog systems. DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL SYSTEMS • They use more energy than analog circuits to accomplish the same tasks, thus producing more heat as well. • Digital circuits are often fragile, in that if a single piece of digital data is lost or misinterpreted the meaning of large blocks of related data can completely change. • The digital computer manipulates discrete elements of information by means of a binary code. • Quantization error during analog signal sampling. NUMBER SYSTEMS • The number system is a basis for counting various items. Modern computers communicate and operate with binary numbers which use only the digits 0 &1. The Basic number system used by humans is the Decimal number system. • For Ex: Let us consider the decimal number 18. This number is represented in binary as 10010. • We observe that the binary number system takes more digits to represent the decimal number. For large numbers, we have to deal with very large binary strings. So this fact gave rise to three new number systems. • i) Octal number systems • ii) Hexa Decimal number system • iii) Binary Coded Decimal number(BCD) system • To define any number system, we have to specify the following; • Base of the number system such as 2,8,10 or 16. • The base decides the total number of digits available in that number system. • The first digit in the number system is always zero and the last digit in the number system is always base-1. BINARY NUMBER SYSTEMS • The binary number has a radix of 2. As r = 2, only two digits are needed, and these are 0 and 1. • In a binary system , weight is expressed as a power of 2. • The left most bit, which has the greatest weight is called the Most Significant Bit (MSB). And the right most bit which has the least weight is called Least Significant Bit (LSB) • For Ex: 1001.012 = [ ( 1 ) × 23 ] + [ ( 0 ) × 22 ] + [ ( 0 ) × 21 ] + [ ( 1 ) × 20 ] + [ ( 0 ) × 2-1 ] + [ ( 1 ) × 2-2 ] • 1001.012 = [ 1 × 8 ] + [ 0 × 4 ] + [ 0 × 2 ] + [ 1 × 1 ] + [ 0 × 0.5 ] + [ 1 × 0.25 ] • 1001.012 = 9.2510 DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM • The decimal system has ten symbols: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9.
• In other words, it has a base of 10.
OCTAL NUMBER SYSTEM • Digital systems operate only on binary numbers. • Since binary numbers are often very long, two shorthand notations, octal and hexadecimal, are used for representing large binary numbers. • Octal systems use a base or radix of 8. It uses the first eight digits of the decimal number system. • Thus it has digits from 0 to 7. HEXA DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM • The hexadecimal numbering system has a base of 16. • There are 16 symbols. The decimal digits 0 to 9 are used as the first ten digits, as in the decimal system, followed by the letters A, B, C, D, E, and F, which represent the values 10, 11,12,13,14, and 15 respectively. Decimal (Base 10) Binary (Base 2) Octal (Base 8) Hexadecimal (Base 16) 0 0000 0 0 1 0001 1 1 2 0010 2 2 3 0011 3 3 4 0100 4 4 5 0101 5 5 6 0110 6 6 7 0111 7 7 8 1000 10 8 9 1001 11 9 10 1010 12 A 11 1011 13 B 12 1100 14 C 13 1101 15 D 14 1110 16 E 15 1111 17 F