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IFT 211-1

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IFT 211-1

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DIGITAL LOGIC DESIGN

MRS NANCY IPOLE-ADELAIYE


INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL SYSTEM
• A Digital system is an interconnection of digital modules and it is a
system that manipulates discrete elements of information that is
represented internally in the binary form.
• Nowadays digital systems are used in a wide variety of industrial and
consumer products such as automated industrial machinery, pocket
calculators, microprocessors, digital computers, digital watches, TV
games, signal processing, and so on.
CHARACTERISTICS OF DIGITAL SYSTEMS
• Digital systems manipulate discrete elements of information.
• Discrete elements are nothing but the digits such as 10 decimal digits
or 26 letters of the alphabet and so on.
• Digital systems use physical quantities called signals to represent
discrete elements.
• In digital systems, the signals have two discrete values and are
therefore said to be binary.
• A signal in digital system represents one binary digit called a bit. The
bit has a value either 0 or 1.
ANALOG SYSTEMS vs DIGITAL SYSTEMS
• Analog systems process information that varies continuously i.e; they
process time-varying signals that can take on any values across a
continuous range of voltage, current, or any physical parameter.
• Digital systems use digital circuits that can process digital signals
which can take either 0 or 1 for binary system.
ANALOG SIGNAL DIGITAL SIGNAL
ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL SYSTEM OVER
ANALOG SYSTEM
1. Ease of programmability
• The digital systems can be used for different applications by simply
changing the program without additional hardware changes.
2. Reduction in cost of hardware
• The cost of hardware gets reduced by the use of digital components and
this has been possible due to advances in IC technology. With ICs, the
number of components that can be placed in a given area of Silicon is
increased which helps in cost reduction.
3. High speed
• Digital processing of data ensures high speed of operation which is possible
due to advances in Digital Signal Processing.
ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL SYSTEM OVER
ANALOG SYSTEM cntd.
4. High Reliability
• Digital systems are highly reliable one of the reasons for that is the use of
error correction codes.
5. Design is easy
• The design of digital systems which require use of Boolean algebra and
other digital techniques is easier compared to analog designing.
6. Result can be reproduced easily
• Since the output of digital systems unlike analog systems is independent of
temperature, noise, humidity and other characteristics of components the
reproducibility of results is higher in digital systems than in analog
systems.
DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL SYSTEMS
• They use more energy than analog circuits to accomplish the same
tasks, thus producing more heat as well.
• Digital circuits are often fragile, in that if a single piece of digital data
is lost or misinterpreted the meaning of large blocks of related data
can completely change.
• The digital computer manipulates discrete elements of information
by means of a binary code.
• Quantization error during analog signal sampling.
NUMBER SYSTEMS
• The number system is a basis for counting various items. Modern
computers communicate and operate with binary numbers which use only
the digits 0 &1. The Basic number system used by humans is the Decimal
number system.
• For Ex: Let us consider the decimal number 18. This number is represented
in binary as 10010.
• We observe that the binary number system takes more digits to represent
the decimal number. For large numbers, we have to deal with very large
binary strings. So this fact gave rise to three new number systems.
• i) Octal number systems
• ii) Hexa Decimal number system
• iii) Binary Coded Decimal number(BCD) system
• To define any number system, we have to specify the following;
• Base of the number system such as 2,8,10 or 16.
• The base decides the total number of digits available in that
number system.
• The first digit in the number system is always zero and the last
digit in the number system is always base-1.
BINARY NUMBER SYSTEMS
• The binary number has a radix of 2. As r = 2, only two digits are
needed, and these are 0 and 1.
• In a binary system , weight is expressed as a power of 2.
• The left most bit, which has the greatest weight is called the Most
Significant Bit (MSB). And the right most bit which has the least
weight is called Least Significant Bit (LSB)
• For Ex: 1001.012 = [ ( 1 ) × 23 ] + [ ( 0 ) × 22 ] + [ ( 0 ) × 21 ] + [ ( 1 ) × 20 ]
+ [ ( 0 ) × 2-1 ] + [ ( 1 ) × 2-2 ]
• 1001.012 = [ 1 × 8 ] + [ 0 × 4 ] + [ 0 × 2 ] + [ 1 × 1 ] + [ 0 × 0.5 ] + [ 1 ×
0.25 ]
• 1001.012 = 9.2510
DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM
• The decimal system has ten symbols: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9.

• In other words, it has a base of 10.


OCTAL NUMBER SYSTEM
• Digital systems operate only on binary numbers.
• Since binary numbers are often very long, two shorthand notations,
octal and hexadecimal, are used for representing large binary
numbers.
• Octal systems use a base or radix of 8. It uses the first eight digits of
the decimal number system.
• Thus it has digits from 0 to 7.
HEXA DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM
• The hexadecimal numbering system has a base of 16.
• There are 16 symbols. The decimal digits 0 to 9 are used as the first
ten digits, as in the decimal system, followed by the letters A, B, C, D,
E, and F, which represent the values 10, 11,12,13,14, and 15
respectively.
Decimal (Base 10) Binary (Base 2) Octal (Base 8) Hexadecimal (Base 16)
0 0000 0 0
1 0001 1 1
2 0010 2 2
3 0011 3 3
4 0100 4 4
5 0101 5 5
6 0110 6 6
7 0111 7 7
8 1000 10 8
9 1001 11 9
10 1010 12 A
11 1011 13 B
12 1100 14 C
13 1101 15 D
14 1110 16 E
15 1111 17 F

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